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By Prashant

3.Chemical Reactions and Equations

“Chemical Reaction”
• a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a
substance, as distinct from a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction……

“Chemical equations”
• The representation of a chemical reaction in a condensed form using chemical
formulae is called as the chemical equation….
• simple way of representing a chemical reaction in words is called a ‘Word Equation’.
• Aqueous solution of copper sulphate + zinc dust Aqueous solution of zinc
sulphate + copper……

“How to Write a Chemical Equation”??

• In a chemical equation the reactants are written on the left hand side while the
products on the right hand side.
• An arrow heading towards the products is drawn in between them. This arrow
indicates the direction of the reaction.
• If the reactants or products are two or more, they are linked with a plus sign (+) in
between them.
• For example, in the equation a plus sign (+) is drawn in between the reactants CuSO4
and Zn.
• Their gaseous, liquid and solid states are indicated by writing the letters (g), (l) and
(s),
• Examole:- CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

“How to Balance a Chemical Equation”??

• number of atoms of the elements in the reactants in this equation is same as the
number of atoms of those elements in the products. Such an equation is called a
‘balanced equation’
• If the number of atoms of each element is not the same on the two sides of an
equation, it is called an ‘unbalanced equation’.

“Steps in balancing a chemical reaction”

1. STEP I. Write the chemical equation from the given word equation..
2. STEP II. Check whether the equation is balanced or not by comparing the number of
atoms of the various elements present on the two sides of the equation.
3. STEP III : It is convenient to start balancing an equation from the compound which
contains the maximum number of atoms.
4. Step IV : Write down the final balanced equation again.
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“Combination reaction”
❖ When two or more reactants combine in a reaction to form a single product, it is
called a combination reaction.
❖ NH3 (g)+ HCl (g) ------> NH4Cl(s) ………………………………………………………………….
Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride

‘‘Decomposition reaction”.
❖ The chemical reaction in which two or more products are formed from a single
reactant is called ‘‘Decomposition reaction”.
❖ CaCO3(s) --- > CaO(s) + CO2

“Displacement reaction”
❖ The reaction in which the place of the ion of a less reactive element in a compound is
taken by another more reactive element by formation of its own ions, is called
displacement reaction.
❖ Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

“Double displacement reaction”

❖ The reaction in which the ions in the reactants are exchanged to form a precipitate
are called double displacement reactions.
❖ AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

‘Endothermic processes.’
❖ Heat from outside is absorbed during some physical changes. For example,
(i) melting of ice
(ii) dissolution of potassium nitrate in water.
Therefore, these are ‘Endothermic processes.’
CaCO3 (s) + heat ------ > CaO (s) + CO2(g) (Endothermic Reaction)

‘Exothermic processes.’
❖ heat is given away during some physical changes. For example,
(i) formation of ice from water,
(ii) dissolution of sodium hydroxide in water.
Therefore these are ‘Exothermic processes.’
CaO (s) + H2O (l) -------- > Ca(OH)2 (aq) + heat (Exothermic Reaction)..
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“Catalyst”
• “The substance in whose presence the rate of a chemical reaction changes, without
causing any chemical change to it, is called a catalyst.”

“Oxidation Reaction”
• The chemical reaction in which a reactant combines with oxygen or loses hydrogen to
form the product is called oxidation reaction.
• 2Mg + O2 ------- > 2MgO
• C + O2 ---------- > CO2

“Reduction Reaction”
• Reduction is the loss of oxygen atom from a molecule or the gaining of one or more
electrons.
• A reduction reaction is seen from the point of view of the molecule being reduced, as
when one molecule gets reduced another gets oxidised. The full reaction is known as
a Redox reaction…...
• Redox Reaction = Reduction + Oxidation
• 2H2S + SO2 -------> 3S + 2H2O
• MnO2 + 4HCl ------- > MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

“Crossion”
• Corrosion is when a refined metal is naturally converted to a more stable form such
as its oxide, hydroxide or sulphide state this leads to deterioration of the material.

➢ Fe2O3 (formula of corrosion or rust)

“Rancidity”
• Rancidity is the oxidation of fats that is caused by hydration(addition of water),
oxidation (addition of oxygen), metallic atoms or microbes…….
• In this oils gets spoilt that is the purity of oils gets decreased.

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