Notes of Ch 2 Is Matter Around us Pure| Class 9th

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Study Material and Notes of Ch 2 Is Matter Around us Pure Class 9th Science

Topics in the Chapter

Introduction
Mixture and its types
Solution and its properties
Concentration of a solution
Suspension and its properties
Colloidal solution and its properties
Separation of the components of mixtures
Obtaining coloured components from blue/black ink
Separation of cream from milk
Separating two immiscible liquids
Separating a mixture of salt and ammonium chloride
Separating dyes in black ink
Separating mixture of two miscible liquid
Obtaining different gases from air
Obtaining pure copper sulphate from an impure sample
Physical and Chemical changes
Types of pure substances
Difference between mixtures and compounds

Introduction

Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Matter
can be divided in two categories.

(i) Pure Substance: It consists of single types of particles which are

same in their chemical nature.

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(ii) Mixtures: Mixture consists of two or more particles.

Mixture and its types

Mixture consists of more than one kind of pure substances which can
be separated by physical method.

Mixtures are of two types

(i) Homogeneous mixture

(ii) Heterogeneous mixture

(i) Homogeneous mixture: A mixture is said to be homogeneous

if all the components of the mixture are uniformly mixed and there
are no boundaries of separation between them.
Ex: Sugar in water, etc.

(ii) Heterogeneous mixtures: A mixture is said to be

heterogeneous if all the components of the mixture are not uniformly
mixed and there are visible boundaries of separation between them.
Ex: Water and sand, Air etc.

Solution and its properties

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Ex:

Lemonade, soda water etc.

A solution has two components:

(i) Solvent
(ii) Solute

(i) Solvent: The component of the solution that dissolves the other
component in it (usually the component present in larger amount) is
called the solvent.

(ii) Solute: The component of the solution that is dissolved in the

solvent (usually present in lesser quantity) is called the solute.

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Properties of Solution:

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

2. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9) in diameter

which cannot be seen by naked eyes.

3. They do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution

that is they don’t show tyndall effect. So, the path of light is not
visible in a solution.

4. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the

process of filtration.

5. The solution is stable and solute particles do not settle down when
left undisturbed.

Concentration of a solution

(i) Saturated solution: When no more amount of solute can be

dissolved in a solution at a given temperature, it is called a saturated
solution.

(ii) Unsaturated solution: When more amount of solute can be

dissolved in a solution at a given temperature, it is called a saturated
solution.

(ii) Solubility: The amount of the solute present in the saturated

solution at the given temperature is
called its solubility.

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a

given amount (mass or volume) of solution. Also, the amount of
solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of solvent is called
concentration of solution.

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Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of
solvent or Amount of solute/Amount of solution (Here, amount
means mass or volume).

Two methods of finding concentration of solution:

(i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/Mass of

solution) ×100

(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution = (Mass of

solute/Volume of solution) ×100

Suspension and its properties

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the the solute

particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk
of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air

Properties of Suspension :

1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.

2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.

3. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.

4. It is unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the bottom over

period of time.

5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, solute and solvent

gets separated.

6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it

shows Tyndall effect.

Colloidal solution and its properties

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Colloid solution is heterogeneous mixture in which the size of
particles lies between the true solutions and suspensions.

• Colloidal particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light. This

phenomenon is called Tyndall effect.

Properties of colloidal solution:

1. The particles of colloid can’t be seen by naked eyes individually.

2. It is a heterogeneous mixture and thus solute and solvent can’t be

separated by filter paper.

3. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than

solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).

4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom

over a period of time.

5. They do not settle down when left undisturbed which means

colloid is quite stable.

Some common examples of colloids (in the table)

Separation of the components of mixtures

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Different methods of separation are used to get individual
components from mixture. Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated
into their respective constituents by simple physical methods like
handpicking, sieving, filtration etc.

Obtaining coloured components from blue/black ink

Process of evaporation is used to obtain coloured components

from blue/black ink. The process of evaporation is used to separate a
substance which is dissolved in water.

• It is based on the fact that liquid vaporises easily than the solid.

• Helps in separating volatile substances from non-volatile

substances.

Steps of obtaining coloured

components from
blue/black ink:

• Fill half a beaker with water.

• Put a watch glass on the mouth

of the beaker.

• Put few drops of ink on the

watch glass.

• Now start heating the beaker. We do not want to heat the ink
directly. You will see that evaporation is taking place from the watch
glass.

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• Continue heating as the evaporation goes on and stop heating when
you do not see any further change on the watch glass.

Separation of cream from milk

• The process of centrifugation is used to separate the cream from

milk. It is a method of separating the suspended particles of
substance from a liquid.

• This process is carried out by the machine called centrifuge.

• Sometimes, the solid particles in a liquid are very small and pass
through a filter paper. For such particles the filtration technique
cannot be used.

• The mixture is rotated rapidly so that the heavier particles in the

mixtures settle down to the bottom.

• The basic principle of centrifugation is that the denser particles are

forced to the bottom and the liquid being lighter remains at the top.

Steps of separating cream from milk:

• Take some full-cream milk in a test tube.

• Centrifuge it by using a centrifuging machine for two minutes.

Application of centrifugation:

• Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.

• Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.

• Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.

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Separating two immiscible liquids

• The separation of separating two immiscible liquid is carried out by

the use of funnel.

• The basic principle involve is the difference between the densities of

two liquids form two separate layers.

Steps of separating kerosene oil and water:

• Pour the mixture of kerosene oil and water in a separating funnel.

• Let it stand undisturbed for sometime so that separate layers of oil

and water are formed.

• Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower
layer of water carefully.

• Close the stopcock of the separating funnel as the oil reaches the
stop-cock.

Application of funnel:

• To separate mixture of oil and water.

• In the extraction of iron from its ore, the lighter slag is removed
from the top by this method to leave the molten iron at the bottom in
the furnace.

Sublimation

• This process is used to separate mixtures that contain a sublimable

volatile component from a non-sublimable impurity.

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• Sublimation is process where a substance directly changes from
solid to gaseous state on heating.

• Ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene and anthracene are

some examples which can sublime.

Chromatography

• Used to separate those solutes

which dissolve in the same solvent.

• Used for sepration of colours.

• The colours which are more soluble

in water rises faster and get colours
get separated into layers.

Applications

To separate
• colours in a dye
• pigments from natural
colours
• drugs from blood.

Distillation

• Used for separation of components of a mixture containing two

miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient
difference in their boiling points.

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• Mixture of acetone and water
is separated by this method.

Fractional distillation

• Fractional distillation is used

to separate a mixture of two or
more miscible liquids for which
the difference in boiling points
is less than 25 K.

• Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its

components by fractional distillation.

Below is diagram which shows the steps of separation of air:

• The air is compressed by

increasing the pressure and is then
cooled by decreasing the
temperature to get liquid air.

• The liquid air is warm-up slowly

in a fractional distillation column,
where gases get separated at
different heights depending upon
their boiling points.

• It used to separate a gas from the air.

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Crystallization

• Used to remove impurities from solid and purify it.

• It separates a pure solid from mixture in the form of crystals.

• This process is used in purification of salt from sea water,

separation of crystals of alum from impure samples.

• It is better method than evaporation because:

(i) Solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating
to dryness.

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(ii) Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after
filtration. On evaporation these contaminate the solid.

Physical and Chemical changes

• The process which brings about changes in physical properties and

no new substances are formed are physical changes. The common
physical changes are changes in colour, hardness, rigidity, fluidity,
density, melting point, boiling point etc.

• The process in which new substances are formed and chemical

properties of substances get changed are chemical changes. Some
chemical properties are odour, inflammability etc.

Physical Change Chemical Change

It brings about change in physical properties such as It brings about changes in

physical state, shape, size etc. chemical properties.

No changes in chemical compositions are observed. Changes in chemical

properties are observed.

It is reversible. It is irreversible that means

permanent

No new substance is formed. New substance is formed.

Types of pure substances

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The pure substance is divided in two types on the basis of their
chemical composition:
(i) Elements

(ii) Compounds

(i) Elements

• According to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, element is a basic form of

matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical reactions.

• It is divided in three types which are metals, non-metals and

metalloids.

Properties of Metals

(i) They have a lustre (shine).

(ii) They have silvery-grey or golden-yellow colour.

(iii) They conduct heat and electricity.

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(iv) They are ductile (can be drawn into wires).

(v) They are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets).

(vi) They are sonorous (make a ringing sound when hit).

• Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, iron, sodium,

potassium etc.

• Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Properties of non-metals

(i) They display a variety of colours.

(ii) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

(iii) They are not lustrous, sonorous or malleable.

• Examples of non-metals are hydrogen, oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal,

coke), bromine, chlorine etc.

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Metalloids: Elements having intermediate properties between
those of metals and non-metals are called metalloids. Examples are
boron, silicon, germanium etc.

Compounds

A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements,

chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.

Difference between mixtures and compounds

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