YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.

com
By Prashant

Effects of electric current

“Heating effect of electric current”

❖ a resistor is connected in an electrical circuit, heat is produced in it due to the
current. This is known as the heating effect of current.
H= I2RT (heat formula)
V= IR (where V→ potential difference, I→ Current , R→ Resistance)
UNITS :-
V → volt(v)
R→ ohm(Ω)
I→ Ampere(A)
H(heat) → joule(j)
P(power)→ watt(w)

“Uses of coil”:-
❖ coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents
interact with magnetic fields
❖ devices such as electric motors, generators, inductors, electromagnets,
transformers, and sensor coils.

“Let us discuss about‘live’, ‘neutral’ and ‘earth’ wires”

❖ The ‘live’ and the ‘neutral’ wires have potential difference of 220V.
❖ The ‘earth’ is connected to ground. Due to a fault in the equipment or if the plastic
coating on the ‘live’ and the ‘neutral’ wires gives way,
❖ the two wires come in contact with each other and a large current flows through it
producing heat. If any inflammable material (such as wood, cloth, plastic etc.) exists
around that place it can catch fire.
❖ Therefore, a fuse wire is used as a precautionary measure……

“Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current”

❖ The magnetic effect of electric current is known as electromagnetic effect.
YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.com
By Prashant

❖ It is observed that when a compass is brought near a current carrying conductor the
needle of compass gets deflected because of flow of electricity.
❖ This shows that electric current produces a magnetic effect

“Right hand thumb Rule”

❖ right hand thumb rule state that “if thumb of the right hand points along direction of
current, then the remaining curled , fingers of same hand gives the direction of the
magnetic field due to the current”.

“Magnetic field produced by current through a circular loop of a conducting wire”

1. If the current passes through the loop, magnetic lines of force are produced at each
point on the loop.
2. As we go away from the wire, the concentric circles representing the magnetic lines
of force will become bigger and bigger.
3. As we go towards the centre of the loop the circle become so big that its arc can be
shown as a straight line.
YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.com
By Prashant

4. By making use of the right hand thumb rule, check that every point on the loop
contributes the magnetic lines of force at the centre of the loop and these lines of
force at the centre of the loop are in the same direction.

“Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid”

❖ A copper wire with a resistive coating is wound in a chain of loops (like a spring), it is
called solenoid.
1. an electric current passes through a solenoid, magnetic lines of force are
produced
2. The properties of the magnetic field of a solenoid are very similar to the
magnetic field produced by a bar magnet
3. One of the open ends of a solenoid acts as a magnetic north pole and the other
as the magnetic south pole. The magnetic lines of force inside the solenoid are
parallel to each other.
4. This means that the intensity of the magnetic field within the solenoid is
uniform everywhere, i.e. the magnetic field in a solenoid is uniform.

“Fleming’s left hand rule”

YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.com
By Prashant

❖ According to this rule, the left hand thumb, index finger, and the middle finger are
stretched so as to be perpendicular to each other.
❖ If the index finger is in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger
points in the direction of the current
❖ the direction of the thumb is the direction of the force on the conductor.

“Electric Motor”

❖ “A device changing electrical energy into mechanical energy is known as electric

motor”

“Principle of motor” :
❖ A motor works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic
field and current is passed through it. A force acts on the coil which rotates it
continuously.

“Construction and Working of motor”:

1. The electric motor consists of rectangular loop of copper wire having resistive
coating.
2. it is placed between the north pole and south pole of a magnet (such as a horse shoe
magnet) in such a way that its branches AB and CD are perpendicular to the direction
of magnetic field.
3. The two ends of the loop are connected to the two halves (X and Y) of the split ring.
The two halves of the ring have resistive coating on their inner surfaces and are
tightly fitted on the axle.
4. The two halves of the split ring, X and Y, have their outer conducting surfaces in
contact with the two stationary carbon brushes, (E and F), respectively.
5. the current flows in the branch AB of the loop from A to B through the carbon
brushes E and F
YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.com
By Prashant

6. Since the direction of the magnetic field is from north pole to south pole, according
to the Fleming’s left hand rule, a force is exerted on the branch AB and pushes it
down. The current in the CD branch is in a opposite direction to that in the AB branch,
and therefore, a force is exerted on the branch CD in upward direction. Thus, the loop
and the axle start rotating in an anticlockwise direction.

“Electromagnetic Induction”

❖ “Electromagnetic Induction” or Induction is a process in which a conductor is put in a

particular position and magnetic field keeps varying or magnetic field is stationary
and a conductor is moving. This produces a Voltage or EMF (Electromotive Force)
across the electrical conductor.

“Galvnometer”
❖ A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument used for detecting and
indicating an electric current. A galvanometer works as an actuator, by producing a
rotary deflection (of a "pointer"), in response to electric current flowing through a coil
in a constant magnetic field.

“What is Faraday’s Law of induction??

YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.com
By Prashant

❖ Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (referred to as is a basic law of

electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF).

“Fleming’s right hand rule :

❖ Stretch the thumb, the index finger and the middle finger in such a way that they
will be perpendicularto each other. In this position, the thumb indicates the direction
of motion of the conductor, the index finger the direction of the magnetic field, and
the middle finger shows the direction of the induced current. This rule is known as
Fleming’s right hand rule…

“Alternating current (AC)”

❖ a current changing in magnitude and direction after equal intervals of time which is
called alternating current (AC).

“Direct Current”(DC) :-
❖ current flowing in one direction, in a circuit, from the cell to the cell. Such a current is
called a direct current.

“Electric Generator”
❖ Principle: Electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
❖ Construction: A loop ABCD is rotated in a permanent magnetic field. Its ends
are connected with two semi-circular rings . These rings are insulated from
each other and can slide while remaining in contact with brushes X and Y. A
galvanometer is connected between the two ends of the brush.
1. Working: On rotating the loop in a magnetic field, the side AB moves upward
and the side CD moves downwards.
YOUTUBE:-New Indian Era E-mail:- tprashant044@gmail.com
By Prashant

2. Thus magnetic flux linked with the loop changes and a current is induced in it
whose direction can be determined by Flemings right hand rule.In the figure,
the current is flowing through the path
3. After half rotation, the ring P comes in contact with brush Y and the ring Q,
comes in contact with brush X.
4. Thus, the brush X is always in contact with the side moving upwards and
brush Y is always in contact with side moving downwards as a result of which
the current flows in one direction. This current is called direct current. This
type of generator is called D.C. generator.

Best of Luck:-