Our Lady of Fatima University

Sta. Cruz, Antipolo City

Senior High School Dept.

Name: Angelo Gelbhie B. Gavica Score: ______________

Strand/Yr. & Sec.: STEM 12 Y1-20 Date: 5/ /2023
Instructor: Sir. Whyll Franz Fernandez

Performance Task No. 2

Dilution and Colligative Properties Worksheet

Directions: Read the information given and answer the following problems with complete solution in GRESA format.

NOTE: Digital or Handwritten. If handwritten solution, you may edit this document to provide enough
space below each problem. Make sure your solution is readable. FOR Set A students, we will check this
synchronously from May 8-13. FOR Set B students, May 15-20. BRING YOUR ACCOMPLISHED HARD COPY
OF THIS DOCUMENT DURING THE WEEK OF CHECKING.

A. Dilution
Acids and bases are available in their concentrated form. To make dilute solution from
concentrated solution, simply add more solvent. Increasing the volume of the solution, the number of
moles of solute remains the same before and after dilution, therefore the number of moles particles is a
constant and can be expressed as:
VcMc = VdMd
where: Vc = volume concentrated
Mc = molarity concentrated
Vd = volume diluted
Md = molarity diluted

SP. 1
How many liters of concentrated nitric acid (16 M HNO3) will you use to prepare 750 ml of a 0.85 M HNO3?

SP. 2
What is the molarity of acetic acid solution if 50 ml of 17 M acetic acid (CH3COOH) is diluted to 1.2 L?

SP. 3
Suppose we have a bottle of concentrated acetic acid (6.0 M). How would we prepare 200 ml of a 3.5 M
solution of acetic acid?

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Colligative Property is a physical property of a solution that depends only on the number (concentration) of solute
particles (molecules or ions) present in a given quantity of solvent and not on their chemical identities.
1. VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING – addition of a non-volatile solute to a solvent makes the vapor pressure of the
solution lower than that of the solvent.
2. BOILING POINT ELEVATION – addition of a non-volatile solute to a solvent makes the boiling point of the
solution higher than that of the solvent alone.
 3. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION – addition of a non-volatile solute to a solvent makes the freezing point of the
solution lower than that of the solvent alone.
4. OSMOTIC PRESSURE – the pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a membrane separating
solution of differing composition.
a. Hypotonic solution – solution with an osmotic pressure lower than that in cells. Causes cells to hemolysis
(burst).
b. Hypertonic solution – solution with an osmotic pressure higher than that in cells. Causes cells to crenate
(shrink).
c. Isotonic solution – solution with an osmotic pressure equal to that of the cells. Has no effect on the cell’s
size.

1A. Vapor Pressure Lowering

How much a dissolved solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solvent depends on the solute
concentration and is expressed by Raoult’s Law which states that the vapor pressure of a component
in a solution depends on its mole fraction times the vapor pressure exerted by the pure component:
Psolution = (Xsolvent)(Psolvent)
where: Psol’n = vapor pressure of the solution caused by the solvent
Xsolv = mole fraction of solvent in the solution
Psolv = vapor pressure of pure solvent at the same temperature
Note: pressure must be expressed in Torr (1 torr = 1 mmHg)
SP. 4
If 0.340 mol of a non-volatile nonelectrolyte are dissolved in 3.00 mol of water (H2O), what is the vapor
pressure of the resulting solution? (The vapor pressure of pure water is 23.8 torr at 25.0 °C)

SP. 5
A chemist prepared a 25% by weight of glucose (C6H12O22) solution in water at 29°C. Determine the vapor
pressure lowering of the solution. The vapor pressure of pure water at 29°C is 30 torr.

SP. 6
The vapor pressure of water above a solution of water and a nonvolatile solute at 25.0°C is 19.3 mmHg. What
is the mole fraction of the solute? (The vapor pressure of pure water is 23.8 torr at 25.0°C)

2A. Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling point elevation occurs when the boiling point of a solution becomes higher than
the boiling point of a pure solvent. The temperature at which the solvent boils is increased by adding
any non-volatile solute. The amount of boiling point elevation can be calculated using the Clausius-
Clapeyron equation and Raoult's law. For an ideal dilute solution:
Boiling Pointtotal (Tb) = Boiling Pointsolvent (Tbsolv) + ΔTb
ΔTb = Kbm
where: ΔTb = boiling point elevation
Kb = boiling point elevation constant
m = molality of solute
constants for some common solvents:
Bp elevation
Solvent Normal Boiling Point, °C
const., °C/mol
Water 100°C 0.51 °C/mol
Benzene 80.1°C 2.53 °C/mol
Chloroform 61.3°C 3.63 °C/mol
SP. 7
A student in chemistry 2 laboratory measured 75 g of a unknown compound with molar mass of 92 g/mol and
dissolved in 100 g of water (H2O). What is the expected total boiling point of the solution? (The normal boiling point of
water is 100°C, boiling point elevation constant of water is 0.51°C/mol)

SP. 8
Calculate the boiling point of a solution that contains 45.5 g of glycerol C3H5(OH)3, a non-volatile, non-
dissociating solute in 200 g of water (H2O).

SP. 9
What is the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 29.3 g of methol (C10H20O) to 0.0590 kg of
chloroform?

3A. Freezing Point Depression

The freezing point of a solution is less than the freezing point of the pure solvent. This means
that a solution must be cooled to a lower temperature than the pure solvent in order for freezing to
occur.
The freezing point of the solvent in a solution changes as the concentration of the solute in the solution
changes (but it does not depend on the identity of either the solvent or the solute(s) particles (kind,
size or charge) in the solution). The freezing point of the solvent in a solution will be less than the
freezing point of the pure solvent whether the solution contains a non-volatile solute or a volatile
solute. However, for simplicity, only non-volatile solutes will be considered here.

Freezing Pointtotal (Tb) = Freezing Pointsolvent (Tfsolv) – ΔTf

ΔTf = Kfm
where: ΔTf = freezing point depression
Kf = freezing point depression constant
m = molality of solute
constants for some common solvents:
Normal Freezing Fp depression
Solvent
Point, °C const., °C/mol
Water 0.0°C 1.86 °C/mol
Benzene 5.5°C 5.12 °C/mol
Chloroform -63.5°C 4.68 °C/mol
SP. 10
Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 4.27g of table sugar (C12H22O11) in 50 g of water (H2O).
SP. 11
Ethylene glycol is used as an anti-freeze in automoblie radiators. Determine the freezing point of 50% by
weight solution of ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2, supposing that ethylene glycol and water form an ideal solution.

SP. 12.
What is the freezing point of a solution prepared by adding 140. g trichothecin (C19H24O5) to 0.746 kg of
benzene?

4A. Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to

prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the
measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of
lower solute concentration (higher solvent concentration) to a region of higher solute concentration
(lower solvent concentration)
Π = cRT
where: Π = osmotic pressure (pi unit)
c = concentration of solution in molarity/molality (M/m)
� • ���
R = universal gas constant (0.0821 )
��� • �
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (°C + 273)

SP. 13
A very dilute solution 0.0020 M table salt in water, is separated by an osmotic membrane. Determine the
osmotic pressure in Torr developed at 25°C.

SP. 14 and 15
Which aqueous solution has the highest osmotic pressure? (item 14) 20% glucose, C6H12O6 or (item 15) 20%
sucrose, C12H22O11? (Note: Aqueous means dissolved in water solvent; % = g)