YARA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, RIYADH

ELTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
NOTES

Magnetic Flux (∅)

Magnetic flux through any surface is defined as the total number of magnetic field lines passing
through that surface. It is the product of area of the surface and the component of magnetic
field normal to the surface. It is a scalar quantity. It’s S.I unit is weber(Wb) or 𝑇𝑚2 and C.G.S
unit is maxwell. 1 maxwell = 10−8 𝑊𝑏.
∅ = 𝐵. 𝐴 =𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 The magnetic flux linked with a varying magnetic field is given by
∅𝐵 = ∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠

Faraday’s and Henry’s Experiment

Conclusions
• Whenever there is a relative motion between a closed coil and a magnet, induced
e.m.f is set up across the coil or induced current flows through it.
• The induced emf lasts as long as themagnet moves with respect to the coil.
• The induced emf is large as the relative motion is large.
• Indued emf also produced in a conductiing coil when there is relative motion
between a current carrying coil and the nearby coil.
• Induced current also can be produced in the secondary coil due to a changing
current in the primary coil.

The phenomenon of production of induced e.m.f in a coil due to the change in magnetic
flux linked with the coil is called electromagnetic induction. The e.m.f so developed is
called induced e.mf and the current is called induced current.
Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s First law (qualitative law)

It states that whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil or conductor changes, an
e.m.f is induced in it. The induced e.m.f lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux
continues in the coil.

Faraday’s Second law (Quantitative law)

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with the conductor or the coil. The induced e.m.f so obtained is
𝑑∅ 𝑑∅
given by 𝜀 = . If there are ‘N’ number of turns 𝜀 = 𝑁 . The induced current so
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑∅
developed is given by 𝑖 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑡.

Lenz’law
(𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒛′ 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈)

This law gives the polarity of the induced e.m.f. It states that the induced emf is such
that it opposes the cause which produces it.ie; the direction of induced current in a
closed circuit is always such as to oppose the cause that produces it.
𝑑∅
𝜀 = −𝑁 ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥.
When the north pole of a coil is brought near a closed coil, the direction of current
induced in the coil is such as to oppose the approach of north pole. For this the nearer
face of coil behaves as north pole. This necessitates an anticlockwise current in the coil,
when seen from the magnet side.Similarly, when north pole of the magnet is moved
away from the coil, the direction of current in the coil will be such as to attract the
magnet. For this the nearer face of the coil behaves as south pole. This necessitates a
clockwise current in the coil, when seen from the magnet side. To maintain a relative
motion, a mechanical work must be done. This work appears in the form of electric
energy of coil. Thus lenz’s law is based on principle of conservation of energy.
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

The direction of induced emf or current in a conductor moving in magnetic field is

determined by fleming’s right hand rule. If the right hand is stretched such that the first
finger, the central finger and the thumb are mutually perpendicular to each other and the
 first finger points along the direction of magnetic field while the thumb points along the
direction of the motion of the conductor, then the direction of induced emf will be along
the direction of the middle finger.
Methods of producing induced emf
The emf produced emf depends upon;
• Changing the strength of the magnetic field(B)
• Changing the orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic field.
• Changing the area (A) of the coil.
Motional Electromotive Force

When a conducting rod is moved through a constant magnetic field, an emf is

induced in the rod.This induced emf produced because of the motion of charges
through a magnetic field is called motional emf.
Consider a metal rod AB of length, l being moved with a velocity ‘v’ to the right in
a uniform magnetic field B directed into the plane of the paper. Each charge ‘q’
within the rod moves with velocity v and experiences a magnetic force, 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣.
By fleming’s left hand rule,the mobile free electrons in the rod are driven from A
to B. An equal amount of positive charge appears at the end A of the rod
from B. This process goes on till the attractive electric force between the
accumulated charges is balanced by the magnetic force that separates the
charges.
Workdone in moving the charge from B to A is given by,𝑤 = 𝐹 × 𝑑 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣𝑙
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑙
Induced emf= =𝑞 = = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞
If the rod lies on a conducting rail, a conventional current will be flowing in the
anticlock wise direction. If R is the resistance of the loop, the induced current is
given by
𝜀 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑖= =
𝑅 𝑅
𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐦𝐟 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐨𝐝 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
 Consider a conducting rod of length ‘l’ rotating in a uniform magnetic field of strength
‘B’ directed into the plane of the paper, perpendicular to its plane with an angular
velocity ′𝜔′ in the plane of the paper. In a small time interval ′𝑡′ , let the rod run through
a small angle 𝜃.
1 1
Area swept by the rod A= 2 × 𝑙 × 𝑙𝜃=2 𝑙 2 𝜃
1
Magnetic flux intercepted, ∅ = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵 (2 𝑙 2 𝜃)
1
𝑑∅ 𝑑[𝐵( 𝑙2 𝜃)] 1
2
Magnitude of the induced emf,𝜀 = = =2 𝐵𝑙 2 𝜔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Power dissipated in a moving conductor in a magnetic field

Consider a rectangulae conductor PQRS having a movable side PQ in a uniform

magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the paper.Let arm PQ of the conductor is
moved towards left with a constant velocity ‘v’.
𝜺 𝑩𝒍𝒗
The motional emf induced in the arm PQ is given by ,𝒊 = 𝑹= 𝑹
According to lenz’s law, the direction of the induced current in the rectangular coil is in
the anticlockwise direction.
The magnitude of the force on the movable arm PQ is given by,
𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝑩𝟐 𝒗𝒍𝟐
𝑭 = 𝑩𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽=𝑩𝒊𝒍=𝑩 ( )𝒍 =
𝑹 𝑹
As per fleming’s left hand rule, this force is opposite to the direction of the velocity of the
arm PQ.
Since the arm is moving with constant velocity an equal force should be applied on the
arm to dispalce with constsnt velocity.
𝑩𝟐 𝒗𝒍𝟐 𝑩𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒍𝟐
The rate at which work is done to move the arm is given by 𝑷 = 𝑭𝒗= 𝒗=
𝑹 𝑹
𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝟐
The rate at which thermal energy appears in the arm is given by 𝑷 = 𝒊𝟐 𝑹 = ( ) 𝑹=
𝑹
𝑩𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝑹
 Eddy Currents ( Foucault Currents)

The induced circulating currents produced in a conductor itself due to the change in
magnetic field linked with the conductor are called eddy currents. These currents were
discovered by Faucault, so they are called faucault currents.
Advanatges
• It is used in induction furnaces- The metallic block to be melted is placed in a high
frequency changing magnetic field. Strong eddy currents are induced in the block due to
change in magnetic flux linkage. Due to resistance of the metal, large amount of heat is
produced which separates the metal from their ores.
• It is used in speedometer- In the speedometer a small magnet is attached to the axle of
the wheel, which issurrounded by an aluminium drum and it rotates according to the
speed of the vehicle. Due to the rotation, the magnetic flux linkage changes and eddy
currents are produced in the aluminium disc. The pointer attached with the drum id
deflected in the response to the current, which will be the measurement of the speed of
the vehicle.
• Dead beat galvanometer- When current pass through the coil of galvanometer, the coil
and the pointing needle get deflected in the magnetic field. They keep on oscillating for a
long time before they come to rest. To stop the motion of the coil in a short interval of
time, the coil is wound on a non ferrous metallic frame made of copper or aluminium.So
that the eddy currents produced will be opposing the motionmore effectively and the
pointer comes to stop in a short interval of time.
• Electromagnetic brakes in trains- The relative motion between the rails and the magnet
induces eddy currents which opposes the motion of the train.
Self Induction & Coefficient of self Induction
The property of a coil by virtue of which it opposes the growth or decay of the current
flowing through it is known as self induction.It is also known as the inertia of electricity as it
opposes or decay the current in the circuit.

Let ′𝑖′ be the current flows through the coil at any instant , then the magnetic flux linked
(∅) with the coil is found to be proportional to the current passing through the coil. ∅ ∝
𝑖 𝑜𝑟 ∅ = 𝐿𝑖
Where ′𝐿′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝐼𝑓 𝑖 = 1𝐴, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∅ = 𝐿,
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑡.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the induced e.mf in the coil is
𝑑∅
given by, 𝜀 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 ( 𝐿𝐼) 𝑑∅ 𝑑∅
𝜀=− = -L 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 - 𝑑𝑡 = 1 𝐿 = 𝜀
𝑑𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦.
S.I unit of self inductance is Henry(H).
1𝐻 = 1𝑉𝐴−1 𝑆 = 1 𝑊𝑏𝐴−1
Self inductance of a solenoid

Consider a solenoid of length l, area of cross section A and number of turns per unit
lensgth ‘n’. Let ‘I’ be the current flowing through the solenoid. The magnetic field ‘B’
inside the solenoid is given by , 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
Total number of turns of the solenoid ,𝑁 = 𝑛𝑙
The magnetic flux linked with each turn of the solenoid = 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝐴
Total magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is given by ∅ = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝐴 × 𝑛𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑖𝐴𝑙
𝑁 𝑁2
Since ∅ = 𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑖𝐴𝑙𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙 Since 𝑛 = 𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝐴
𝑙 𝑙
When a solenoid is wound on a rod of magnetic material of permeability 𝜇𝑟 the self-
inductance of the solenoid is given by
𝑁2
𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴
𝑙

Energy Stored in an inductor

 Consider an inductor of inductance ‘L’ connected across a battery of voltage ‘𝜀 ′ .When
the current ‘I’ flows through the inductor, an e.m.f ‘𝜀′ is induced in it is given by , 𝜀 =
𝑑𝐼
−𝐿 , where –ve sign indicates that the induced emf opposes the passage of current.
𝑑𝑡
The work done by the battery to displace an infinitesimal charge ‘dq’ is given by,
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜀 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜀𝑑𝑞 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑞 = 𝐿𝐼 𝑑𝐼,
𝑑𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼0 )𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
𝐼0
1
∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼 = 𝐿 𝐼0 2
0 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑔𝑦(𝑈)
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
𝟏
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝑼 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟎 𝟐
𝟐
𝐵
In case of a solenoid, 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼0 𝑂𝑟 𝐼0 = = and 𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙
𝜇0 𝑛
1 𝐵 2 1 𝐵2 𝐴𝑙
𝑈𝑚 = 𝜇 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙 × (𝜇 𝑛) = 2
2 0 0 𝜇0

𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚

The magnetic energy per unit volume is known as magnetic energy density.
𝑼 𝑩𝟐
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑼𝒎 = 𝒎 =
𝑨𝒍 𝟐𝝁𝟎
Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance

The phenomenon of inducing e.m.f in a coil due to the change of current with time in
a nearby coil is called is called mutual induction.
Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual Inductance

The magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is directly proportional to the current flowing
through the primary coil.ie; ∅𝑠 ∝ 𝑖𝑃
∅𝑆 = 𝑀𝑖𝑃 , where M is a constant of proportionality called co-efficient of mutual induction or
mutual inductance. When 𝐼𝑝 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑀 = ∅𝑠
Thus, magnetic inductance of two coils or circuits is defined as the magnetic flux linked
with the secondary coil due to the flow of unit current in the primary coil.
𝐝∅𝐬 𝐝𝐌𝐈𝐩
According to faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, 𝛆𝐬 = − = −
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐩
= −𝐌
𝐝𝐭
 𝜀 𝐝𝐈𝐩
M = − 𝐝𝐈𝑠𝐩 if; - 𝐝𝐭 = 𝟏, then M=𝜀𝑠 ie; mutual inductance of two coils can be defined as the
𝐝𝐭
induced e.m.f produced in the secondary coil due to unit rate of decrease of current
in the primary coil.
Mutual Inductance of two long coaxial solenoids

Consider two solenoids 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 such that the solenoid 𝑆2 completely surrounds the solenoid
𝑆1 . Let the length of each solenoid be ′𝑙 ′ and area of cross section ′𝐴′ .
𝑁1 and 𝑁2 are the total number of turns of solenoid𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2respectively. Number of turns per
𝑁
unit length of solenoid 𝑆1 is given by, 𝑛1 = 𝑙1
𝑁
Number of turns per unit length is given by,, 𝑛2 = 𝑙2
Let , 𝐼1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 flow through the solenoid 𝑆1 . Then the magnetic field inside the solenoid
𝑁1
𝑆1 is given by,𝐵1 = 𝜇0 𝑛1 𝑖1= 𝜇0 𝑖1
𝑙
𝑁1
Magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid 𝑆2 is given by, ∅2 =𝐵1 𝐴= 𝜇0 𝑖1 𝐴
𝑙
Then the total magnetic flux linked with 𝑁2 turns of the solenoid 𝑆2 is ∅2 =𝑁2 (𝐵1 𝐴)
𝑁1 𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑖1 𝐴
=𝜇0 𝑖1 𝐴𝑁2 =
𝑙 𝑙
But ∅2 =𝑀12 𝐼1 where , 𝑀12 is the mutual inductance of coil 𝑆2 with respect to the coil 𝑆1 .
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑖1 𝐴 𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑀12 𝐼1 = therefore 𝑀12 =
𝑙 𝑙
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
Similarly, 𝑀21 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀21 is the mutual inductance of coil 𝑆1with respect to the coil
𝑙
𝑆2 . Clearly 𝑀21 = 𝑀12 = 𝑀
If the two solenoids are wound on a magnetic substance of relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 , then the
𝜇𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
mutual inductance is given by 𝑀 = = `
𝑙 𝑙
Coefficient of coupling (K) between two coils of self-inductances 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 and mutual
𝑀
inductance (M) is given by K=√𝐿
1 𝐿2
When k=1 , the coupling of two coils is tight and k=0 when the coupling is loose and the value
of coupling lies between 0 and 1.
 A.C Generator

Use-It is a device which is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle – It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.ie, when a coil is coil rotated
in unifrom magnetic field, an induced e.m.f is produced in it.
Construction-It consists of a rectngular armature coil made up of large number turns of
insulated copper wire wound over a soft iron core.the armature is placed in between the poles
of a cylindrical field magnet. The uniform magnetic field provided by the magnet is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. The two ends of the armature coil are attached
to two slip rings , which are rotated along with the armature. Two carbon brushes are pressed
against the slip rings and connected to the load through which output is obtained.
When the armature coil rotates in the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil
changes and hence induced e.m.f is set up in the coil. The current flows out through the
brushes. The direction of current changes in opposite direction in each half cycle of rotation.
Theory
Consider a rectangular coil which rotates inside the magnetic field with an angular
velocity ′𝜔′ . Let the perpendicular to the plane of the coil makes an angle ′𝜃′ with the magnetic
field at any instant ‘𝑡′ ( 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡). The component of magnetic field normal to the plane of the
coil= 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡.
The flux linked with the coil at any instant is given by,∅ = 𝐵𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑑∅ 𝑑(𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
The induced e.m.f produced in the coil is given by,𝜀 = − 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
𝜀 = − × −𝑁𝐵𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 × 𝜔
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝛆 = 𝛆𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧ωt, where 𝛆𝟎 is the peak value e.m.f.
𝜀
If ‘R’is the resistance of the coil, the electric current is given by, 𝐼 = 𝑅
𝛆𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧ωt
𝐼= = 𝒊𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧ωt
𝑅
The variation of e.m.f with the time is represented by