Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetism

JONATHAN ARNOLD ALEXA P. DELGADO

Magnetic Fields
electromagnet: a magnet with a field produced by an electric

current law of poles: like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract magnetic domain: cluster of magnetically aligned atoms magnetic field: the space around a magnet in which another magnet or moving charge will experience a force mass spectrometer: a device which uses forces acting on charged particles moving a magnetic field and the resulting path of the particles to determine the relative masses of the charged particles right-hand rules: used to find the magnetic field around a currentcarrying wire or the force acting on a wire or charge in a magnetic field Solenoid: a long coil of wire in the shape of a helix; when current is passed through a solenoid it produces a magnetic field similar to a bar magnet

Catch up on Symbols
B = magnetic field FB = magnetic force q = charge

v = speed or velocity of a charge

= angle between the velocity r = radius of path of a charge

m = mass
I = current L = length of wire in a magnetic field 0 = permeability constant

Forces on moving charges in magnetic fields

Right-hand for force on a moving charge:

Step one: Place your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field (north to south) Step two: Your thumb should be in the direction of the velocity of a moving charge (or current in a wire), Step three: Then you will find the magnetic force on the charge (or wire), because it will come out of the direction of your palm.

The equation for finding the force on a charge moving through a magnetic field is F = qvBsin

where q is the charge in Coulombs v is the velocity in m/s B is the magnetic field in Teslas is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field If the angle is 90, the equation becomes F = qvB.

Forces on current-carrying wires in magnetic Fields

Since a current-carrying wire creates a magnetic field around

itself every current-carrying wire is a magnet. Once again, the direction of the force acting on the wire is given by the right-hand rule that we previously explained.

Again, you would use your left hand to find the direction of the magnetic force if you were given electron flow instead of conventional current.

The equation for finding the force on a current-carrying wire

in a magnetic field is F = ILBsin where I is the current in the wire, L is the length of wire which is in the magnetic field, B is the magnetic field, and is the angle between the length of wire and the magnetic field.

If the angle is 90 , the equation becomes simply F = ILB.

Fields of long current-carrying wires

A current-carrying wire creates
a magnetic field around itself. Magnetic fields are produced

Right-hand Rule # 2 for the magnetic field around a currentcarrying wire:

by moving charges.

This is why all atoms are tiny magnets, since the electrons around the nucleus of the atom are moving charges and are therefore magnetic.

Curl your fingers into a half-circle around the wire, they point in the direction of the magnetic field, B Point your thumb in the direction of the conventional current I. In determining the direction of a magnetic field due to the flow of electrons in a wire, we would use the left hand instead of the right hand.

The magnetic field due to a

current-carrying wire circulates around the wire in a direction can be found by another right-hand rule.

Amperes law
Amperes law can be used to find the magnetic field

due to a steady current flowing in a very long straight wire.

Biot-Savart law
The magnetic equivalent of Coulomb's law is the Biot-Savart law for the

magnetic field produced by a short segment of wire

, carrying current I:

where the direction of is in the direction of the current and where the vector

points from the short segment of current to the observation point where we are to compute the magnetic field. Since current must flow in a circuit, integration is always required to find the total magnetic field at any point. The constant is chosen so that when the current is in amps and the distances are in meters, the magnetic field is correctly given in units of tesla. Its value in our SI units is exactly Infinitely lonf wire: Circular loop: Long thick wire: Long Solenoid: Toroid:

Example UNO
Q: A wire carrying 4.0 A of current is placed in a uniform magnetic field of strength 2.0 T as shown in the diagram that should be located on the white board by now a) use the righthand rule to determine the direction of the force on the wire b) Determine the magnitude of the force on a 0.010 meter section of the wire. A: a)The current is directed toward the top of the page wondering why? I shall explain.. b) F= I B sin = (4.0 A) (0.010 m) (2.0 T)(sin 90 ) F= 0.080 N

Example #2
Q: A alpha particle has a mass of 6.68 10 kg and charge 3.2 10 c. The particle is traveling at 3.0 10 m/s and enters a magnetic 0.10 T. The magnetic field is directed at right angles to the direction of motion of the particle. Determine the radius of the circle in which the particle travels.

A: net F= mv/r but ac = v/r F magnetic= mv/r qvBsin= mv/r But! =90 and sin90 =1 and solving for r gives.. r= (mv)/(qB) = [(6.68 10 kg)(3.0

Look at the board for picture

10 m/s)]/[(3.2 10 c) (0.10 T)] r= 0.63m

Example THREE!!!
Q: What kind of field or fields surround a moving electric charge? A: A moving electric charge produces a magnetic field. A electric charge, whether moving or not, has an electric field in the region surrounding the charge. However, the electric charge has mass and must be surrounded by a gravitational field. Therefore, and electric field, a magnetic field, and a gravitational field all surround a moving electric charge.

Electromagnetism Symbols
= emf (voltage) induced by electromagnetic induction v = relative speed between a conductor and a magnetic field B = magnetic field L = length of a conductor in a magnetic field I = current R = resistance = magnetic flux A = area through which the flux is passing N = number of loops in a coil of wire VS = voltage in the secondary coil of a transformer VP = voltage in the primary coil of a transformer NS = number of loops in the secondary coil of wire in a transformer NP = number of loops in the primary coil of wire in a transformer

Electromagnetic induction
electromagnetic induction: an electric current being produced

by moving a magnet through a coil of wire, or, equivalently, by moving a wire through a magnetic field Faradays law: the magnitude of the induced emf in a coil depends on the number of turns in the loop and the rate of chage of flux through the loop Lenzs law: There is an induced current in a closed conducting loop if and only if the magnetic flux through the loop is changing. The direction of the induced current is such that the induced magnetic field always opposes the change in the flux.

The changing magnetic field in the coil due to the change in current induces a current in the metal ring. Lenzs Law states that the magnetic field in the ring opposes the magnetic field of the coil and forces the ring to fly away.

Inductance
Current rise in a LR circuit:

The current (I) in an LR circuit is related to the emf of the source, the resistance the time constant, and time.

The inductive time

constant of an L circuit. Current decay in an LC circuit: The current (I) in an LR decay circuit depends on the emf of the source the resistance (R), the time constant (T), and time (t)

Maxwells Equations
Consist of four basic equations that describe all electric

and magnetic phenomena.

Gauss law for electricity is a generalized form of Coulombs law and relates electric charge to the electric field that the charge produces Gauss law of magnetism describes magnetic fields and predicts that magnetic fields are continuous, they have no beginning or ending point. The equation predicts that there are no magnetic monopoles Faradays law of induction describes the production of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. Maxwells extension of Amperes law describes the magnetic field produced by a changing electric field or by an electric current

Examples! problem1
A radar pulse travels from the Earth to the Moon and back in

2.60 seconds. Calculate the distance from the Earth to the Moon in a) meters and b) miles. Solution (a): A radar pulse is an electromagnetic wave which travels at 3.00x10^8 m/s. The time required for the pulse to travel from the Earth to the Moon is equal to (1/2)(2.60s) = 1.30s. Since it travels in a straight line at a constant speed, the distance traveled is determined by: d = ct = (3.00x10^8 m/s)(1.3s) So then d = 3.90x10^8 m Solution (b): 1.000 miles = 1,609 meters, so d = (3.90x10^8 m) x (1.000 mile/ 1,609 meters) which equals: d = 2.42x10^5 miles

Examples! Problem2
Determine the frequency of yellow light of

wavelength 6.00x10^-7 meters. Solution: The frequency, wavelength, and velocity of light are related by the equation c = (frequency) x (wavelength), where c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum. f = (c)/(wavelength) = (3.00x10^8m/s)/(6.00x10^-7 m) so, f = 5.00x10^14 Hz

Examples! problem3
The energy density of an EM wave is (5.00x10^-5) J/m^3.

Determine the peak magnitude of the electric field strength. Solution: The energy density is related to the electric field strength by the equation: u = E^2, But E constant^2 = E^2/2 therefore, u = Eo^2 rearranging gives: Eo = (2u/)^ which equals: Eo = [(2)(5.00x10^-5 J/m^3)/(8.85x10^-12 C^2/N m^2)] ^ which makes: Eo = 3.36x10^3 N/C

Hope this made sense and you all enjoyed!!!