Good Morning!

Solutions
 Overview
Often times a solution is described in terms of concentration of
one or more solutes present in it.
However, there are some important physical properties of
solution which are more directly dependent on the
concentration of solute particles.
Such properties are called colligative (Latin, coligare – which
means “tied together”) properties which means, they depend on
the collective effect of the concentration of solute particles
present in the solution.
These properties include: (1) vapor pressure lowering, (2)
boiling point elevation, (3) freezing point depression, and (4)
osmotic pressure.
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 Learning Objectives

describe the effect of solute concentration

on the colligative properties of solutions;
differentiate the colligative properties of
nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte
solutions; and
calculate or solve problems involving boiling
point elevation and freezing point
depression from the concentration of a
solute in a solution. Solutions
It is a hot summer day and you have a picnic at the park or beach
front with your classmates, friends or relatives with watermelon
and “dirty ice cream”. Mmmmmm….. tastes good… refreshing….
The ice cream is an old-fashioned homemade kind ice cream. The
kind of where the maker has a tub full of mix of ingredients
immersed in a bigger tub filled with ice and salt. But wait a minute,Solutions
why salt? Why the ice cream vendor does add salt to the ice?
 Questions
What is colligative property?
Identify the different colligative properties of
solutions.
Describe the effect of solute concentration on
the colligative properties of solutions.
Differentiate between the effects that an
electrolyte and the of nonelectrolyte solutions
and of electrolyte colligative properties solutions
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 Colligative Properties
Colligative properties are properties of a solution that
depend only on the number and not on the identity of the
solute particles.
Thus, these depend on the collective effect of the
concentration of solute particles present in an ideal
solution.
Because of their direct relationship to the number of
solute particles, the colligative properties are very useful
for characterizing the nature of a solute after it is
dissolved in a solvent and for determining the molar
masses of substances. Solutions
 Colligative Properties
• Changes in colligative properties
depend only on the number of solute
particles present, not on the identity of
the solute particles.
• Among colligative properties are
– Vapor pressure lowering
– Boiling point elevation
– Melting point depression
– Osmotic pressure Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

 Vapor Pressure

Because of solute-
solvent
intermolecular
attraction, higher
concentrations of
nonvolatile solutes
make it harder for
solvent to escape to
the vapor phase.
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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

 Raoult’s Law

PA = XAPA
where
– XA is the mole fraction of compound A, and
– PA is the normal vapor pressure of A at
that temperature.

NOTE: This is one of those times when you

want to make sure you have the vapor
pressure of the solvent. Solutions

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

 Boiling Point Elevation and
Freezing Point Depression

Nonvolatile solute-
solvent interactions
also cause solutions
to have higher
boiling points and
lower freezing
points than the pure
solvent.

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© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

ELEVATION OF BOILING
POINT

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 Boiling Point Elevation
• The change in boiling
point is proportional
to the molality of the
solution:
Tb = Kb  m
where Kb is the molal
boiling point elevation
constant, a property
of the solvent.
Tb is added to the normal
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boiling point of the solvent.
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Boiling Point & Freezing Point

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 Freezing Point Depression
• The change in
freezing point can
be found similarly:
Tf = Kf  m
• Here Kf is the
molal freezing
point depression
constant of the
solvent.
Tf is subtracted from the normal
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boiling point of the solvent.
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 Freezing Point Depression
Tf = - kf m
Q. Estimate the freezing point of a 2.00 L sample of seawater (kf = 1.86 oC kg / mol), which
has the following composition:
0.458 mol of Na+ 0.052 mol of Mg2+ 0.010 mol Ca2+
0.010 mol K+ 0.533 mol Cl- 0.002 mol HCO3-
0.001 mol Br- 0.001 mol neutral species.
Since colligative properties are dependent on the NUMBER of particles and not
the character of the particles, you must first add up all the moles of solute in
the solution.
Total moles = 1.067 moles of solute
Now calculate the molality of the solution:
m = moles of solute / kg of solvent = 1.067 mol / 2.00 kg
= 0.5335 mol/kg
Last calculate the temperature change:
Tf = - kf m = -(1.86 oC kg/mol) (0.5335 mol/kg) = 0.992 oC
The freezing point of seawater is Tsolvent - T = 0 oC - 0.992 oC
= - 0.992 oC
 Boiling Point Elevation
Tb = kb m
Q. The boiling point of a solution containing 40.0 g of an unknown substance dissolved in
100.0 g of water is 105.3 oC . Calculate the molar mass of the compound.

Since the solvent is water, the change in temperature (T) would be 105.3 -
100.0 oC = 5.3 oC. You can also find the kb in the table in your textbook,
kb = 0.512 oC kg/mol.

From this data, you can calculate the molality:

m = Tb / kb = 5.3 oC / 0.512 oC kg/mol = 10.4 mol/kg

Molality is also defined as the moles of solute per kg of solvent:

m = n /(kg solvent), can be rearranged to be n = m (kg of solvent)
n = 10.4 mol /kg (0.1000 kg) = 1.04 mol of solute

The molar mass can be calculated by using the equation, MW = m/n

MM = 40.0 g / 1.04 mol = 38.5 g/mol
 Van’t HOFF FACTOR
Δ Tf = iKf m
i = No. of particles in solution per
formula unit (range 1 – n)
i.e. for sucrose i = 1 [no dissociation]
for NaCl, i = 2 [NaCl → Na+ + Cl-]
for K2SO4 , i = 3 [K2SO4 → 2K+ + SO42- ]
 Example
Arrange the following aqueous solutions in
order of decreasing freezing point.
(a) 0.20 m ethylene glycol
(b) 0.12 m potassium sulfate
(c) 0.10 m magnesium chloride
(d) 0.12 m potassium bromide
Application:
1. What is the freezing point of an aqueous sugar
(C12H22O11) solution that boils at 110oC?
-36.3oC
2. When 256 g of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte unknown
were dissolved in 499 g of water, the freezing point was
found to be –2.79oC. The molar mass of the unknown
solute is?
a) 357 b) 62.0 c) 768 d) 342

D
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 Evaluation (1/4 SOP)

Which would increase more the

boiling point of water: salt or
sugar? Why?

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Assignment (1/2 sheet of paper)

Give at least five practical applications on the

concept of colligative properties of solutions.

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Thank you for listening!

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