Magnetic Dipole Moment

A magnetic dipole is a magnetic north pole and a magnetic south

pole separated by a small distance.
Magnetic dipole moments have dimensions of current times area
or energy divided by magnetic flux density.
Magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole is basically a vector
quantity whose magnitude,m, is a product of the pole strength,
(qm) and the distance 2a between the poles. It can be
mathematically expressed as,

m=2a×qm=2qma
Since it is a vector quantity, it also has a direction which is directed
from the south pole (having strength −qm) to the North pole (having
strength +qm).

It is also sometimes expressed as, (especially in the case of current

carrying loop),

m = NIA
Here, m = magnetic dipole moment

N = number of turns or loops

I = current flowing through the loop

A = Area of the loop

The direction in case of the current carrying loop is determined

through the Right-Hand Thumb Rule.

Units:

S.I. Unit: Ampere meter squared or A m²

 C.G.S. Unit: erg per gauss or erg/gauss. Here erg and
Gauss are the units of energy and magnetic flux density
respectively.
Other Units: Joule per Tesla or J/T
Both the units i.e. S.I. and C.G.S. can be related as,

1Am2=103
erg/gauss
Dimensional Formula: [M0L1T1I1]

Derivation of Magnetic Dipole Moment

Clearly we know that the magnitude of the magnetic field, B due to the
current carrying loop having radius R and electric current, i at distance l
along the axis can be given using,

B=μ0iR²/2(R²+l²)^3/2
If, we have, l >> R, we get,
B=μ0iR²/2l³((R/l)²+1)^3/2

≈μ0iR²/2l³
≡μ0/4π(2i(πR²))/l³ —(1)
We have Area of loop A, as

=>πR2=A=Area of the Loop

On, substituting this value in equation (1), we obtained,
B=μ0/4π(2iA)/l³
=μ0/4π(2μ)/l³

Here we have, μ=iA

Representing the expression in vector notation, we obtained,

B =μ0/4π(2μ)/l³
On comparing, this expression with the expression for electric field, we have

E=1/4πϵ0(2p)/r³
In general, we can simply state the magnetic dipole moment for wire loops
having ‘N’ turns as,

m = NIA
Clearly from the above discussion, we are clear that unlike electric fields,
magnetic fields do not have any charge counter part. We can also say that
there is no separate source or sink for magnetic fields.

Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron

Magnetic dipole moment for revolving electron can be obtained as follows:

Clearly, we know that the electric current of revolving electron can be

given by,

I=e/T

=e/(2πR/V)
I=eV/2πR
Thus, the magnetic moment associated with the current of revolving
electron can obtained as,
μl=Ia
=(eV/2πR)×(πR²)

μl=eVR/2 —(1)
Clearly from the formula of angular momentum, we have,

L = mVR
Or, VR=L/m
Substituting this value in equation (1), we obtain,

μl=el/2m

or, μl/l=e/2m
This expression is also sometimes referred to as Gyromagnetic Ratio.

Relation to magnetization

The magnetic moment is a quantity that describes the magnetic strength of

an entire object. Sometimes, though, it is useful or necessary to know how
much of the net magnetic moment of the object is produced by a particular
portion of that magnet. Therefore, it is useful to define the magnetization
field M as:

M=mΔv/VΔv
where mΔV and VΔV are the magnetic dipole moment and volume of a
sufficiently small portion of the magnet ΔV. This equation is often
represented using derivative notation such that

M= dm/dV
where dm is the elementary magnetic moment and dV is the volume
element. The net magnetic moment of the magnet m therefore is

m=∭MdV
where the triple integral denotes integration over the volume of the magnet.
For uniform magnetization (where both the magnitude and the direction of M
is the same for the entire magnet (such as a straight bar magnet) the last
equation simplifies to:

m=MV,
where V is the volume of the bar magnet.

The magnetization is often not listed as a material parameter for

commercially available ferromagnetic materials, though. Instead the
parameter that is listed is residual flux density (or remanence), denoted Br.
The formula needed in this case to calculate m in (units of A⋅m2) is

m=1/μ0(BrV)
where:

Br is the residual flux density, expressed in teslas.

V is the volume of the magnet (in m3).

μ0 is the permeability of vacuum (4π×10−7 H/m).