ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY REPORT

FOR Mr. TAMANE GAMADA EXPLORATION PROJECT

PROJECT LOCATION:
REGION: OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
ZONE: ILUABABORA ZONE
DISTRICT: YAYO DISTRICT
KEBELE BONDAWO
LOCALITY: SHOBE

Submitted to: Oromia Enviromental Protection Authority Finfinnee

Promoter: Mr. TAMANE GAMADA

Contact person Phone: +251-914-30-32-70

Consultant: GTG Consultancy PLC

Address: Nekemte; Saint Mikael 2nd floor, Room No 108
Finfinne Arada Sub city MKC Building 3rd Floor Room No.03
Telephone: +251 917805549/911900133
E-mail: gtgconsulancyplc@mail.com
Website http://gtgconsultancyplc.com

December 2022

Finfinnee, Ethiopia
 Table of contents

Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Objectives of the ESIA Study .................................................................................................. 4
1.2. Approaches and Methodology ................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1. Collection of Available Information ................................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Field Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 5
2. Environmental Scoping ......................................................................................................................... 5
3. Relevant Policies, Legislative and Institutional Framework..................................................................... 6
3.1 International Conventions ......................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Economic Development Policies and Strategies....................................................................... 8
3.3 Environmental Policies and Strategies.................................................................................... 10
3.4 Legislative Instruments ........................................................................................................... 11
4. Project area Descriptions ........................................................................................................................ 14
4.1. Location & Description of the area ........................................................................................ 14
4.2. Physiography and Climate ..................................................................................................... 15
4.3. Forest resource of project area ............................................................................................... 15
4.4. Geology .................................................................................................................................. 16
4.5. Hydrology and Water Resources ........................................................................................... 17
4.6. Project description, activities and goal .................................................................................. 18
4.7. Equipment and resources needed for coal exploration .......................................................... 19
5. Environmental Impacts identification, prediction and analysis .............................................................. 19
5.1 The Negative impacts of the Project ....................................................................................... 20
5.2. Description of the identified negative impact of the project .................................................. 20
5.2.1 Exploration Phase Impacts ................................................................................................................. 20
5.2.2. Exploration Phase Impacts Mitigation Measures .............................................................................. 22
6. Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................................. 23
6.1. Monitoring Plan ..................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1. Environmental Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................................... 24
6.2. Institutional Arrangement ...................................................................................................... 25
7. Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 26
7.2. Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 26
References ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Annexes ...................................................................................................................................................... 28

ii
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: LOCATION MAP OF LICENSE AREA ..........................................................................................................................14
FIGURE 2: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF LICENSE AREA .......................................................................................................................17
FIGURE 3:DRAINAGE MAP OF LICENSE AREA ..........................................................................................................................18

List of Tables
TABLE 1. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREAS (ADINDAN- UTM ZONE 36 NORTH, ETH) ...............................................14
TABLE 2:NEGATIVE IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT ...............................................................................20
TABLE 3: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR COAL EXPLORATION PROJECT .......................................................................23
TABLE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ......................................................................................................................24

iii
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The mining industry has its own impact on the social and Environmental aspects at its
exploration and full mining stage. It is for this reason that ESIA is mandatory for coal
exploration project for Mr. Tamene Gameda to see its beneficial and adverse environmental
and social impact and then propose possible mitigation mechanisms.

The major approaches and methodologies followed for the environmental impact assessment
study were review of pertinent policies, description of the physical, biological and socio-
economic and environmental conditions of the proposed coal mining areas. To this end, The
FDRE 1995 constitution Articles 43, 44 and 93 were reviewed. In addition, FDRE and Oromia
National Regional state policies, laws, regulations and directives on ESIA and investment were
reviewed. Furthermore the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia, Environmental
Protection Organs eestablishment pproclamation; Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation, directives and Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation and the
Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines documents were reviewed and incorporated.

The project will be established on 1.195 Km2 of land in Oromia National Regional State,
Illubabor Zone, Yayo District in Bondawo kebele. It is located 564 km south west of the capital
city Finfinne on the road to Mattu-Gambella road within South Western part of Ethiopia (Fig. 1).
The promoter aimed at first exploring the potential of coal in the area and then mining at
commercial scale to meet the increasing demand of the product. The area of the deposit is locally
called Jimate site and it is accessible for any kind of lorry vehicle.

During the exploration phase, the project will undertake geological mapping and geochemical
sampling, site clearing for pit digging, digging 20 pits with maximum depth of 10m, structural
mapping, resource valuation and reserve estimation. These activities during the exploration
phase will have an impact on the environment and social aspects. Environmental and social
impact assessment required to determine the optimal balance of economic, environmental, and
social costs and benefits during the exploration phase. It also helps to recommend restoration the
ecological balance in the aftermath of the exploration phase.
The major identified adverse impact of the exploration phase includes trash generation, residual
effects, occupational health issues, airborne disease, downstream pollution, and other severe
effects. The identified impacts were evaluated based on impacts type, duration, nature,

1
magnitude, reversibility and significance to determine effectiveness to minimize or eliminate
expected adverse impacts during and after the exploration phase. The major activities to be
undertaken to minimize and/or eliminate possible adverse impacts includes rehabilitation of pits
dug for exploration, promoting efficient conservation practices, promoting project area
plantations and internalize environmental resources conservation through promoting
coordination and collaboration of the promoter, line sector and community. The impacts on the
socio-economic environmental components can be managed by ensuring equal job opportunities
for both sexes and enhancing environmental sustainability.

Environmental budget was estimated for the environmental management to effectively

implement the recommended measures. The overall environmental cost is rated to be lower with
respect to the identified impact indicators.

Finally, the preliminary environmental assessment study result came up with conclusions that
with strict reservation that the project is located within the UNESCO registered biosphere where
some of the human activities are restricted, the concerned government authority should decide
where the project should be allowed depending on the GPS location and coverage of the
biosphere. In view of the consultant, if there is no claim from any side, and also no counter
activities against the protected biosphere, “no-go” option cannot recommended if the
recommended mitigation measures are properly implemented and managed. Moreover,
ecological balance of the biosphere should be maintained.
Therefore, this project is found technically and economically feasible and socially acceptable
with best opportunity to achieve the development goal of the country in line with Ethiopia coal
mining sector.
Lastly concerned the existing anthropogenic
impacts on biodiversity, the consultant recommends the concerned body and policy makers to
decide whether the area is allowed for mining activity or not since human influence on
biodiversity will continue to increase exponentially, eventually leading to extensive
environmental degradation.

2
 1. Introduction
Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants that lived and died about
100 to 400 million years ago. Depth, thickness and configuration of minerals resource decide the
selection of mining technology (open cast or underground). Minerals exploitation progresses
through four stages: Prospecting means search for deposits. Exploration: Once the deposit is
assured, this is done to assess the size, shape, location and economic value of the deposit.
Development - Work of preparing access to the deposit so that the coal can be extracted.

A large proportion of mineral exploration and extraction across the world

occurs in areas where poverty is pervasive and biodiversity is threatened.
Almost three-quarters of active mine exploration and extraction sites are in
areas regarded by conservationists as intact bionetworks with considerable
ecological value. As a result, there is increasing emphasis on reducing the impact of extractive
industries on the environment, as well as the need to improve
the welfare of the communities who depend on ecosystem services for their
livelihoods.

The existing conducive policy, suitability of mineral visa-vis ecology of the area and availability
of high to engage in the investment is mandatory activity. The promoter has been in the business
largely involved in agriculture works, construction service and his business experience initiated
him to implement an investment project at Yayo district to diversify income sources and to
address the alarmingly increased demand both domestically and abroad for the coal resources.

Finally, the geographical overlap between mining sites and biodiversity hotspots often
leads to serious social and ecological challenges over the short and long term.
Some of these challenges include a growing population in and around forests,
conversion of forestlands into mining and agricultural areas, and the presence
of human settlements. The challenges become more pronounced in areas where
coordinate of the biosphere is not legally or formally, recognized or such territories are
not properly defined and demarcated. Concerned about existing anthropogenic
impacts on biodiversity, the consultant recommends the concerned body and policy makers to
decide whether the area is allowed for mining activity or not since human influence on

3
biodiversity will continue to increase exponentially, eventually leading to extensive
environmental degradation.

1.1. Objectives of the ESIA Study

The fundamental objective of the environmental impact assessment at exploration stage is to
ensure that the proposed exploration phase of the project is undertaken in environmental friendly
manner and socially acceptable. It aims to reduce adverse impacts and promote beneficial aspects
and hence contributes to the development of environmental and social functions of local
communities. It helps for

 Identification, prediction and synthesis of the potential environmental impacts associated

with the project exploration and
 Designing subsequent operation, and preparation of plans and recommendations
regarding measures that will minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts of
the project in the exploration phases.
1.2. Approaches and Methodology
The methodology adopted for conducting the environmental impact assessment study of the
project exploration follows the conventional methods that meet the requirements of the Federal
and Regional Environmental Protection Organs: Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines as
well as International Finance Corporations such as Performance on Social and Environmental
Sustainability Standards. Primary data was collected from the baseline information about the
area from individuals and desk review and secondary data on environment and social
components was collected from relevant documents and literature, impact analysis, choosing
mitigation and enhancement measures using different optimization tools and developing
environmental protection, monitoring and management plans were made.
1.2.1. Collection of Available Information
For this exploration phase of the project, published FDRE and Oromia National regional state
policies, legislatives, regulations and guidelines as well as international conventions and
protocols ratified by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) were reviewed. The
existing environmental and socio-economic data were also gathered from relevant sources.
Primary data and information on the study area were collected using different tools and
techniques including consultation of literature on the area, interviews and checklists.

4
1.2.2. Field Survey
Site observation were made during investment request to assess the baseline environmental and
social conditions of the proposed project area, to define impacted areas and identify
environmental and socio-economic components that are likely to be significantly affected by the
proposed project during the exploration phase. During field survey, basic data and information
on the biophysical resources and socioeconomics has been collected.

2. Environmental Scoping
In the aim of defining the limits of the study area for the project and drawing lists of activities
that helps to identify impacts, the consultant carried out an initial environmental examination. It
helps to
 To define the limits of the study area,
 To make environmental inventory,
 To define list of Valued Ecosystem Components within the study area,
 To define lists of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project.

In order to carry out the above tasks, the consultant employed different tools and techniques
relevant to the proposed project like using environmental scoping checklists, consultations with
different stakeholders (including the owner of the project, site investigation, observation of the
physical environment, review of the project area description etc) and review of published and
unpublished sources about Yayo biosphere area.
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study is conducted for Environment and
socio-economic conditions that most likely influenced or impacted by the implementation of the
project. The project site is defined as the exploration of coal located in Yayo District, Bondawo
kebele at local area called Shobe on 1.195 km2 of land. This area is located in the farm land
around the Yayo Coffee forest biosphere as indicated by the then Oromia environment, forest
and climate change commission (2018) and the now Oromia Environmental protection authority.
The study also considers the opinion of people surrounding the project area which could be
directly or indirectly affected by the implementation of the project.

5
3. Relevant Policies, Legislative and Institutional Framework
This section covers the policy, legislative and institutional issues that are most relevant to mining
projects in general and the coal mining project in particular. The first part looks at the
international convention and protocols ratified by FDRE. The second section deals with
Economic Development Policies and Strategies. The third part focuses on existing environmental
policies and strategies at the national levels. Finally, the fourth section presents the existing institutional
framework for environmental protection and management.

3.1 International Conventions

Ethiopia has ratified different international conventions and protocols. This makes Ethiopia to be
a party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols on environmental as
issues. The government has established an Environmental Protection Authority as focal point for
the implementation of these conventions and protocols. The authority also established in the
national regional states and subsequent zones and districts.

Accordingly, Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
provides that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or established
procedure, it automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land. Consequently, the
convention and the protocol are the laws of this land and therefore strictly maintained. Along this
line, Ethiopia has the following international conventions and protocols relevant to the proposed
mineral resource exploration and mining project.
I. International Finance Corporations (IFC) Guidance on Performance Standards on
Social & Environmental Sustainability

This guidance notes offer helpful guidance on the requirements contained in the Performance
Standards, including reference materials, and on good sustainability practices to improve project
performance.

IFC expects that each client will employ methods best suited to its business to meet the
requirements of the Performance Standards. In assisting the client to meet the Performance
Standards, IFC will take into account variables such as host country context, the scale and
complexity of project impacts, and the associated cost-benefit considerations, as well as those of
project performance beyond the level required in the Performance Standards.
II. Convention on Biological Diversity

6
  The convention on biological diversity has three goals. These are:
 Conservation of biodiversity;
 Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and
 Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
The convention was ratified by Ethiopia through proclamation No.98/94 on May 31, 1994.
Along this line the project would work and benefits the local community.
III. Framework Convention on Climate Change
Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 97/1994 on May 2/1994. This
convention considers the fact that climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The basic
objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of emission.

It also aims to prepare countries to minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.

IV. The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification

The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts
in countries experiencing serious drought and desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia has
ratified the convention through its proclamation No. 80/1997.
V. The Basel Convention
The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary movement of
hazardous wastes. The Bamako convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the
African continent. Ethiopia ratified the Basel convention through its proclamation No. 357/2002.
Its amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the
Bamako convention through proclamation No. 355/2002.
VI. The Stockholm Convention
In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm convention on persistent
organic pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of persistent organic
pollutants. The Environmental protection authority has the full mandate to implement the
convention at the national level.
VII. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and
Flora
The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species and to
ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner which
7
ensures stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as to control
and regulate illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their derivatives.
Ethiopia ratified the convention through proclamation No.l4/1970. The mandate to implement
the convention at federal level is the responsibility of the Ethiopian wildlife protection and
development organization.

3.2 Economic Development Policies and Strategies

a) The National Economic Development Strategy
The guiding strategy under the National Economic Development is known as the ‘Agricultural
Development Led Industrialization (ADLI). This strategy further developed into sectoral
strategies that include Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Population growth, technological progress,
Economic and Social infrastructure, etc.
Despite the presence of mineral resources in quantities and qualities suitable for exploitation,
they currently contribute only about 2 per cent of the GDP. Only 1 per cent of the potential of
Ethiopia's vast water resources for irrigated agriculture and hydropower generation have been
developed. The energy sector is one of the least developed in the world with 90 per cent of needs
being met from biomass fuels, particularly wood, charcoal and animal dung. The genetic
diversity of Ethiopia's domesticated plants and its unique flora and fauna is increasingly being
eroded because the long history of disruptive interventions by the state and the weakening of
local management in the face of an expanding population and the increasing needs of agriculture.

b) Mineral Resources

The Policies are:

a. To adopt as mineral resources are depleted sooner or later, that the long-term usability of
the land be safeguarded from the outset so that with due care during and following the
mining activities, it can still be used for agriculture and/or other economic activities.
b. To encourage and support artisanal and small-scale miners to practice mining which is
organized and responsible so as to be consistent with environmental laws, rules and
regulations to safeguard the well-being of the land and its other natural resources.
c. To advise and train mining communities in methods of environmental protection and
reclamation of abandoned mining areas.
c) Community Participation and the Environment

The Policies are:

8
 a) To ensure that all phases of environmental and resource development and management,
from project conception to planning and implementation to monitoring and evaluation are
undertaken based on the decisions of the resource users and managers
b) To reorient management professionals employed in natural resource and environmental
extension programmes to embrace participatory development, and to strengthen their
communication skills so as to more effectively disseminate both the results of scientific
research and the practical experience of local farmers
c) To develop effective methods of popular participation in the planning and
implementation of environmental and resource use and management projects and
programmes
d) To develop the necessary legislation, training and financial support to empower local
communities so that they may acquire the ability to prevent the manipulated imposition
of external decisions in the name of participation, and to ensure genuine grassroots
decisions in resources and environmental management
c) Ethiopian Investment Strategy
There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by successive
governments as the country started to move away from ‘centralized economy’ to ‘mixed
economy (since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.
Above all, the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of the current
Ethiopian investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general.
 Proclamation No.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia,
 Proclamation of Ministers Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to
provide for investment Incentives.
According to the Investment Proclamation No.37/1996, the objective of the investment policy of
the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) are designed to improve the living standard
of the peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable economic and social
development. Article 13 of the proclamation specifies the required information for submitting an
application for investment permit. The first sub article under article 14, prescribes the procedure
for issuance of investment permit, stating the following:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the provisions
of Article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days that the included
investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and that, in
9
particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws, the
appropriate investment organ shall issue an investment permit to the applicant.

3.3 Environmental Policies and Strategies

i. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions all other policies,
regulations and institutional frameworks must comply with. The Constitution of the FDRE
(Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources
and environmental management. The Constitution states that:
 Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty to protect the countrys
environment and natural resources,
 Design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage or
destroy the environment,
 The People have the right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning and
ii. The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed
strategies and action plans as well as the institutional arrangements required for the
implementation of sectoral as well as cross-sectoral interventions for the management of
Ethiopia’s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The CSE provides a strategic framework
detailing principles, guidelines and strategies for the effective management of the environment.
iii. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The major policy framework document with respect to environmental management of Ethiopia is
the Environmental Policy (EPE) of the FDRE approved by the Council of Ministers in April
1997. The Policy was prepared under the joint-effort of the Environmental Protection Authority
(EPA) and the Environmental Planning Unit (EPU) of the Ministry of Economic Development
and cooperation (MEDaC).
iv. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document
The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia. In effect the document aims at being a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for
all parties who engage in the process. The basic objectives of the guide are:
10
  Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach in EIA
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility
 Assisting communities and NGO groups in realizing their environmental rights with
regard to EIA
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibility as decision makers in
the EIA process: and
 Assisting in decision-making with regard to cost and benefits of proposed development
projects.
 The right to acquire property thereon, by labour or capital, and to sell, exchange and
bequeath the same.
F. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies

The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. Integration of
biodiversity conservation and development in federal and regional sectoral development
initiatives, and mobilization of international cooperation and assistance, have been identified as
the principal strategies for implementation of the policy.
3.4 Legislative Instruments
The Federal Government of Ethiopia is in the process of passing number of proclamations that
are aimed at providing the legislative instruments for the implementation of the national
environmental policy objectives and strategies. The following environmental protection
proclamations were enacted by the council of Representative of FDRE.
1. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)
This Proclamation (No 299/2002) aims primarily at making the ESIA mandatory for categories
of projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and
activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (ESIA).
 Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an ESIA and receive an authorization
from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project.
 Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior
to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a
business organization.

11
  The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact.
 A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued where the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental
authorization.
2. Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002)
Proclamation No. 300/2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the right of
citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of the
country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste; establishment of environmental
quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of pollution. The problem of improper
handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pest management and industrial
development are becoming a serious environmental concern.

3. Solid Waste Management (Proclamation No. 513/2007)

Measures related to waste handling and disposal:
 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner, which
does not affect the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner which contaminate
the environment or affects the health of the society.
4. Proclamation on rural land administration and land use
Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation (Proc. No. 456/2005) came into effect in
July 2005. The objective of the proclamation is to conserve and develop natural resources in
rural areas by promoting sustainable land use practices. In order to encourage farmers to
implement measures to guard against soil erosion, the proclamation introduces rural land holding
certificate, which provides a level of security of tenure.
5. Proclamation on expropriation of land holdings and payment of compensation

The Proclamation, Proc. No. 455/2005, was issued in July 2005 and deals with appropriation of
land for development works carried out by the government and determination of compensation
for a person whose landholding has been expropriated. It includes provisions on power to
expropriate landholdings, notification of expropriation order, and responsibility for the
implementing agency and procedures for removal of utility lines. According to the proclamation,
the power to expropriate landholdings mainly rests on district or urban administrations.

12
6. Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation No. 219/2013
This regulation is issued by Coffee Oromia regional state pursuant of the proclamation No.
213/2011 article 72 (2) of the definition of power and duties of executive organ of regional
National state and Oromia National Regional State environmental impact assessment the
proclamation No. 176/2012. According the regulation, without authorization from the authority
no person shall commence implementation of any project that requires environmental impact
assessment. The objectives of environmental impact assessment are reducing problem of
environmental sanitation and environmental pollution so as to contribute to its part in sustainable
economic and social development endeavors.

7. Oromia National Regional State Environmental pollution control regulation No. 220/2013
This regulation is issued by Caffee Oromia National Regional State for the implementation of the
Oromia National Regional State Environmental pollution control proclamation No. 177/2012.
The regulation states the necessity to control and harmonize any social and economic
development activities so as not to impose an impact on sustainable development by polluting
the environmental resources. In its general obligation, the regulation states that any person
subject to the regulation, shall have system environmental protection and pollution control
mechanism, and shall prevent or, if this is not possible, shall minimize the generation of every
pollutant to an amount not exceeding the limit set by the relevant environmental standard and
dispose of it in an environmentally sound manner. Moreover, a person shall have the obligation
to handle equipment, inputs and products in a manner that prevents damage to the environment,
human and animal health. Every person has obligation to notify the competent environmental
organ any potentially pollutant, inputs or products under its possession.

8. Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment rules No. 05/2014

The provision of this rules and regulation shall apply to factory projects, programs which will be and has
been conducted in Oromia regional state.

9. Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact audit rules No. 06/2014

The provision of this rules and regulation shall apply to factory projects, programs which will be and has
been conducted in Oromia regional state. In this rule the responsibility of the project owner and auditing
team is given in article 6 and 7 respectively.

13
4. Project area Descriptions
4.1. Location & Description of the area
The License area located in Yayo District, Bondawo kebele at Shobe locality. The project site is
bordered in the east by farm land of farmers, south east by Gechi rural town, in south road from
Qumbabe to Yayao, North farm land and in the by west Mudela village. It is located 564 km
west of the capital city Finfinnee on the road to Mattu-Gambella road in Iluababora zone of
Oromia National Regional States, South Western Ethiopia (Fig. 1). It lies in between 42 km
northeastern side of Administrative towns (Mattu). The area of the deposit is locally called
Shobe site and it is accessible for any kind of lorry vehicle. The total area of the license block is
1.195 Km2. The geographical coordinates of the area using UTM is stated as follows in Table 1

Table 1. Geographic Location of the Project Areas (Adindan- UTM Zone 36 North, Eth)
No Easting Northing
1 813071 925840
2 813761 924239
3 814541 924996
4 813496 926017

Figure 1: Location map of License Area

14
4.2. Physiography and Climate
The climate condition of the study area is characterized by humid and warm tropical rainy
climate with a mean minimum temperature of 13.5℃ and maximum temperatures of 27.3℃. The
rainfall pattern of the area is with a mean annual rainfall ranging from 1243 to 3445 mm.
Therefore, such a diverse mixed climatic condition is the most important factor for the
availability of a huge wealth of biologically diverse species in the area. The soil condition of the
area is fertile or compatible of soil types that covered high diversity and tropical forests (natural
vegetation) which are recorded on international level (UNESCO) as named by Yayo coffee
forest biosphere (IEA 2019; Wagaw 2007).

4.3. Forest resource of project area

The Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere reserve is located in the Illu Abba Bor and Buno-Bedele
Zones Administration of the Oromia regional state, Southwest, Ethiopia. The Yayu Coffee Forest
Biosphere reserve in its current format covers approximately 167,021 ha. The entire biosphere
reserve is stretched over six districts as Doreni, Yayu, Bilo-Nopa, Algie-Sachi, Hurumu and
Yayo. Yayo district is partly falls within the boundary of the biosphere reserve. The proposed
project is found in Yayo district Shobe sites.

Yayo forest is one of the important forest priority Area in Ethiopia. It has a high number of plant
and animal species .Over 450 higher plant, 50 animal, 200 bird, and 20 amphibians species have
been recorded in the area .the forest is also one of the few remnant habitat for wild coffee (coffee
Arabica).Ethiopia is the center of origin and diversity for coffee Arabica and hence is important
for an suit conservation of the genetic diversity of natural coffee. The forest is also important for
the livelihood of local households and stakeholders at different level .It also a source of in came
for the locals and also a safeguard in difficult time such as during extreme weather event or poor
harvest. The forest is a major source of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and other products
of local use such as construction materials, fuel wood, and farm implements .the most common
NTFPs include coffee, honey, medical plants and other spices. Coffee alone contributes around
70% of income in the area.

Concerning vegetation and flora the diverse vegetation cover and tree species present within the
district play vital roles in the social, economic and cultural aspects of the local community. There
are trees that are used for food and others that serve as traditional medicines (Gole, 2003;
Senbeta, 2006). The trees that play multiple roles include, inter alia, Albizia gummifera
15
(Haambabbeessa), Cordia africana (Waddessa), Aningeria adolfi friedertel (Qararoo), Ficus
varta (Hogdaa), Ficus sur (Haarbuu), Carissa spinarum (Haagamsa), Rubesn apetalus (Goraa),
Solanum nigrum (Muiulo), Acacia lahai (Laaftoo), Phoenix reclinata (Meexxii), and Albizia
grandibracteata (Shawoo). In a similar manner, there are tree species used as main sources of
wood and timber for the local people residing in the district. Cordia africana (Waddessa) and
Afrocarpus calpatus (Birbissa) are essential trees, useful in making traditional beehives because
they have a pleasant odour that attracts bees and are easily workable and light-weighted
(Senbeta, 2006). Moreover, they are strong enough to be used for house construction,
agricultural farm tools and traditional household utensils.

As per site observation, there is significant coffee forest vegetation that will be affected due to
implementation of the project. The project site is totally coffee forest with big cover of trees
have been found in the vicinity and near by the project area.

4.4. Geology
The study area is mainly comprised of Precambrian rocks, Paleozoic-Mesozoic-Sedimentary
rocks, and Cenozoic rocks consist of Tertiary volcanic and sediments and Quaternary superficial
deposits (Fig 3). It mainly comprises fragmented, jointed and strongly fractured aphanitic basalt.
The intensity of weathering is very strong both in the vertical and horizontal extensions and has
changed the rock into slightly to completely weathered materials It is mapped in southern and
northern part of the area respectively. It covers wider area that extends north west ward to
Achibo and south to Yayo . The thickness of this unit increases northwest ward to Achibo area
at some localities around the study area where basalt out crops are evident, it has been observed
that the most upper part of this rock is vesicular.

Sandstone: This unit is exposed at west and northwest part of the study area at some localities
around the study area where sandstone out crops are exposed. It is strongly fractured and
weathered forming gentle topography. The sandstone is light brown to light gray, well sorted and
mature. This sandstone grades from conglomeratic sandstone at the base to siltstone and
mudstone at the top. It is composed of mainly quartz and feldspar.

Granite: - forms ridges and hills in some places having massive and blocky outcrop nature. It
also forms rugged topography that has steep slopes. This rock is pink, and pinkish grey on fresh
outcrop, but dark brown on weathered surfaces. Foliation is generally weak and is defined by the
parallel alignment of biotite and minor muscovite and chlorite minerals
16
Alluvium: - is exposed at northeastern part of study area. This unit mainly covers along the
banks of the River. This unit consists of two types of sediments: black cotton soil and reddish
sandy soil since these sediments occur mixed with one other, it is impossible to map separately.
The black cotton soil is located mainly on the marshy area. This soil is loose and fine to medium
grained. It is composed of angular grains of quartz and feldspar.

Figure 2: Geological map of License area

4.5. Hydrology and Water Resources

Yayo town is found in Geba watershed draining to the West direction and is categorized under
the Geba river basin. The nearest water course to the project site is spring water which is found
at about 200m downstream of the project location. The known major river in the district is Geba,
Birbir, gindib, Saki and Dogi Rivers and all rivers is attributer of Baro River

17
Figure 3:Drainage map of License Area

4.6. Project description, activities and goal

The proponent has proposed the project having an overall goal of taking advantage of
opportunities existing in cola exploration. The main objective of this project proposal is to
conduct systematic Integrated Coal Exploration Works starting from regional exploration to
detailed exploration of reserve estimation (prefeasibility study) and make ready for mining of
coal seems in the target area.

The specific objectives to be undertaken are systematic exploration works on the indicated coal
type, aimed at determining the prognostic geological characteristic features of decisive relevance
for economic usage in Yayo district, Bondawo kebele at Shobe locality using the art of
technology with environmentally friendly ways. This incorporates the following types of
physical activities:

18
  Conduct geological mapping and geochemical sampling to identify the rock units
and coal seams.
 Pits will be dug where the over burden will be thin, about 20 pits will be dug with
an average depth of 10m each and after sample collected it will be closed.
 Undertake structural mapping to understand all the structural elements and
possible effects.
 Determine three dimensional qualitatively and quantitatively coal properties
 Carry out resource evaluation and thus, reserve estimation.
The project will cover 1.195 Km2 of land. The scope of this work is to ultimately involve in the
production of coal supply to the existing demanding market. We believe this would obviously
contribute an imperative share to the supply of coal for energy consumption and others.

4.7. Equipment and resources needed for coal exploration

For pit site exploration for clearing and digging pit, equipment that allows direct observation and
sampling of the subsurface layers is preferred. The equipment consists of GPS, Topographic
map, backhoes, shovel, axe, machete and large diameter auger etc. Moreover, wet rotary rock
coring methods are used to determine subsurface conditions and to obtain samples for testing.
Triple-tube core barrels are commonly needed to maximize core recovery.

5. Environmental Impacts identification, prediction and analysis

The impacts are classified, and their range varies in space and time. The intensity of the impacts
is classified according to the following criteria:
 Effects on the health species
 Impacts on water bodies and soil
 Reduction of the diversity of species
 Loss of habitats
 Transformation of natural landscapes
 impacts on the human health
 Effects on the present use of agriculture
 Impacts on environment (air)
The criteria of classification of the impacts as being very significant, moderately significant,
slightly significant and no significant are according to:
 Size and geographical extent

19
  Nature, duration and frequency
 Irreversibility
 Ecological context
Analysis of the impact
+3 very significant
+2 moderately significant
+1 slightly significant
0 Not significant
-1 slightly significant
-2 moderately significant
-3 very significant
The significance of each impact analyzed at three different phase of a project exploration phase.

5.1 The Negative impacts of the Project

Negative impact identification, analysis and mitigation measures are the most important parts of
ESIA, which is helpful to reduce or limit the likely environmental and social impacts of the
proposed project during exploration phase. The impact can be occurred at the different phase of
the project however the concern of this preliminary report is about exploration/phases. Mineral
Resource exploration projects have large benefits, but the negative side effects are often
overlooked.
Table 2:Negative impacts identification and analysis of the project
No List of negative impacts exploration
1 Loss of grazing land 0
2. Loss of biodiversity -2
3. Water pollution 0
4 Soil erosion -1
5 Air quality reduction 0
6 Nuisance noise pollution 0

5.2. Description of the identified negative impact of the project

5.2.1 Exploration Phase Impacts

Potential negative impacts associated with the exploration phase activities of the project has
insignificant loss of open grazing area in the woodlands since the trench and pit hole will be
closed with soil.

20
Loss of freely accessed grazing land
The project is mainly situated in complex topography land with grass cover in which community
uses as free and less grazing area. The exploration phase has no significant impact of grazing
land since the pit and trench will be closed with soil.
Losses of biodiversity
Removal of vegetation and cutting trees during exploration, excavation for soil sampling,
installation of machineries and camps facilities will affect the biodiversity of the area. Potential
impacts include those associated with the loss of flora and fauna communities and increase in
natural instability of the communities. However, because the project site is mainly open
grassland, destruction of perennial vegetation and wild animals is insignificant.

Removal of vegetation, landscape and land use pattern alteration

Land clearing and removal of the existing vegetation from development sites can be a cause for
the alteration of landscape integrity, grasses, perennial vegetation and change in land use pattern
in the project area.
Impact on Air Quality

There is no main air quality concern of the project during exploration stage. The contribution of
exploration phase to the air quality degradation is not significant.
Impact on flora and fauna

The project site is characterized by vegetation covers with some bushes and shrubs which
support the life of different biological diversity as the land cove change the existence of diversity
of life will be disturbed during exploration phase a of the project.
Nuisance Noise

At the third year of exploration machinery will be used , as a result, some noise pollution is
expected to close by surrounding community even if they are at far distance from the project site.
Soil erosion

Soil erosion is another impact that can arise from exploration activities. Because there is an
excavation of lands and might be wetter, it is less able to absorb rainfall and runoff will therefore
be moderate. To mitigate such problem, restoration of the excavated land is a must.

21
Impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora

i. Impacts on terrestrial fauna

The project area slightly covered with little wood land, scarce vegetation and bushes and shrubs
as a result land use change can affect the life of wild animals. Therefore, this project, will have
very less impact on wildlife habitats destruction.
ii. Impacts on terrestrial flora
The project activities that will affect the vegetation and the terrestrial habitats will include land
clearing and excavation. The present bush and grass lands will be changed to excavated land and
after restoration the grass and other vegetation me be restored

5.2.2. Exploration Phase Impacts Mitigation Measures

 Limit clearing and soil disturbance in the sites in such a way that trees are maintained.
 The excavated land, pit and trench must be closed soil and restored with the grass and
other vegetation might be restored
 Record the type and number of trees and shrubs cut in order to replace after exploration
is completed
 Grade disturbed areas and restore landscape

22
 6. Environmental Management Plan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of exploration of the project is to minimize adverse
impacts of the project by implementing and monitoring the proposed mitigation and
enhancement measures. Under this section, the way specific mitigation and enhancement
measures implemented and monitored at exploration phases to overcome possible impacts of the
project are outlined.

Table 3: Environmental management plan for Coal exploration project

N Impacts Mitigation Time Cost

Procedures

Responsibi
o

Indictors
duration

lity
Loss of • Fast restoration and fill the • Shortage of grazing • Interview • Livestock agency  explorati 10,000
1 grazing land excavated land for mining land • Field • Proponent on phase
during • Introducing improved • Excavated and observatio • Land &
excavation fodder disturbed land n environmental
and pit hole • pit and trench must be protection office
closed with soil
2 Loss of • Number of trees • Observatio • Environmental  explorati 10,000
biodiversity • Maintaining indigenous • Species diversity n Forest protection on phase
trees inventory &agricultural
• Planting trees office
Water • Managing oils and lubricant -Health condition • -Interview • Proponent  explorati 8,000
pollution • culvert construction and -water hardness •- • Health Office on phase
3 piping is important -Color observatio • Environmental
• Control field erosion n protection office
•-
Laboratory
analysis
4 Soil erosion • fast restoration and tree • Soil siltation in the • Farmers • Proponent  explorati 8,000
and land planting, leveling the land downstream areas interview • Agriculture office on phase
scape scape • Soil color change • observatio • Land &envtal
alteration • Control soil erosion n protection office
• using concert canal • Laboratory
• Use piping to reduce loss analysis
• pit and trench must be
closed with soil
Air quality • Frequent watering during Respiratory disease Interview • Health office and explorati 8,000
5 reduction construction occurrence workers environmental on phase
• Use energy efficient Lab. Report protection
machineries Observation
6 Sound Selecting less sound Sound disturbance Field Health office and explorati 6,000
pollution / machines/ technologies observation environmental on phase
noise during protection
excavation
Total 50,000.00

23
 6.1. Monitoring Plan

Monitoring is an essential to ensure that the objectives of the environmental protection plans are
achieved. The different attributes to be monitored are implementation of waste management
plans, Control measures and precautions and societal development measures.
It is advisable to evaluate the environmental attributes periodically on the bases of the
monitoring data. The monitoring data should be compared with the proposed or anticipated data
to get the relation between then and also corrective measures can be easily derived, which will be
an easy process of correction for the Poultry farm factory activity.
6.1.1. Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental monitoring is an important tool for environmental management. It ensures
effectiveness of the recommended environmental mitigation measures. The major environmental
monitoring parameters for the project area are the identified potential adverse impacts.
Table 4: Environmental monitoring plan
No Parameter to be Activity Frequency Institutional Monitoring
Monitored Responsibility body
1. Loss of grazing land during Visit sites and During exploration -Livestock agency -Regulatory body
-Proponent
excavation and pit hole Evaluate phase quarterly -Environmental
-Land & environmental
implementations of protection office protection authority
the aspects
2. Loss of biodiversity Visit sites and Before exploration Environmental -Environmentalist,
protection authority
evaluate aspects During exploration -Regulatory body
&agricultural office
phase quarterly Proponent

3. Water pollution Visit sites and During exploration -Proponent -Environmentalist,

phase -Health Office
evaluate aspects -Regulatory body
-Environmental
protection authority
4. Soil erosion and land scape Visit sites and Quarterly -Proponent -Environmentalist,
-Agriculture office
alteration evaluate aspects of -Regulatory body
Land & envta’l
the project area.
protection authority
5. Air quality reduction -Visit sites and Quarterly -Owner Environmentalist,
-Health office and
evaluate aspects of Regulatory body
environmental
air quality protection authority
6. Sound pollution / noise Field During exploration -Health office and Environmentalist
during excavation observation phase quarterly environmental
protection authority

24
6.2. Institutional Arrangement
For proper environmental management and monitoring purposes, the arrangement of concerned
institutions and key actors, which will have decisive roles to ensure effective and efficient
implementation of the monitoring program are essential.
The management of the proponent along with appropriate regulatory authorities would share the
responsibility to supervise and coordinate all of the environmental protection measures outlined
above, and to monitor the project according to existing environmental laws, regulations, and
standards.
The Proponent will employ an environmental and safety officer to organize and supervise
environmental protection measures and monitor the impacts of each component of the project.
The officer will work under the guidance and supervision of the management of the proponent
and in conjunction with the local environmental protection bureaus according to the requirement
of the law pertinent to the pollution control, environmental impact assessment, labor and public
health.

The environmental and safety officer will be entrusted to take responsibility for implementation
of environmental monitoring for the whole project. He will stipulate the monitoring techniques to
be used the appropriate standards, and quality control measures. The proponent will compile all
the relevant monitoring data and prepare regular monitoring reports.

25
7. Conclusion and Recommendation
The objective of the project is to supplement and promote Mineral exploration sector to enhance rapid
development through its contribution to the development of improved mineral seller to national
supply and export when the demand that will be sold to local companies of cement and others in the
country. The Government is constantly on the lookout to identify constraints to the development of
the sector and advise on the best course of action to facilitate investment in the sector.
The government of Ethiopia has been actively working to create an investment climate that
encourages investors through facilitating long and short-term loans.

The negative impact caused by the project is likely significant if appropriate measures are not
managed. Generally, the project will have a positive impact if properly managed the environmental
impacts and to tackle unforeseen situations that could occur during the project lifecycle, the project
shall develop a comprehensive environmental monitoring program and work on proposed mitigation
measures so that recommended mitigation measures are implemented and remain effective.

7.2. Recommendation
In order to conduct exploration, exploration equipment, executing of exploration works like drilling
and sampling the rocks, environmental management plan should take into considerations the
following recommendations:
 ensuring that all government and concerned agency the requirements and procedures related to
ESIA are complete,
 Technologies, equipment and processes should minimizes adverse impacts and enhancing
beneficial impacts,
 Preparation of detail designs for the exploration site layout, which incorporate specific features
should aims at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts, and
 All pits excavated should be closed and restored by the promoter of the project soon after
exploration in order not affects the beauty of the landscape.
 Finally, the consultant recommends the concerned body and policy makers decide to allow the
project for mining activity or not balancing on economic and ecological feasibility.

26
References
EPA. 1997: The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
EPA. 2002. Proclamation No. 295/2002: Environmental Protection Organs Establishment, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
EPA.2002. Proclamation No. 299/2002: Environmental Impact Assessment, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
EPA. 2002. Proclamation No. 300/2002: Environmental Pollution Control, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAO, ISRIC and ISSS. (1998). World Reference Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Resources Reports, Vol.
84.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Environmental Protection Authority (2000) Environmental Impact
Assessment Guideline Document, Addis Ababa
EPAUNIDO (2003). Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia. The Federal Democratic Republic Of
Ethiopia Environmental Protection Authority and the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FDRE (1997). Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
FDRE (2002a). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal
Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 295/2002. 9th Year No. 7. Berhanena Selam
Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa-3rd October, 2002, Pp 1939-1944.
FDRE (2002b). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal
Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 299/2002. 9th Year No. 11. Berhanena Selam
Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa-3rd December, 2002, Pp 1951-1958.
FDRE (2002C). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal
Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 300/2002. 9th Year No. 12. Berhanena Selam
Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa-3rd December, 2002, Pp 1959-1966.
Kazmin, V. 1975. Explanation of the Geological Map of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys,
The Federal Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ethiopia Sustainable Tourism Development
Project (Estdp) (2009) Environmental and Social Management Framework (Esmf).
UNEP (2004) Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment: Towards an
Integrated Approach: UNEP Economics and Trade Branch (ETB), Division of Technology, Industry
And Economics (Dtie).
World Bank (2005) Operations Manual Operational Policies Op 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources,
Washington Dc: World Bank.
World Bank (2005) Operations Manual Operational Policies Op 4.01 Environmental Assessment, Washington
Dc: World Bank

27
Annexes
Annex 1: Oromia Mineral Development announcement on News Paper for Claim

28
Annex 2: Legal Documents of GTG Consultancy PLC

29
30
31
32
Annex 3. COC of members of the consultant firm

33
34
35
36