Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted to: Oromia Regional State, surrounding Finfinne Special Zone, Dukam town
Administration, environmental protection, forest and climate change authority
Telephone: 0912507914/0113690177
E-mail: Gilloconsult@gmail.com/gillo_consut@yahoo.com
Addis Ababa, Nifas silk lafto sub city, woreda3, House, No: 511/14
March, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ESIA on construction Material Production material manufacturing
Table Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................i
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1. A Brief Description of the Project.....................................................................................1
1.2. Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study................................2
1.3. Methodology......................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. Collection of available information............................................................................3
1.3.2. Field visits..................................................................................................................3
1.4. Report Structure.................................................................................................................3
2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING...............................................................................................5
2.1. Limitation of the study area...............................................................................................5
2.2. Valued ecosystem within the study area to be impacted...................................................5
3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK...............................................6
3.1. Policy and Legislative Framework....................................................................................6
3.1.1. National Policy...........................................................................................................6
3.1.1.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997).......................................6
3.1.1.2. Public Health Policy........................................................................................7
3.1.1.3. Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia..........8
3.1.1.4. National Policy on Women.............................................................................8
3.2. Proclamation and Regulations...........................................................................................9
3.2.1 The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012...............................................................9
3.2.3. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000):....................................................10
3.2.4. The Labor law Proclamation..................................................................................10
3.2.5. Proclamation No 455, to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for
public purpose and payment of compensation...................................................................10
3.2.6 Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135 /2007) on the Payment of
Compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes
............................................................................................................................................11
3.2.7. Proclamation No 197/2000, Ethiopian Water Resources Management...................11
3.2.8. Environmental Proclamation Laws and Regulations...............................................11
3.2.8.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No.
295/2002)....................................................................................................................12
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List of Tables
LIST OF ACRONYMS
Executive Summary
The proposed development will mainly comprise of Hallow and solid block, concert tiles,
Marble, Granite, curved stone, roof tiles, ceramic tiles. Hydra form and pre-fabricated house
element such s hollow core floor in phase I and wall panel and gypsum board in phase II. The
plan is to commence the work as soon as all the approval requirements are met and done
through the various relevant line organizations and institutions which include the EIA
approval process by Oromia Regional State, surrounding Finfinne Special Zone, Dukam town
Administration, environmental protection, forest and climate change authority.
The assessment has been made in conformity with the requirements of Ethiopian
Environmental Protection act No.299/200 as well as Oromiya Regional State Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012 Laws, Policies and institutions pertain to the
project under the study have been considered for the purpose of identifying potential project
constraints, and establishing background for realistic and sensitive recommendations.
The fundamental objective of the assessment is to ensure that, the proposed project is
environmentally sound and contributes to the development of environmental assets. It is also
expected to provide a means whereby the overall environmental performance of the project
can be enhanced.
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The methodology used has adopted the conventional pattern for construction projects ESIA
study and meets the requirements of EPA’s Environmental Impact Assessment guideline. Data
collection both from primary and secondary sources; identification and analysis of significant
environmental issues on the basis of those data; choosing mitigation and enhancement
measures; and developing environmental protection, monitoring and management plans are
the methodological approaches followed in conducting the EIA study.
The ESIA discusses major environmental and social issues and constraints that can arise from
the project implementation. The following are some of the findings identified by the team.
The major positive impacts of the proposed project are mainly: employment opportunities
with special emphasis on women and youth, contribution to the regional as well as national
economic growth, local income generation and livelihood improvement, optimal use of land.
The major adverse impacts are: The significant potential adverse impacts of the proposed
project identified are: air pollution, noise and vibrations, health and safety risks, soil erosion
and water logging, waste generation, increased traffic, increased water and energy demand.
The above mentioned impacts will be effectively managed and where possible eliminated
through: minimization of erosion from cleared areas, efficient sourcing and use of raw
materials, minimization of surface and groundwater contamination, minimization of risks of
accidents and injuries to workers, , minimization of noise and vibrations, air pollution, ,
minimization of health and safety risks, , minimization of excavation risks, solid waste
management, wastewater management and landscape management. The details are
discussed in the in chapter 7.
The study has also proposed an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP)
to address the management of the identified environmental issues associated with the project.
To this effect, a budget of 1,220,000.00 ETB has been allotted to implement EMP, in consent
with the project proponent. Indeed, there is a need that, the project promoter undertakes
overall responsibility for compliance with the environmental management plan (EMP).
Based on the findings of the environmental assessment, it is reasonable to conclude that the
environmental impacts of establishment of Construction materials manufacturing in the
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proposed area will be minor, of low magnitude, low intensity and low sensitivity; they would
be duly mitigated by incorporating the suggested measures. Implementing the environmental
management plan (EMP), which forms an integral part of the EIA process, will ensure the
environmental compliance of the project under the study.
In conclusion, based on the EIA study and on the assessment made with professional
judgment, it is safe to recommend the approval of the findings since the establishment of
Construction materials manufacturing meets the provisions of sustainability principles in
providing the benefits of economic gains while sustainably modifying the social and physical
environment.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The proposed Construction materials manufacturing project has been commissioned by Mr.
Tamiru Bulto to assess the environmental and social impact on Construction materials
manufacturing in Oromia Regional State, Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia
Regional State on 20,000m2 of land with the initial investment capital of ETB185 million.
The project comprises of Hallow and solid block, concert tiles, Marble, Granite, curved stone,
roof tiles, ceramic tiles. Hydra form and pre-fabricated house element such as hollow core floor
in phase I and wall panel and gypsum board in phase II. Upon its implementation the project
supposed to create job opportunities for about 408 people (275 permanent and 133 temporary
workers).
The project worthy and presents immense opportunity to close the demand supply gap in
building materials production and supply. Taking into account, the high profit margins of
business, several entrepreneurs have entered in the industry, in the past few decades with the
advent of modern technology; hence, the manufacturing of construction material has increased
like anything worldwide and in Ethiopia.
Indeed, the manufacturing process will involve modern development and production methods. It
utilizes the most efficient processing machineries that is cost efficient as well as quality. The
major of products will be for stairs case, flooring tiles and external wall cladding. The company
also has a plan to export after exercising in the local market for the first year production.
To minimize the pressure on public utilities (water and electric power) the project harvest
rainwater for the Project and heavy generator will be installed as a backup in case of power
interruptions.
The overall objective of the project is to utilize the countries natural resource efficiently. This
will generate finance for the company and tax for the government without ignoring the job
opportunity it creates. Pertinent to the Ethiopian Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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Proclamation (No. 299/2002), the company has conducted a partial environmental impact
assessment study for the proposed project
Accordingly, the proponent of the project has commissioned the local consultant (Gillo
Development, Research and Environmental protection Consultants -PLC) to undertake the
environmental impact assessment study of the Construction materials manufacturing project, so
that the team be able to identify adverse environmental impacts likely to be arise from the use of
construction materials, waste management, occupational safety and health issues and
environmental management systems employed by the firm through its project life time.
As per the requirement of EIA study, this environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA)
study was conducted according to legal requirements of the EIA proclamation of the government
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, proclamation No.299/2002. The report contains
findings of EIA carried out as integral part of the assignment, and it is submitted to Oromia
Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority according to the requirement of the
proclamation for environmental clearance.
The fundamental objective of the environmental & social impact assessment is to ensure that the
proposed project is environmentally sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the
development of environmental and social functions of local communities. It is also expected to
provide a means whereby the overall environmental performance and social benefits of the
project can be enhanced through:
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1.3. Methodology
The methodology used follows the normal model for EIA study and meets the requirements of
the country’s EIA guideline, collection of necessary data and review of relevant documents,
public consultation ,impact analysis, choosing mitigation and enhancement measures using
different optimization tools, and developing environmental protection, monitoring and
management plans were some of the important methodologies employed for the assessment.
The consulting team composed of different discipline has collected and reviewed published
national and/ regional policies, legislatives, regulations and guidelines as well as international
conventions and protocols ratified by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE),
Central Statistical Authority (CSA) census reports and documents. The existing Environmental
data were also gathered from the feasibility study of the project. Data collection on site was done
using different tools and techniques including the preparation of check lists and matrices
appropriate for the project.
The site visit was made to assess the baseline environmental conditions of the proposed project,
factors influencing the area and to identify sensitive environmental components that are likely to
be significantly affected by the proposed project and public attitude and perception toward the
proposed project. During the field investigation, information on physical and biological
resources, socio-economic as well as socio-cultural profile data has been collected.
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: scoping report
Section 3: Environment Policies, Laws and Regulations.
Section 4: Description of the Project
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING
The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study is conducted for those areas that would
be influenced or impacted by the implementation of the project. The project site is defined as the
industrial areas located in, Dukam town, Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional
State; the study has been conducted in the areas which is directly affected by the envisaged
project and buffer zone which is indirectly impacted by the proposed project. Direct project
affected areas covers 2hatares of land, and indirect project site refers to those areas immediately
surrounding the project, which indirectly impacted by project operations. The project study is
therefore, limited to those areas which are directly or indirectly affected by the project.
The proposed project is supposed to be located in Oromia special zone, surrounding Finfinne,
Dukem town. Generally, the project will be established on the land formerly used by farmers for
agriculture. There are no as such significant quantities of landscape and water sources that can be
affected by the project, except that livelihood of local community and affected and displaced
farmers. This can be mitigated by paying the necessary compensation to the land owners.
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This section presents the national policy and regulations applicable to the project under the
assessment.
The EIA study for Construction materials manufacturing is carried out within the framework of
the local and national environmental regulation and guidelines. Ethiopia adopted its Constitution
in 1995, which provides the basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for
environmental protection, and management in the country. The FDRE consists of the Federal
State and Regional States. Proclamations 33/ 1992, 41/1993 and 4/ 1995 defined the duties and
responsibilities of the Regional States which include planning, directing and developing social
and economic development programs as well as protection of natural resources. Accordingly the
legislative frameworks applicable to the proposed project are relevant proclamations, national
environmental guidelines and regulations issued by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(FDRE) and that of Addis Ababa city Admiration are outlined below.
This policy provides a number of guiding principles that indicate and require a strong adherence
to sustainable development, and a high commitment to, among other things, the need:
To ensure that environmental impact assessments consider not only physical and
biological impacts but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural
conditions;
To ensure that public and private sector development programs and projects recognize
any environmental impacts early and incorporate their containment into the development
design process;
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To recognize that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA
procedures make provision for both an independent review and public comment before
consideration by decision makers; and
To ensure that an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plan for
environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents.
This policy sets the scene for developments and projects within Ethiopia, particularly those of
national significance. The policy underpins the regulatory requirements for EIA and pollution
control and requires developers to aspire to the highest international standards of environmental
and social management for project development.
Ethiopia in general, has a low level of health, even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan
countries. This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of
education, nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to
health services. The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly
improving health care and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main
principles:
The priority areas of the policy are in the field of Information Education and Communication
(IEC) of health to create awareness and behavioral change of the society towards health issues,
emphasis on the control of communicable disease, epidemics, and on diseases that are related to
malnutrition and poor living condition, promotion of occupational health and safety, the
development of environmental health, rehabilitation of health infrastructures, appropriate health
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service management system, attention to traditional medicines, carrying out applied health
research, provision of essential medicines, and expansion of frontline and middle level health
professionals.
The right of HIV/AIDS individuals for confidentially in HIV serologic testing and diagnosis
shall be respected. Furthermore, access to employment, education, public facilities and the right
to live wherever they want shall be respected.
This Policy was issued in March 1993 emphasizing that all economic and social programs and
activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the Country’s resources and in the
decision making process so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the
Federal and Regional Institutions.
Laws, regulations, systems, policies and policies and development plans that are issued
by the Government should ensure the equality of men and women, special emphasis
should be given to the participation of rural women.
Economic, social and political policies and programs, as well as cultural and traditional
practices and activities, should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s
resources and the decision making process.
The central government and regional administrations should ensure that women
participate in and benefit fully from all activities carried out by central and regional
institutions.
Development institutions, programs and projects should ensure women’s access to and
involvement in all interventions and activities.
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In addition to the occupational health and safety measures and precautions indicated in the labor
laws, this public health proclamation underscores the need for avoiding machineries or
instruments that can generate excessive noise or minimizing the effects by the use of noise
reducing apparatus or instrument. In addition, the proclamation prohibits:
The discharge of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks, seepage pits and
industries into water bodies, or water convergences.
The disposal of solid, liquid or any waste in a manner, which contaminates the
environmental or affects the health of the society.
The Labor Proclamation (which was revised in 2003) provides ‘the basic principles which
govern labor conditions taking into account the political, economic and social policies of the
Government, and in conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments
to which Ethiopia is a party with a view to translating into practice the objectives referred to
above’. In Part Seven, Chapter One, Article 92 of this proclamation (Occupational Safety, Health
and Working Environment, Prevention Measures and Obligations of the Employers), the
requirements in terms of the protection of workforce health and safety is clearly stipulated. The
proclamation requires an employer to take the necessary measures to adequately safeguard the
health and safety of the workers. Workforce health and safety is an important aspect considered
for identifying the potential environmental, health and safety issues that can arise from the
project.
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3.2.5. Proclamation No 455, to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for public
purpose and payment of compensation
The proclamation states the expropriation of rural land for development purpose and the proper
compensation of individuals whose landholding has been expropriated. The proclamation clearly
describes the basics and amount of compensation in determining the compensation for the land
expropriated from individuals. Valuation of expropriated property and roles and responsibilities
in executing the expropriation and compensation processes by federal affairs ministry and
woreda administrations is also delineated in the proclamation.
3.2.6 Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135 /2007) on the Payment of Compensation for
property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes
These Regulations are issued by the Council of Ministers pursuant to Article 5 of the Definition
of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Proclamation No. 471/2005 and Article 14(1) of the Expropriation of Landholdings for Public
Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005 with a purpose of not only
paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore their livelihood.
Article 11 of this proclamation states that without prejudice to the exceptions specified under
Article 16 of this Proclamation, no person shall perform the following activities without having
obtained a permit from the Supervising body (Ministry of water and Energy or delegated bodies):
construct waterworks; supply water, whether for his own use or for others; transfer water which
he/she abstracted from a water resource or received from another supplier; and release or
discharge waste into water resources unless otherwise provided for in the regulations to be issued
for the implementation of this Proclamation. Any person shall be required to discuss his/her
proposal with the supervising body prior to applying\ for a permit for the purposes specified in
Sub-Article (I) of this Article. Article 16 states any person shall utilize water resources for the
following purposes without holding a permit issued by the Supervising body: dig water wells by
hand or use water from hand-dug wells; use water for traditional irrigation, artisanal and for
traditional animal rearing, as well as for water mills.
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The proclamation establishes a system that enables coordinated but differentiated responsibilities
among environmental protection agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation
stipulates the need for the establishment of Sectorial and Regional Environmental Units and
Agencies. The principal organization responsible for environmental protection is the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), which operates at both Federal and Regional levels.
This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and
decision-making of sectorial agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental
units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent environmental
agencies at the regional level. This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council,
a cross-sectional co-coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities.
The mandate of the Council includes: (i) reviewing environmental policies, strategies and laws
proposed by the EPA and issuing recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate
advice on the implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii)
reviewing and approving directives, guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the
EPA.
This Proclamation aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of projects
specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies projects and activities that will
require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the project must prepare
the EIA following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then review the EIA and
either approve the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. Under this legislation, the
EPA has to prepare procedures, regulations, environmental guidelines and standards for the EIA.
Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental
issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals.
This Proclamation requires, among other things: Specified categories of projects to be subjected
to an EIA and receive an authorization from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental
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agency prior to commencing implementation of the project; Licensing agencies to ensure that the
requisite authorization has been duly received prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or
operating license or a work permit to a business organization;
The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from carrying
out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact; A licensing agency may
suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental authorization; Procedures that need to
be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment are described in
the Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as follows: Undertake a timely
environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse impacts, incorporating the
means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental impact study report accompanied
by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency. Ensure
that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and an environmental impact study report
is prepared by an expert who meets the requirements set forth by the directive issued by the EPA.
Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental
agency for review.
This Proclamation states "No Person or establishment shall pollute or cause any other person to
pollute the environment by violating the relevant environmental standards.” Environmental
standards specified in the proclamation include: Standards for the discharge of effluents into
water bodies and sewage systems; Air quality standards that specify the ambient air quality and
give the allowable amounts of emission for both stationary and mobile air pollution sources;
Standards for the types and amounts of substances that can be applied to the soil or be disposed
of on or in it; Standards for noise providing for the maximum allowable noise level taking into
account the settlement patterns and the availability of scientific and technological capacity in the
county; and Waste management standards specifying the levels allowed and the methods to be
used in the generation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal of the various types of
waste.
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The solid waste management proclamation stipulates, among others, that each region or
administration unit shall set its own schedule, and based on that, prepare its solid waste
management plan and report implementation. It further spells out that each administration unit
shall ensure that measures are taken to prevent pollution from mishandling of solid wastes.
Similarly, existing institutional arrangements overseeing the environmental performance of the
industry were summarized. A waste management plan will be prepared during the detailed
design stage of the project to mitigate the impacts through reduction in the use of consumable
items, recycling of materials, and disposal of hazardous wastes at certified locations.
The proclamation formalizes EIA as a mandatory legal prerequisite for the implementation of
major development projects, programs and plans. Environmental impact assessment is used to
predict and manage the environmental effects that a proposed developmental activity could bring
about some drawbacks and risks. The design, sitting, construction, operation or ongoing one as a
result of its modification or termination intends and thus helps to bring about intended
development. This proclamation is a proactive tool and a backbone to harmonizing and
integrating environmental, economic, cultural, and social considerations into a decision making
process in a manner that promotes sustainable development.
Ethiopia has no national standards governing effluent discharges from industries. However, since
2003 Ethiopia has had draft regulations governing the quality of the effluent discharged from
facilities to public sewers and surface water systems (EPA, 2003). These draft guidelines require
the facility to meet certain basic water quality standards for trade effluent including sewage as
shown in Table 1 below.
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PH 6–9
During the detailed design stage of the project, facility requirements will be finalized and will
require use of sewage systems that conform to international standards and criteria for the
protection of potable water sources downstream.
Ethiopia has no national legislation for noise as well, but World Bank guidelines have been
adopted by EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft National Noise
Standards that are being prepared. The guideline for daytime perimeter noise is 55 decibels
(DBA). Table 2 provides noise standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia.
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Limits in DBA
1 Day
time A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45
Although, Ethiopia has no national legislation for air quality so far, the World Bank guidelines
have been adopted by the EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft
National air quality Standards that are in preparation by the EPA. Table 3 provides the
provisional air quality standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia as well the WB/IFC
guidelines values.
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Ethiopia has ratified the following international conventions on natural resources and
environmental management: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
(ratified through Proclamation No. 14/1970);Framework Convention on Climate Change (ratified
through Proclamation No. 97/1994);Convention on Biological Diversity (ratified through
Proclamation No. 98/1994);The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (ratified
through Proclamation No. 80/1997);The Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Safety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity (ratified through Proclamation No. 362/2003);The federal EPA is
designated as the focal point for the implementation of the above conventions.
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Proclamation 295/2002 requires regional states to establish or designate their own regional
environmental agencies. Relating to ESIA specifically, Proclamation 299/2002 gives regional
environmental agencies the responsibility to evaluate ESIA reports of projects that are licensed,
executed or supervised by regional states and that are not likely to generate inter-regional
impacts. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible for monitoring, auditing and
regulating implementation of such projects. The Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change
Authority has also promulgated regulations that include “Environmental Impact Assessment
Regulation, 295/2002
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The kebele is the lowest administrative level structure. It, generally, comprises sub-kebeles and is
headed by an elected chairman. These kebele areas fall partially within the project area. The main
responsibilities of the kebele administration include preparation of an annual kebele development
plan; ensuring the collection of land and agricultural income tax; organizing local labour and in-
kind contributions for development activities; and resolving conflicts within the community
through the social courts.
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
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Its accessibility and ease of future development are some of the reasons behind selecting
the area for the proposed project.
The main goal of the project is to ensure that construction projects are successfully completed
within the constraints of best quality, stated period and with minimum cost possible by availing
the material. With Quality Management, the processes and initiatives that produce products or
services can be fully managed. In this process variations are minimized, so the end product or the
service will achieve a desired quality.
The main objectives and benefits of the proposed project will be the following:-
Cement tiles are wall & floor tiles made from of cement together with sand, gravel & optionally
adding marble chips to the ingredient. The process of manufacturing is called the “LENOBE”
process, which at present is used in many factories. Equipment’s used to produce are rubber
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molds, vibrators, mixers and other items. The installation can be made mobile. Tiles of various
sizes can be produced. The most common ones rage from surface sizes of 20 cm x 20 cm to
60cm x 40 cm having thickness in the rage of 1 to 3 cm. The product is applied for floor or wall
finishing in building construction and for outdoor pavement work.
Marbles can be processed in industries to produce various kinds of marble stones. The products
of marble processing industries can be used for monuments, interiors decoration, statuary, table
tops and novelties. But the principal application of marbles is for exterior building works to
provide a lasting endurance to walls.
Commercial marble includes metamorphosed limestone and serpentine rocks, all of which are
capable of taking a polish. There are few marble products, which are of a single color. Some are
fine black and others are of white specimens, and even the most pure of these are often tinged
with grey or brown. All other types are of various colors. There is red marble with its various
shades, orange yellow and yellowish, green and greenish. The product application can be divided
in to three broad categories i.e. structural, ornamental and residential fields.
4.5 Utilities
The two important utilities required are electric power and water
Electricity: Energy for the production of high-tech plastic technology from electricity. The
electricity is used to operate equipment within the plant. Electricity is used throughout the
process. The annual electric consumption of the project is 150,000W. The source of electric city
is ELPA line. In addition, the project will install its diesel generators to complement the electric
interruptions.
Water: the project requires water for different purpose in the production process of the
intended output about 2,000m3 of water per year is required.
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The Project is found to be operationally profitable & has significant socio-economic benefits.
The income statement and other profitability indicators show that the project is viable. The project
is believed to have significant social and economic benefits that accrue to the society beyond
those financial returns to the company. The most remarkable social benefits can be expressed in
terms of job creation that leads to reduction in the level of unemployment.
Roofing tiles made out of clay, Marble and granite be found in nature with different attractive
colors and varieties as well as quality, Lime (calcium carbonate) is one of the most important
raw materials which is produced from limestone.
Roof tiles: The most common practice of roof tiles production involves several units of
operations such as material excavation and transportation, grinding and mixing, shaping, drying
of semi-finished product, burning, classifying and packing of the finished product. In the
proposed plant, the process starts from grinding operation in order to reduce investment cost. The
quarried raw material is subsequently crushed and wetted several time before it is passed or fed
to the press vacuum chamber where air is extracted in order to obtain compact mix. Then a well
prepared clay mix is extruded through a mold to get the required shape and dimensions. The wet
semi-finished product is transported to the batch drying chamber, where drying is carried out by
blowing in warm air and expelling of humid air with intensive fanning. Then, the dried batch is
transported to the kiln for the final process. Burning of batch in the kiln is accomplished by a
flame traveling in circle on top of the roof tiles and bricks. Upon completion of the burning of
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roof tiles, the products are sorted in a storage place where preliminary sorting is made. Finally,
the selected roof tiles are made available for market.
Marble and granite: The processing of marble dimension stones essentially involves the
following three major operations. These include:-
Cutting of marble blocks into a number of small size blocks by heavy duty; Cutting
machines such as gang saws and diamond saws;
Shaping of smaller size marble blocks by equipment’s like planers and turning
lathes; and
Surface finishing or polishing of shaped marble blocks by rubbing beds and
polishing machines in order to attain attractive color and uniform texture.
All are specific operations carried out in dimension stones preparation plant after the quarried
blocks are delivered to the processing plant. The dusts to be generated during cutting and
polishing of the marble has to be collected through a vacuum pump and a bag filter arrangement
to clean the air before released to the atmosphere.
Lime stone: The production process involves lime quarry and burnt lime production.
Lime Quarrying: First the broken limestone is fed into a bunker by means of a wheel loader or a
smaller truck. A screen on top of the bunker retains the big material which must be crushed by
hand. The one-layer sieve machine is arranged behind the bunker to separate the material into 3
grain fractions.
Burnt Lime Production: Two feed hoppers charge the shaft kiln with limestone and solid
combustibles by a tub with the quantities being weight-controlled. Limestone and combustibles
are evenly distributed. The combustion air required for the burning process is supplied by a fan.
The burnt lime is discharged by a conveyor system into an intermediate silo. From the
intermediate silo a drag chain conveyor transfers the burnt lime to a hammer mill for pre-
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crushing. The final grain size is achieved by a rotor mill. From there the burnt lime is transported
to a storage silo. The storage silo is connected with the weight controlled and manually operated
packing installation underneath. It fills the finished product into paper or PE bags of 25 or 50 kg,
which can be sewed up by a manual sewing machine. The aim is a finished product of even and
high quality. This is achieved by a laboratory which checks the product at every stage for quality,
and by equipment which indicates and records the operation of the entire process.
The production programme is scheduled in such a way that the plant will assume production at an
initial capacity of 70% of its annual rated output during the first year. During the second and third
years of production, the plant will produce 85% and 100% of its rated output, respectively. The
production programme is set by deducting Sundays and public holidays in a year and assuming that
repair and maintenance works will be carried out during off-production hours.
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areas of Gara Foyata and Chalalaka. The category of cool temperature is found in the high land
areas of Chelelka of ana Berek, Gara Foyeta of ana Mulo. The mean annual temperature of the
Zone is found between 20-250c in the low land and 10-150c in the central high land. However,
there is a slight variation of temperature between the months of the year. February to May is the
hottest months while October to January is the coldest months. The annual mean temperature of
the Dukam town is 18.5 °C and an average annual rainfall of the town has 700-800 mm.
Air Quality: Air quality record is none existent and is not common practice nationwide, hence
there is no information regarding the air quality of the project area. In the view of the presence
high traffic flow in the area, it is assumed that vehicles exhaust gas caused air quality disturbance
is the major local air pollution problem.
Ambient Noise quality: The sound or noise could be generated from various sources but with
respect to this project the main source identified is the project machinery. The Project noise
generated from the machineries is the major problem to be mitigated.
5.1.3. Soils
The major soil type in Oromia special Zone are: Chromic and Pellic Vertisols which has water
holding characteristics and heaviness for plowing during rainy seasons due to high Clay content,
Luvisols is good for agriculture with base saturation and weather able minerals and dominant on
the high land parts of the zone, Cambisols dominantly occur on the steep slopes and are often
shallow or have many rock outcrops and those developed on gentler slopes, however, have good
base saturation and fertility and can highly be important for agriculture. Other types of soils of
the Zone are Andosol having over 60 precent volcanic ash, or other vertic pyroclastic materials
in silt, sand and gravel fraction occur in parts of the Zone. Lithosol is another group of soil found
in the Zone, has a high base saturation and hence fertile. Fluvisols is restricted to the low land
parts.
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Dukam lies in Oromia special zone of surrounding Finfine with a total planning area of 8,704
hectares. It is located at 25kms in southeast direction of Addis Ababa- Adama highway. The
current boundary of Gelan and Dukem towns is made by an artificial boundary formed at the
junction of the Ethio-Djibouti railway and Addis Ababa- Adama highway. The town is bordered
in the East by the Dalota and Mero mountain chain, Wedesso Mountain chain and Abayi Silto
peasant associations in the North, Akaki of Addis Ababa in the North-West and Lake Aba
Samuael in North-West. In absolute terms, Dukam is located at 08°48′N 38°54′E (Oromia Urban
Planning Institute, 2007).
Based on figures from the national population and housing census carried 1994-2007, the
population of the town projected to 96,320 in 2019.
The community in the area has an access to health service nearby in Dukarn town and referral
services in Debrezet town at a distance of 8 km.
5.2.3. Schools
There is primary school service (grade 1-4) and secondary school (grade 4-8) in the project area,
high school and vocational training is also accessible in Dukem town.
Energy: Dukam town have got electricity through the recent rural electrification program.
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There is no reported historical or archeological resource in the project area. During the field visit
the Consultant do not encountered site of historical, cultural, religious and archeological
importance located near to the project area. Enquiries to residents in the area have indicated that
there are no known sites of historical or archeological significance in the vicinity of the proposed
project site.
The No Project option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental
perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. This option will however,
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involve several losses to the project proponent. The no project option is the least preferred from
the socio-economic and partly environmental perspective due to the following factors:
From the above analysis, it is apparent that, the No project alternative is not a good option to the
local people, for the citizens and the government of Ethiopia.
Relocation option to a different site is an option available for the project implementation.
Nevertheless, at present the project proponent does not have an alternative site. This means the
proponent has to lease alternative land which may take a couple of years; even there is no
guarantee that the land would be available. Even if will the land is obtained, more time will be
spend on design and approvals, since design and planning has to be according to site conditions
and will cost a large sum of money.
Hence, the time to be wasted on these deliberations would cause delays that the proponent and
our economy can ill afford. This would also lead to a situation like No Project Alternative option.
The other consequence of this is that it would be a discouragement for private/local investors
especially in the commercial development sector. In consideration of the above concerns
relocation of the project is not a viable option.
Under the proposed project alternative, the Proponent would be issued with an EIA License. In
issuing the license, Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority would approve the
Proponent’s proposed development, provided all the environmental measures are complied with
during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. This alternative consists of the
applicant’s final proposal with the inclusion of the (ORLEPB)) regulations and procedures as
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stipulated in the environmental impacts assessment to the maximum extent practicable. This is
the most suitable option.
Alternatively the project may use different combinations of inputs such as: water; electric power,
and waste management. This may induce the project’s impacts in several ways, but as compared
to the project’s preferred options for these services, they may result in extensive costs and
bottlenecks, since several of these options/inputs are at a techno-commercial infancy stage and
have a varying set of impacts.
6.2.1 Utilities
6.2.1.1 Electricity
The proposed project has various options for its sources of electric power and these are reviewed
in contrast to the preferred options. These options are: public electric power line, installation of
diesel generator and using the solar energy. The manufacturing industry utilizes the public
electric power line from 50KVA to 400. It is also expected that a generator(s) will be installed
within the development once complete. The necessary guidelines and precautionary measures
relating to the use of electricity shall be adhered to.
The main options that exist for water use is: The town main line, borehole, and rainwater
harvesting. The former option has the advantages of ensuring consistent supply while placing
pressure on public water demand, the second and third options are preferred options as it
promotes wise use of water that ensures effective usage and conservation of water. The
disadvantage of this option is that, it will involve the construction of extra facilities and
consequently extra costs.
The construction material manufacturing will be constructed using modern, locally and
internationally accepted materials to achieve public health, safety, security and environmental
aesthetic requirements. Equipment and materials that save energy and water will be given first
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priority without compromising on cost or availability factors. The concrete pillars and walls will
be made using locally sourced stones, cement, sand, metal bars and fittings that meet the
Ethiopian construction standards and requirements.
Alternative for the materials that will be used in the project involve using locally procured
materials with the exception of not using timber and the second option involves primarily
importing materials and the 3rd option is using timber. The former alternative is preferred option
since it will ensure the project contributes to the national economy by creating business
opportunities for the suppliers of these materials while conserving the environment by ensuring
the most environmentally friendly suppliers are contracted. The 3 rd option is not to use timber;
Heavy use of timber during construction is discouraged because of destruction of forests.
Nevertheless, the indigenous species would be preferred to foreign species in the construction
where need arises.
Regarding roofing, beautiful and durable clay tiles will be used because they are good in heat
insulation as compared to the iron sheet roofs. This will ensure that the rainwater harvested will
be used in gardening and other purposes.
Alternative two: Connection to the sewer system: Connection to an existing main sewer line
will solve the waste water management issue at a very minimal cost and in an environmental
efficient manner. Currently this option is not available; therefor the proposed project cannot use
this option right away.
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town setup, as it can cause a nuisance of bad odor to tenants near the plant and are usually
neglected after a few years leading to breakdowns and malfunctions which may also lead to other
environmental problems such as emission of raw effluent to the environment. This option is
therefore not suitable.
Alternative four: Use of Bio-digester: Bio digester is an on-site sanitation unit, that utilizes
anaerobic technology for the disposal of toilet (black) wastewater as well as of kitchen and
bathroom (grey) water, in a closed system. This is a sanitation technology, which treats
wastewater in an environmentally friendly manner, facilitating its use for gardening or its return
to water bodies without polluting them. The process also generates organic fertilizer and biogas
(a form of fuel) by allowing naturally occurring bacteria to break down solid waste. From the
analysis and economic as well as environmental considerations the use of bio digester system is a
viable option for the proponent to adopt in order to supplement connection to the sewer system.
A lot of solid wastes will be generated from the proposed project. An integrated solid waste
management system is recommendable. First, the proponent needs to give priority to reduction of
materials at source. This option demands solid waste management awareness works to project
staff. Secondly, recycling, reuse and composting of the waste will be the second alternative in
priority. This will call for a source separation programme to be put in place. The waste will be
sold to waste buyers within the surrounding area or be collected by a private waste management
company. The third priority in the hierarchy of options is combustion of the waste that is not
recyclable. Finally, sanitary land filling will be the last option for the Proponent.
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In order to accurately identify the environmental impacts, the following environmental issues
were considered pertinent and important as per the Terms of Reference.
Flora and fauna from the adjacent ecosystem (i.e. effects to natural plants and animals
where applicable).
River pollution indicators, impacts on water flow patterns and quality aspects, user
interference and contamination.
Topography: effects on soil and landscape.
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During field study, it has been observed that there have no existing impacts on the project area
which it is aroused from anthropogenic or natural phenomenon. Regarding, the Baseline
Environmental condition pertaining to the project, it has both bio-physical and socio-cultural
aspects. The socio-economic baseline survey revealed that, there is no human settlement and
significant natural resources to be affected as a result of the project.
The proposed project may impact negatively on environment, workers, neighbors, and society
at large. The impacts may be positive or negative. This report proposes mitigation measures for
negative impacts and identifies the desirable social and economic benefits. The following
impacts have been identified as likely to arise from the proposed project and which this
report seeks to address: These impacts include the following and will need mitigation. The
assessment team revealed the following anticipated positive and negative impacts of the
proposed project. Major anticipated negative environmental & social impacts are:-
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Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Community Employment
socio opportunity
economic Local Income
interventions Generation
and Livelihood
Improvement
Improved
Aesthetics and
Optimal Use
of Land
Subtotal 3 - 2 1 - 1 2 3 - - 2 - 1 - 3 - - - 1 2
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
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35
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Subtotal - 12 12 - 9 2 1 12 12 - - - 7 1 - 11 1 -
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Community Employment
socio opportunity
economic Local Income
interventions Generation
and Livelihood
Improvement
Contribution
to the National
Economic
Growth
Subtotal 3 - 2 1 - 1 2 3 - - 1 - 2 - 3 - - - 1 2
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Machines, Increased
kitchen and Emission to
mechanical Air
and electric
appliances.
Noise Increased
pollution Noise
due to traffic pollution
from visitors
who will be
coming to the
building.
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During Hazardous
Overheating chemical
of plastic Adverse
materials Impact
improper Risks of
utilization or Hydrocarbon
storage of Spillage from
materials Diesel Storage
to Stand by
Units
Movement Increased
of various Traffic
vehicles
In the Increased
processing Electricity/ene
steps rgy
Consumption
The handling Occupational
of dangerous & public
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Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Demolition Deterioration
works of the acoustic
environment
Dust pollution
Increased solid
waste
Generation
Occupational
Risk of
accidents
Subtotal - 4 4 - 4 - - 4 - - 4 - - - 4 - - 4 - -
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Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Total +ve 6 - 4 2 - 2 4 6 - - 3 - 3 - 6 - - - 2 4
Total -ve - 26 23 3 17 8 1 26 - - 16 - 10 - 18 1 - 20 7 -
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Based on the Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation matrix a total of 32 Impacts have
been identified, predicted & evaluated, of which 6 are positive while 26 are negative. From the
positive impacts (4) are highly significant, (2) are moderate, all having high magnitude, (3) long
term & 3 short term and all are reversible.
Among 26 negative impacts identified only 01 is of high magnitude, and irreversible,17 impacts
are of low magnitude, 08 Moderate and 01 with high magnitude 16 of short and 10 of long-term
duration, 20 low significant 6 moderately significant. They are all confined to the
microenvironment that is they are of local nature. The long term, highly significant and
irreversible impacts are generally related to land use changes.
In general, the majority of the negative impacts identified falls under low (20) to moderate (o6)
significance, thus the overall rating would place the project activities in the small magnitude, low
intensity and of short-term duration and hence in low sensitivity range.
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8. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND
MITIGATION MEASURES
Several potential positive impacts will arise during construction, operational and demolishing
phases of the project which are primarily socioeconomic in nature and it is summarized as
follows:
Impact origin and characteristics: The construction, operation and decommissioning phases of
the proposed project are supposed to provide direct and indirect employment to a number of
workers. Although, the exact number cannot be predetermined at this stage, according to the
project proposal about create job opportunities for about 408 people (275 permanent and 133
temporary workers).
Benefit Enhancement Measures. Hiring the local professionals and service providers at all
levels where possible enhances the national benefit. There is also a need to recruit local available
labor for positions that do not demand special skills. This enhances the benefits of local
communities. This measure not only maximizes the distribution of the benefit but also promotes
the projects social acceptability. In addition to the above proposed measures that can enhance the
direct employment benefits, procuring supplier and services from local sources to the maximum
extent possible benefits at each stage of the project and enhances the indirect employment
opportunity.
Impact origin and characteristics: It is evident that, women are efficient in carrying out and
handling the assignment given to them properly and seriously. As a result of such commitment,
they are usually preferred by many companies. This gender specific behavior creates equal, even
better employment opportunity for local woman and youths.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: The campy plan supposed to create job opportunities for
about create job opportunities for about 1,200 people (400 permanent and 800 temporary
workers). Consideration to be given for keeping the above beneficial opportunities the project
creates to women and actions to avoid work area problems women can face. The actions include:
Strict rule on work area sexual harassments, Job security, appropriate payment (equal payment
standard with men engaged in equivalent work load).
ESIA on construction Material Production material manufacturing
Impact origin and characteristics: The use of locally available materials during the
construction phase of the project including cement, concrete and ceramic tiles, timber, sand,
ballast electrical cables etc, will contribute towards growth of the economy by contributing to the
gross domestic product. The consumption of these materials including fuel oil and others will
attract taxes including VAT which will be payable to the government, which increases
government revenue while the cost of these raw materials will be payable directly to the
producers. Apparently, according to the project proposal the government generates about one
million birr from income tax annually during the full operation of the project.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: There is a need to comply with public and private
requirements of operating at low costs, so that benefits from the investment will be maximized.
This requires the effort of external institution and governmental bodies to facilitate the
investment process and credit facilities, to get the required benefits.
Impact origin and characteristics: The employment opportunity to be created by the project
will have social benefit beside the expected economic benefit. The employment income from the
project will have a substantial role for social livelihood improvement in the project area. This
local income generation related social benefit will have long term as well as cumulative benefits
such as:
Poverty reduction: As a result of creation of jobs for the local communities, the project will
have a meaningful impact on poverty reduction as the project area is inhabited by largely
unemployed and marginal communities. The employment priorities should focus on the
households subsisting below the poverty line;
Education opportunity: The increased income from the employment in the project will
substantially improves the living standard of the community in the project impact area. As a
result, families can afford to send their children to schools and supply them with school materials
adequately, where youth girls are the frontline beneficiaries.
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Benefit Enhancement Measures: Utilization of the available labor force in the project area
enhances the benefits at local level. Outsourcing commercial activities, like cafeteria services
from local competitive service providers will maximizes the social benefit of the project .
The proposed project comprises different components to be executed at different phases of the
project life time, construction, operation and decommissioning phases that can generate adverse
impacts.
Prior to the construction and installation of facilities of the project, environmental management
needs to consider the following five principles:
Ensuring that all government and concerned agency requirements and procedures related
to EIA are completed,
Implementation of land acquisition procedures required by the relevant government
bodies.
Selection of technologies that minimizes adverse impacts and enhances beneficial
impacts,
Preparation of detail designs of the project layout, which incorporate specific features
aimed at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.
Preparation of contract document which contains appropriate clause to allow control of
impacts arising from the implementation processes.
The project promote should be responsible to handle the above issues before the
commencement of the construction,
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the company should hire appropriate persons, environmentalist and site engineer that
facilitate planned project implementation and environmental management during
construction and operation
The concerned authorities at all level should be responsible to ensure that environmental
requirements are fully met and included in the EIA statement report.
The construction phase of the project involves the clearing, land leveling, transportation of
construction materials and storage can have adverse impacts on: terrestrial flora and fauna, air
quality, nuisance noise, workforce and water quality.
Vegetation clearance and excavation works related to construction of the manufacturing will
expose soils to erosion by surface run-off and create the threat of water turbidity and sediment
deposition in drains. The flat topography of the site and the pervious nature of the soils would
help to reduce erosive. Surface flows and the potential situation should exist only for the duration
of the construction works before landscaping and drainage. Apparently, there are no significant
surface features such as gullies, streams or rivers in close proximity to the site, which could be
affected by soil erosion
Where possible, phase the site clearance exercise so as to reduce the amount of exposed
soil at any given time.
Deliberately re-cover exposed soils with grass and other appropriate species as soon as
possible.
Temporarily bund exposed soil and redirect flows from heavy runoff areas that threaten
to erode or result in substantial surface runoff to adjacent area.
Monitor areas of exposed soil during periods of heavy rainfall throughout the
construction phase of the project
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Construction materials such as hard core, ballast, cement, rough stone and sand required for the
construction of the proposed project will be obtained from quarries, sand harvesters etc. Since
substantial quantities of these materials will be required for construction of the proposed project,
the availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively
affected-as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the sites from which the
materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several ways including landscape
changes, displacement of animals and vegetation, poor visual quality and opening of depressions
on the surface leading to several human and animal health impacts.
Efficient sourcing and use of raw materials: To reduce the negative impacts on availability
and sustainability of the materials, the Proponent should only order for what will be required
through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual construction requirements. This will ensure
that materials are not extracted or purchased in excessive quantities. Moreover, the Proponent
has to ensure that wastage, damage or loss (through run-off, wind, etc) of materials at the
construction site is kept minimal through proper material management , as these would lead to
additional demand for and extraction or purchase of materials. In addition to the above
measures, the Proponent shall consider reuse of construction materials and use of recycled
building materials where applicable. This will lead to reduction in the amount of raw materials
extracted from natural resources as well as reducing impacts at the extraction sites.
Significant increases in noise and vibration levels may be expected during construction of the
proposed project. Such noise and vibrations may be generated from excavators, movement;
loaders; concrete mixer trucks; concrete pumps; concrete vibrators; dump trucks; hammering;
vibrators; compactors, diesel generators (DGs); water pumps and even construction workers. The
impact of noise and vibrations on the surrounding community depends upon:
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Though the level of discomfort caused by noise and vibrations is subjective, the most commonly
reported impacts of increased noise levels are interference in oral communication, hearing loss,
anxiety and disturbance of sleep. Vibration impacts may include the cracking of nearby existing
structures such as foundations, walls and swimming pools.
Noise and vibrations may also have an impact on the workers in the proposed project.
Nonetheless, all the noise and vibrations generating activities shall be undertaken during day
hours and appropriate measures shall be instituted to counter the said pollution.
Minimization of noise and vibration: The Contractor of the proposed project shall put in place
several measures that will mitigate noise and vibration pollution arising during the construction
phase. The proponent shall ensure that he complies with all relevant requirements of the
countries as well as international standards.
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Co-ordinate with relevant agencies regarding all construction activities in the project
site;
Limit trucks and other small equipment to minimize idling time and observe a common-
sense approach to vehicle use such as shutting up idle engines whenever possible; and
Ensure use of well serviced and maintained vehicles and equipment
Potential impacts on the air quality during the construction stage will be due to the fugitive dust
and the exhaust gases generated in and around the construction site. Fugitive dust (depending on
the timing of construction) and vehicular emissions are the major components of air pollution.
The following construction related activities are generally associated with these emissions:
Minimization of dust generation and emission: Controlling dust during construction is useful
in minimizing nuisance conditions and consequently health (respiratory and eye) complications.
It is recommended that a standard set of feasible dust control measures be implemented for all
construction activities. Emissions of other contaminants (Nitrogen oxides, Carbon dioxide,
Sulphur oxides, and diesel related Particulate Matter PM10) that would occur in the exhaust from
heavy equipment are also included.
The Proponent shall be committed to implement measures that shall reduce air quality impacts
associated with construction. Dust emissions will be controlled by the following measures:-
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Provide effective dust screen, sheeting or netting where a scaffolding is erected around
the perimeter of a building under construction from the ground floor level of the
building, or if a canopy is provided at the first floor level, from the first floor level, up to
the highest level of the scaffolding;
Any skip hoist for material transport shall be totally enclosed by impervious sheeting;
Watering all active construction areas when necessary;
Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials or require all trucks to
maintain at least two feet of freeboard;
Pave, apply water when necessary, or apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on all unpaved
access roads, parking areas and staging areas at construction site;
All personnel working on the proposed project will be trained prior to starting
construction on methods for minimizing air quality impacts during construction.
A site waste management plan should be prepared prior to project commencement. This
should include designation of appropriate waste storage areas, collection and removal
schedule, identification of approved disposal site, and system for supervision and
monitoring.
Preparation and implementation of the plan must be made, and it is the responsibility of
the manager with the system being monitored independently.
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Special attention should be given to minimize and reduce the quantities of solid waste
produced during site preparation and construction.
To reduce organic waste, softer vegetation may be composted onsite and used for soil
amendment during landscaping.
Vegetation and combustible waste must not be burned on the site.
Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. excavated sand) should be stockpiled away from drainage
features and used for in-filling where necessary.
Unusable construction wastes such as damaged pipes, formwork and other construction
material must be disposed of at an approved dumpsite
Soil erosion is likely to occur during construction at the site once exposed by excavation works
especially during rainy and windy seasons. Considering the land clearing, excavation and other
construction processes, soil will be exposed to erosion agents leading to soil/land degradation,
hence impacting negatively on the environment. Water logging of the proposed site may also
occur in the event of heavy rainfall after excavation.
Controlling soil erosion, water logging: The Proponent has to put some measures in place
aimed at minimizing soil erosion and associated water logging from the proposed project site
during construction. These measures will include:-
Terracing, leveling and ripping off compacted areas of the project site to reduce run-off
velocity and increase infiltration of storm water into the soil
Proper planning of site excavation works in such a way that, a section is completed and
rehabilitated before another section begins
Ensuring that construction vehicles are restricted to existing graded roads to avoid soil
compaction within the project site
Surface runoff and roof water shall be harvested and stored in underground reservoir for
reuse
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The growths of manufacturing industry have direct impacts on soil, landscape and on the
surrounding ecosystems. Intensive construction practices are harmful to the environment,
especially when the building materials used are not in harmony with traditional
architecture. Such construction not only robs the landscape of its natural characteristics but
also detracts from its identity.
Lay out green areas and gardens to make the site more pleasant (preferably using
indigenous plants).To rationalize the aforementioned recommendations the project has
allotted land to plant various indigenous and exotic plants.
Promote landscape integration and environmental protection
Place the parking lot in an inconspicuous area of the compound
8.2.2.8. Surface and Ground Water Hydrology and Water Quality Degradation
Construction activities for the proposed development can have impacts on hydrology and ground
water quality of the area. Changes in surface hydrology can occur due to landscaping;
construction of impervious surfaces such as parking lots, roads and buildings (buildings increase
the volume and rate of runoff, resulting in habitat destruction, increased pollutant loads, and
flooding); blockage of existing drainages can also influence groundwater hydrology (i.e.
recharge rates, flow, conditions).
Potential sources of impacts on hydrology and ground water quality during the construction
phases are as follows:
Soil run-off from the site leading to off-site contamination- particularly during rainy
season: The excavated area, if linear, could act as a conduit to extend groundwater
contamination to new areas.
Improper disposal of construction debris leading to offsite contamination of water
resources or blocking of drainages leading to flooding.
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Spillage of oil and grease from the vehicles and wastewater stream generated from onsite
activities.
Proposed mitigation measures
Minimization of surface and groundwater contamination: Several measures shall be put in
place to mitigate the impacts that are likely to lead to surface and groundwater quality
degradation. The Proponent has to prepare a hazardous substance control systems and emergency
response plans that will include preparations for quick and safe cleanup of accidental spills. It
will hazardous-materials handling procedures has to be prescribed to reduce the potential for a
spill during construction, and an emergency response programme to ensure quick and safe
cleanup of accidental spills. The plan has to identify areas where refueling and vehicle
maintenance activities and storage of hazardous materials, if any, will be permitted.
8.2.2.9. Increased Water Demand
Impact origin and characteristics
During the construction phase, both the construction works and the construction workers will
create additional demand for water in addition to the existing local demand. Water will mostly be
used in the creation of concrete for construction works and for wetting surfaces or cleaning
completed structures. It will also be used by the construction workers for washing and drinking.
Proposed Mitigation measures
Minimization of water use: A combination of water saving appliances and water management
measures needs to be planned in the proposed project. Rain water harvesting can serve as a
solution to the water problem by capturing the run off. Rainwater harvesting will help in utilizing
the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going into sewer or storm drains.
8.2.2.10 Energy consumption
Impact origin and characteristics
The proposed project will consume fossil fuels for construction machines (mainly Concrete
mixers, heavy and light trucks; concrete pumps; concrete vibrators; dump trucks; compactors,
diesel generators; water pumps) to run. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may
have serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability. The
proposed project will also use electricity supplied by Ethiopian electric Authority. Electricity in
Ethiopia is generated mainly through natural resources, namely, water and geothermal resources.
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In this regard, there will be need to use electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity
negatively impacts on these natural resources and their sustainability.
Proposed Mitigation measures
Minimization of energy consumption: The Proponent shall ensure responsible electricity use at
the construction site through sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by switching off
electrical equipment or appliances when they are not being used. In addition, proper planning of
transportation of materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not consumed in
excessive amounts. Complementary to these measures, the Proponent shall monitor energy use
during construction and set targets for reduction of energy use.
8.2.2.11. Increased Insecurity
Impact origin and characteristics
The proposed project may cause an increase in insecurity during the construction phase due to
the increased number of transient workers and suppliers within and around the project site.
Construction sites are known to attract large numbers of semi-skilled and un-skilled labor
searching for job openings and may also use the opportunity to scout for potential robbery or
terror targets.
Proposed Mitigation measures
The Proponent shall be committed to implementing measures that shall reduce security threats by
the following measures:-
The proposed project plot has to be accessed through a designated entry/exit point during
the transportation of all raw materials in and out the construction phase of the project.
Security shall be enhanced by ensuring security guards are always posted within and
around the project site and strategic placement of security lights around the site.
A roster of all construction workers shall be kept while measures shall be put in place to
ensure that loitering by itinerant workers is discouraged.
Unattended public access to the construction site shall be restricted and only one
entry/exit point shall be used.
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Obstruction by construction transport vehicles and construction activities adjacent to the nearby
roads during the construction phase may lead to the increase in traffic along the road. This may
be exacerbated if these activities time/schedule coincide with peak traffic hours.
Minimization of construction related traffic: The following measures shall be put in place so
as to manage traffic along surrounding roads during construction:-
Ensure that the Entry/Exit to the project site is located where it will cause minimal traffic
along the main Road
Ensure all construction vehicles to and from the construction site use the designated
Entry/Exit to the project site
All transportation of construction raw materials and excavated materials are to be
conducted at traffic off peak hours only
Sensitize truck drivers to avoid unnecessary road obstruction
Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials to avoid spillage and dust
emissions that may interfere with smooth motoring
Access to driveways has to be maintained at all times unless other arrangements are made
In any civil works, public as well as construction staff safety risks can arise from various
construction activities such as:-
Deep excavations;
Operation and movement of heavy equipment and vehicles;
Injuries from falling objects; and
Injuries from hand tools.
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Because of the duration and complexity of the construction phase of the proposed project, such
activities need to be controlled and consequently the associated risks will be reduced. Proper
supervision, high workmanship performance, and provision of adequate safety measures will
suppress the likelihood of such impacts on the public and ensure enhanced occupational safety.
To reduce the construction workers accidents and hazards during the construction phase of the
proposed project, the Proponent shall be committed to adherence to the occupational health and
safety rules and regulations stipulated in The Labor law Proclamation 377/2003. In this regard,
the Proponent shall be committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment, as
well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers as outlined in the EMP.
More over the project need to have first aid kit and emergency response plan (Alarm
System/Procedures, Evacuation Routes/Procedures, Emergency Medical Treatment Procedures,
fire or Explosion) (Unconfined) and materials, like Proper PPE, granular absorbent/sand Fire
Blankets.
8.2.3. Operational Phase Adverse Impact Identification and Its Mitigation Measures
This phase is the main consideration of environmental issue of the project. Hence, in assessing
the adverse impacts, an approach that provides realistic background information on the
environmental assessment process has been adopted. The approach considered; the
environmental aspects, the environmental impacts and application of environmentally, friendly
and economically viable mitigation measures. Accordingly, the following methodology has been
employed.
Identification of the environmental aspects of : construction production Cause and
effect analysis between the environmental aspect and sustainable impact mitigation
measures.
Environmental Aspect Identification: The environmental aspects of the production
process:
Natural resource consumption, generation of liquid and solid waste
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The cause-and-effect analysis made by the study team indicates that: Environmental pollution
(soil, water and air); employees’ health hazard; natural resource depletion (water and energy);
generation of solid wastes and impacts on socio-cultural and socio-economic factors are the main
environmental impacts identified to occur during the phase of the project
8.2.3.1. Potential Impacts on Ambient Air Quality
Impact Origin and characteristics
The air quality will be affected during the operation phase with the emission of dust particles
from construction materials, such as cement, gravel, sand operation of machines like Marble
blocks cutting machine, molder machine, tiles machine, and polishing machine, mixer, and
vibrator equipment. For the construction phase, air quality will be mostly affected from heavy
plant, logistic of workers and equipment. The impact receptors are like to include it workers. The
substance, which will most significantly contribute to air pollution, will be particulate matter
(PM10). Particulate matter (PM10) may cause health hazards when it is inhaled. Most of those
Spray both the earth works with water depending upon the atmospheric conditions
and the number of workers present on site.
Ensure the protection and well-being of the employees by minimizing their
vulnerabilities to falling objects or dust generated by the machinery on-site.
The Project manager shift system and take care that his workers wear necessary
protection like masks, safety glasses, and ensure that the necessary and standard
precautions are rigorously followed to prevent loss of human life.
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Make sure that a mechanical team is present during site works to control
PM10emissions generated by the machinery.
Reduce dust particles that might be carried away by the wind-a shelter will be used
to stock the resources.
Properly stack dust mounts, Marble and Terrazzo rubbles and wooden wastes.
Maintain access to site and internal roads in good condition to minimize dust
propagation.
Adequate buffer zones will be allowed between the sites and existing built up
The study area is industrial zone where a number of factories operating. Therefore, the area is
generally exposed to high levels of noise or vibration levels. Any excessive noise will have a
detrimental effect on peoples’ health and may increase annoyance and raise complaints. Some
noise pollution will be unavoidable, especially during the construction and operation phases. The
noise involved during the construction/operation ph as e will be the result of operation of
marble, granite blocks and tiles machine, Terrazzo preparation machine, polishing machine,
mixer, vibrator, mold cutting machine, compressor, generator electric grinders, welding and
drilling machine and equipment.
The operation of the proposed project will likely generate noise and vibration levels that could
potentially elevate the baseline condition possibly causing disturbance or damage to nearby
surrounding communities Noise may pose health and safety problems for the workers. To
understand the actual impacts on workers a consideration of the frequency, intensity and
protective equipment provided needs to be made. Noise may also disturb local communities that
live close to the site or along transport routes. However, considering that they are adopting the
most stringent noise limits in the Ethiopian standards and given that the highest predicted noise
levels at night which is less than 45 dB (A), the noise impacts are expected to be tolerable by the
residents of these communities as higher noise limits for night time (45 to 50 dB (A) are set in
the Ethiopian standards for residential areas in the city or near main roads.
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Issue and implications statements: This activity can bring about significant increase in the
noise levels in the vicinity of the crushing unit due to the heavy transport deployed to bring the
raw material to the site. The loaded trucks are also slow moving vehicles and if the access roads
are not wide enough they can cause overall traffic slowdowns and congestion during peak hours.
Further the transport of crushed stones and fines in bulk through open trucks also causes the
emission of dusts into the air and spattering of fine stones on vehicles and other users of the
roads taken by the product truck.
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With no mitigation measures in place to reduce the impacts on the health and safety of public
community/local settlers situated along the road, repercussions highly likely to occur and are
anticipated to be significant and of long-term nature.
Proposed Mitigation measures: Location of plant has to be such that ingress of heavy vehicles
does not block the traffic. Evening and late night operation is avoided if passage is through
residential areas. Tarpaulins when transporting crush to prevent fall out of fines and emissions of
dust should cover payload area
Issue and implications statements: The main aspects of these activities are generation of noise
and dust. There are:
Emissions during unloading of mined stones at crusher site
Emissions during Crushing Operations
Emissions during Material Movement and Transfer
Emissions during Vibratory Screening Operation
Conveyors and crushed both generate mechanical sound as well as large amounts of dust.
Water used for cooling purposes will also carry large load of suspended solids.
Proposed Mitigation measures
Dust and Noise Containment: In general, enclosures provided for dust control in equipment
and conveyors are inadequate. Dust containment enclosures are required for the purpose of
containing the emissions within an enclosure and to prevent wind currents, which can spread the
dust to larger areas. Such enclosures are recommended for following areas.
Primary crusher, marble and granite discharge area
Vibratory screen
Product storage hoppers (optional)
Belt Conveyors (optional)
The enclosures should be, complete from all four sides and roof. There should not be open
windows/opening etc. The gaps should be sealed using gaskets or wool type packing etc.
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Dust Suppression: The dust suppression system should comprise of a covered water storage
tank, a pump, an online water filter, connecting GI pipes, spray nozzles each fitted with flow
regulating valves. The recommended locations where sprays could be located are:
The proposed project activities can produce different types of waste ranging from hazardous to
non-hazardous, and in effect require safe waste disposal and differentiated treatment. Empty
containers and sacks, and washing waters are the major spheres of concern.Where solid wastes
are not well managed offensive odors may be generated and seepage may result in the
contamination of soil and water resources.
Solid waste is likely to be generated insignificant amount during the construction phase of the
development. Appropriate measures therefore need to be taken to cater for the adequate disposal
of such solid wastes. Improper solid waste disposal may also lead to skin diseases. Moreover
solid waste will deteriorate the general aspect of the site and its surroundings. Organic wastes
will comprise mainly of domestic refuse like food and garden debris like fallen leaves, broken
branches and lawn mowing. During the operational phase, the inorganic waste likely to be
generated will include:
Granite, marble rubbles and blocks
Cement sheets
Wooden and metallic beams
Paper, plastic, cartons
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aluminum scraps
Blocks, rocks, boulders
Broken tiles, glass debris
Metal debris, cans and tins
Organic waste generated during the operation stage will be minimal and shall
include, food consumed by workers on site.
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Mitigating measures adopted to account for the generation of solid waste during the operation
stage include the following:
Wastes shall not be disposed in unauthorized bare land nor be burnt on site
Appropriate fence should be used to prevent propagation of the debris via strong
winds
Inorganic waste, which can be re processed, will be catered away in properly
equipped vehicles to the nearest transfer stations for an eventual transfer to a land
fill site.
Strict guidelines will be put in place in order to manage the solid waste production during the
operational phase of the development. The main goals of the guidelines will be to ensure
adopting recycling techniques and encouraging sorting of solid waste at source into organic
and inorganic wastes .In addition to the above, the following mitigating measures are
proposed:
Using the above techniques, the promoter expects to keep risks of contamination low and
volume of solid waste to a minimum.
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Manufacturing industry is well-known not to consume that much water. Major waste water will
be produced by the personnel daily house hold uses, the cooling and washing of the machines, flushing
and cleaning.
The mixed sanitary and domestic wastewater will be generated from the camp site operation
during project. Improper disposal of generated wastewater could result in groundwater
contamination with chemical as well as biological contaminants. Also, secondary impacts from
mixed wastewater discharge and storage can include odor generation, and attraction of flies and
incidence of associated vector diseases.
If no mitigation and control measures are in place, the potential effects of the small volume of
discharge are anticipated to be significant
Collection of all waste water from all utilities in the underground sealed cesspool land recycling
the water used for machine cooling. The cesspool will be professionally emptied by special
sewage tanks once filled and disposed according to the acting municipality regulations. Such
methodology of handling wastewater will prevent any seepage of bad water to the groundwater
aquifers.
Waste water pit shall be constantly monitored by the project environmental focal person.
Wastewater shall be evacuated from pit by a local subcontractor with sealed lined steel
containers mounted on trucks when septic pit is filled to avoid wastewater overflow.
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Sewage generated from the different units of manufacturing industry will be connecting
to the septic tank
With the proper application on the wastewater management plant, impact on groundwater
quality from wastewater storage in septic tanks is expected to be minor and its
occurrence low and the proper application of the above listed mitigation measures.
Diesel will be used to power most of the plants during the operational phase. Hydrocarbon
wastes might occur through spillage from mechanical breakdown and servicing of vehicles,
equipment and machinery. During heavy rainfall, surface runoffs will occur and might carry
away the hydrocarbon wastes through the existing water storm drainage system. Spillage might
also occur from work with pitch or tarmac
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Some aspects of the project operation process present potential risks for the health and safety of
workers on site. The handling of dangerous substances and the operation of the equipment of the
plant for instance present risks that should be prevented and managed adequately in order to
ensure the health and safety of workers on site. Storage, transport and handling of the various
substances used should be done in accordance with applicable instructions (material safety data
sheets). Employees’ health hazard is minimal if protective gears are provided to them. Noise
pollution during machine operation could cause hearing problem to employee’s additionally
mechanical harms and electrical shocks are also common impacts. The impacts that can make
workers handicap will have a cumulative socio-economic impact.
Proposed mitigation measures
To ensure the health and safety of factory workers, the proponent has to equip his workers with
the necessary personal protective first aid medication facilities. Therefore, the following actions
need to be taken to mitigate the impact:
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3
approximately 80m /day that could have some impacts on the water sources in the area. Water
will be sourced from the Dukem town water and sewerage company mains supply line and rain
water storage tank. The Ethiopian ministry of water resources recommends the need for
judicious use of water resources while the national physical development Policy sets out clearly
defined guidelines for efficient use of water resources:
Reduction of losses in water supply systems
Augmentation of service reservoir storage capacity
Rehabilitation and strengthening of water distribution Networks
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During operation, the manufacturing industry will use a lot of electrical energy mainly for
purposes of machine operations include lighting, running of electrical gadgets including office
equipment, air conditioning equipment, refrigeration systems, pumping water into reservoirs.
Since electricity generation involves utilization of natural resources, excessive electricity
consumption will strain the resources and negatively impact on their sustainability.
Fuel releases carbon dioxide which is greenhouse gas that contributes a lot to the global warming. Global
warming is the main talking all over the world and every nation is working to get a solution for it. The
energy use of the manufacture involves a relatively high number of processing steps, thus a high energy
use.
Install alternative energy source: such as solar power and/or consider use of a highly
efficient, inverter-type split-cycle system for heating and cooling, which also uses a more
environmentally friendly refrigerant
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Socio-Cultural Impacts: Apparently, the project is likely to have some positive change to socio
economic situation of the area. The livelihood of the surrounding area will gradually shift to
salary-based livelihood. This shift which may induce change in the life style will have a short-
term to medium-term consequence. Household resource management conflict, alcoholism,
widespread of crime, traditional social hierarchy and value system may be compromised.
However, because of the relative urban influence on the population of the project area (the
influence of the nearby town on the local people is already perceived), cultural conflict is not
expected as a result of the arrival of the project workers from other area.
Socio-Economic Impacts: Employees’ health hazard impacts can cause workers handicap as a
result it brings a cumulative socio-economic impact. The cumulative impact of employee’s
health hazard particularly, work area caused accidents related partial or total handicappers will
have significant social impact on the workers in general and economic impact for his/her family
in particular.
Suggested Mitigation Measures: In addition, those recommendations that prevents the root
cause of the impact (i.e. preventing and controlling work area health hazardous); facilitating
insurance policy and procedures for work area caused body damages particularly for permanent
workers is the proposed mitigation measures.
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The negative impacts and mitigation measures discussed below are associated with the proposed
project during decommissioning phase.
The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within
the proposed project site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result of the noise and
vibrations that will be experienced during demolition.
High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
minimized as described in construction phase.
Dust will be generated during demolition works of the proposed project from the demolition
activities. This will mainly affect demolition workers. In addition, soil will be used in
rehabilitation and re-instatement to pre-project status, this will add to the amount of dust that will
be generated during rehabilitation. However, it will be minimal. Exhaust emission will also be
experienced during decommissioning from the trucks that will be transporting the demolished
objects to the disposal sites and storage areas. Large quantities of dust will be generated during
demolition works, which affects both demolition staff as well as the neighboring establishments.
High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
minimized as described in in construction phase.
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Demolition of the proposed project will result in large quantities of solid waste. Although
demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are
composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may
lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. In addition, the non-toxic
chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia which may be released as a result of
leaching of demolition wastes are known to lead to degradation of groundwater quality.
Solid waste resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be managed as described in in
construction phase.
Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of the demolition activities is likely to be experienced.
This could be as a result of accidents involving from construction equipment.
Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of demolition activities shall be mitigated by ensuring
that appropriate health and safety measures are applied in all activities; fencing all unsafe and
dangerous areas; and continuous monitoring of environmental health (air quality, water quality,
vegetation, noise) at all main receptor points around the site until site handover.
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The proposed mitigation measures will be implemented and monitored through the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in order to address all possible negative
environmental impacts that may be experienced through time as a result of the proposed project
activities.
The identified mitigation measures and proposed monitoring plan shall be conducted as soon
as the project implemented to ensure that all the major issues outlined are addressed in order to
minimize impacts during the different phases of project implementation. The Project/Site
manager will be responsible for implementing the EMP.
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Impacts on air quality provision of effective dust screen, sheeting or Amount of dust per volume of air, no of Project Manager Construction Part of
netting , Pave, apply water when necessary, or paved access roads, parking areas and phase construction
apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on all unpaved staging areas at construction site and cost
access roads, parking areas and staging areas at number of sensitization workshops
construction site, Post signs to limit vehicle conducted for drivers and machine
speeds, proper management and maintenance operators
of construction equipment and machineries and
sensitization of truck drivers and machine
operators to avoid unnecessary racing of
Disposal of Solid Waste engines. Solid waste management system in place Project Manager Construction 70,000
Use of an integrated solid waste management
phase
system i.e. Source reduction, Recycling,
Reuse, Combustion and Sanitary land filling.
Increased storm water, Surface runoff and roof water shall be Rain water harvesting structure , erosion Project Manager Construction Part of
harvested and stored for reuse. leveling of the control measures and interconnected phase construction
runoff
project site to reduce run-off velocity and open drains systems in place cost
increase infiltration of storm water into the
High water demand soil, interconnection
Harvest rainwater of
forallconstruction
open drains ,activities Presence of rain water harvesting Project Manager & Throughout Part of
usage, installation of water conserving taps and
structures and water conserving taps and Construction construction
discharge meter to monitor total water usage
discharge meter phase cost
One-off
Energy resource utilization Installing energy saving fluorescent tubes at Installation of sensing light and l energy Project Manager One-off 70,000
all lighting points within the project area and saving fluorescent tubes and energy
monitor energy use and set targets for efficient monitoring efficiency Continuous
energy use
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Safety and security Ensure the general safety and security at all Presence of day and night security guards Project Manager Continuous Part of
times by providing day and night security
guards and adequate lighting within and around investment
the construction site.
cost
Increased traffic, Ensure all construction vehicles to and from the Number of incidents/complaints per Project Manager Throughout Part of
construction site use the designated Entry/Exit month construction
obstruction to the project site , Cover all trucks hauling soil, period construction
sand and other loose materials to avoid spillage
and dust emissions that may interfere with cost
smooth motoring and access to driveways will
be maintained at all times.
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Occupational Health And Adherence to safety procedures, safety Presence of safety and health policies, project Manager & Continuous
Safety Risks education and training. deliver and store health scheme in place for the employees
Developer
materials at appropriate locations, provision of
mobile toilets, medical examination of all ;Number of employees trained Presence
construction workers machinery, equipment, of safety procedures
personal protective equipment, appliances and ,No. of employees wear protective
hand tools used in construction do comply clothing at all time
with the prescribed safety and health standards
Machine and equipment management,
and be appropriately installed maintained and Store management
safeguarded
All machines and other moving parts of
equipment must be enclosed or guarded to
protect all workers from injury, proper
maitainace of the manufcturing,
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Ambient Air Quality Pollution All precautions to reduce the level of dust Reduced Dust effect on the health Environmental officer Thought the Operational
emissions from the mixing and production of workers as well as the public in construction and Cost
the surrounding communities. Project Manger operation period
machines shall be undertaken.
Normal growth rate of the plants Regulatory Authority
The processing area should be confined (closed attained
system) that the dust will not be out of the area
of production.
Noise pollution Minimized /absence of noise Project proponent/ Project operation 50,000
Reduction of noise at its source ,relocation of
disturbing the community and the manager phases
noisy machines to an isolated area, provision
no of workers provided with ear
of employees who are exposed to high noise
protective gears and appropriate
levels with individual ear protection and green
clothing
area development to create a buffer zone
Generation of Solid Wastes Presence of system in place to Project manager operation 90,000
Efficient management of wastes generated at the
ensure that there is proper phases
facility through recycling, reuse and proper
management of the waste in place
disposal procedures.
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Waste Water Generation Use of septic tanks; that involves the Efficient management of liquid Project manager operation 200,000
wastes through proper disposal phases
construction of underground concrete-made
procedures.
tanks to store the sludge with soak pits.
.
Risks of Hydrocarbon Spillage Good maintenance of vehicles, equipment and Presence of oil/grease trap Project manager operation phases Part of
machinery in strict control rules of supervision operation
a designated areas located away from in place Cost
waterways and ensure clean up and disposal of
the spilled material.
Increased water use Rain water and development of its own water Water management and rational Project management operation phases 150,000
sources, avoidance of water leakage in the utilization of water and
distribution network and by employees. development of its own water
sources
Increased energy consumption Usage of renewable energy, solar based power Presence of stand by generator and Project management operation phases
and setting up of an underground electrical the use of renewable energy
network to minimize risks of electrical power
losses and cuts during tropical storms.
Health Risk of Workers Implement a safety and health policies ,Put Presence of safety and health Project manager Construction
in place a health scheme for the employees and policies, health scheme in place for and operation
ensure that employees are regularly trained and the employees and the number of phases 70,000
drilled to fire fighting and safety techniques; employees trained
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Safety of Workers Periodic training of operating staff in safety Presence of safety procedures and Project manager operation phases
and emergency procedures; implementation of number of employees wear
emergency procedure on site; and Ensuring protective clothing at all time
that the employees wear protective clothing at
all times during all the three phases of project
implementation;
Decreased in Air quality Using efficient equipment and machines, using Amount of gaseous emissions per Project Manager Decommission Part of
day: ppm in air per day and phases decommission
clean fuels and dust screens and removing
amount of particulate emission
components with potential of emitting per day: ppm in air per day Cost
hazardous gases or particulates separately and
under caution to prevent emissions.
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Health and safety adequate training of workers on the use of the Number of incidents/accidents Project Manager & HSO Decommission
equipment, provision of workers with per monthly, Quality of all phases
adequate PPEs , Placing visible and readable PPEs, Visibility and clarity of
signs around where there are risks and signs and alerts, Efficiency of
undertaking the riskier demolition activities equipment such as firefighting
first and in isolation ,ensuring there is equipment, Level of 50,000
security i n and around the site to control the awareness of workers
movement of people
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The major elements of the proposed environmental impact monitoring program that should be
monitored during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project are set
out below:
Water quality monitoring on a monthly basis throughout construction phase; ensure that the
construction works are not negatively impacting ground water quality. The parameters that
should be monitored are salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, faucal and
total coli forms.
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Accurate budgeting and estimation Efficient utilization of construction Site Manager/ Budget report Throughout Part of construction
of actual construction requirements materials contractor construction cost
Report/inspection
Ensure that wastage, damage or loss
of materials Report/inspection
Reuse/Recycle of materials
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Minimization of insecurity
a designated entry/exit point Presence of entry/exit point Site Manager/ Throughout Part of construction
contractor construction cost
security guards are always posted Presence of day and night security
guards
Minimization of construction related traffic
Ensure that the Entry/Exit to the Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
project site is located where it will contractor construction cost
cause minimal traffic along the main
Road
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verification,
MOV
Traffic management
Access to driveways will be Number of incidents/complaints per Contractor, Report/inspection Operation Part of operation
maintained at all times month phase cost
Project Proponent
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A waste management plan such as: waste collection facility Disposal contractor Invoices, and Operation Part of the
Sorting stored in designated waste Solid waste Site Inspections phase operation cost
collection tanks away from water municipality
ways, reducing at source separate management
organic and inorganic solid wastes,
recycling and dispose at landfill.
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Decommissioning Phase
Mitigation measures Indicator Responsible body Means of Time Cost
verification,
MOV
Reduced Noise and vibration
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In order to ensure that the identified environmental issues are addressed throughout the life cycle
of the project, there is a need for all key stakeholders to collaborate. The main objective of this
collaborating network is to ensure that mitigation measures outlined in the contracts are being
properly implemented by the project owner. The main responsibilities of the collaborating
network will be:-
Monitoring arrangements: To avoid deliberate creation of gaps between what actually gets
implemented on the ground, the contracts must spell out the sanctions for non-compliance with
mitigation measures. The developer/ project proponent is to compile an activity environmental
report from the field visits that will form the basis for assessment of environmental
performance.
During operational phase: The local authority should be responsible for monitoring and
management of all indirect impacts occurring in the project area. The following table illustrates
the different stakeholders and their monitoring responsibilities and reporting.
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8.3. Budget for Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
To execute the proposed mitigation measure and to deal with the expected impacts of the project,
the project proponent is committed to allocate 1,220,000.00 ETB. The Company will also form a
unit of an environmentalist to implement the environmental management plan in accordance of
the schedule. The company believes that EMP needs close follow up of Oromia Regional State,
surrounding Finfinne Special Zone, Dukam town Administration, environmental protection,
forest and climate change authority. Furthermore, the project needs to seriously monitor the
proper implementation of the environmental management plan. The project is expected to report
every six month regarding the implementation of the management plan of the project.
ESIA on construction Material Production
The EIA Study of Construction materials manufacturing to be sited Dukam town, Surrounding
Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State has identified the key environmental aspects
that need to be attended. Mitigation measures for the likely impact during construction, operation
and decommissioning of the project have been suggested. Environmental Management Plan that
includes environmental performance monitoring has been proposed to ensure that:
The structures and materials for Construction materials manufacturing and raw materials
as well as machinery, equipment and accessories required for the project conforms the
recommended standards and follows standard practice of civil works of construction.
The Project site is not considered environmentally sensitive and the measures
recommended to adequately mitigate the impact on the environment with careful
monitoring on a regular basis will ensure no permanent adverse impacts.
The mitigation measures are deemed adequate for the minor impacts identified. The
proposed project, when commissioned, would become an integral part of the
microenvironment of Dukam town, Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia
Regional State.
The environmental management plan proposed in this report would govern environmental
performance. Additionally it would be committed to the proposed Environmental
Management & Monitoring Plan. The environmental safeguards will have to be
monitored by concerned agencies. Due diligence with mandatory coordination among
various stakeholders will further ensure mitigation of any adverse impacts.
This EIA for the establishment of Construction materials manufacturing in ukam town,
Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State finds that:
Environmental parameters related to the processes and operations of the project have
been reviewed and found that, the air-shed of the proposed site for the establishment of
the proposed project falls in the “unpolluted” category. The addition of a small quality of
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air emissions as a result of the prosed project will not degrade the air quality of the air-
shed.
The construction material manufacturing assets to be reutilized, disposed to authorized
landfills or to be sold for the recycling factories for different purposes.
Place no additional demand on the resources of the ecosystem bin of Dukam town,
Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State that forms its
microenvironment.
Have no significant impact on its own microenvironment and microenvironment of the
area under the study
Environmental monitoring and management plan has been proposed besides defining the
environmental management responsibility, so that the environmental performance
conforms to the assertions suggested in this environmental impact assessment report.
Based on the findings of this environmental, it is reasonable to conclude that, the environmental
impacts of establishment of construction material manufacturing in Dukam town, Surrounding
Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State will be minor, of low magnitude, low intensity
and low sensitivity; they would be duly mitigated by incorporating the suggested measures.
Implementing the environmental management plan (EMP), which forms an integral part of the
EIA process, will ensure the environmental compliance of the project. Therefore, it is safe to
recommend the approval of the findings since the proposed project meets the provisions of
sustainability principles in providing the benefits of economic gains while sustainably modifying
the social and physical environment.
9.2. Recommendation
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Give serious attentions to stake holders’ comments and ideas on environmental protection
issues and take essential corrective measure/s;
Develop internal environmental monitoring and evaluation systems to take timely
corrective measures;
Develop internal environmental monitoring and evaluation systems to take timely
corrective measures;
Develop company environmental management coordination through assigning proper
officer who coordinates, runs and handles environmental management coordination
through assigning proper officer who coordinates, runs and handles environmental
problems,
Develop environmental communication and documentation system of the company and
communicate with other factories and stakeholders in order to manage environmental
problems, etc.
Minimizing energy and water usage in the processing and production of the factory
Minimizing contamination entering the ecosystem and in the company case; air emissions
through fumes from steel melting process,
Improving the quality and technology of the materials manufactured by the company
depending on the comments obtained from customers and also through company’s
continuous research and development works for developing improved products,
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References
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