Final ESIA On Construction Materials - Tamiru Bulto

ESIA on construction Material Production material manufacturing
Environmental and social Impact Assessment on

construction materials manufacturing
Promoter: Mr. Tamiru Bulto
Location: Oromia Regional State, Surrounding finfinne special zone, Dukem

town
Submitted to: Oromia Regional State, surrounding Finfinne Special Zone, Dukam town
Administration, environmental protection, forest and climate change authority
Consultant: Gillo Development, research, and Environmental Consultants -PLC

Contact Address: kayo Shankulie (G/Manager)
Telephone: 0912507914/0113690177
E-mail: Gilloconsult@gmail.com/gillo_consut@yahoo.com
Addis Ababa, Nifas silk lafto sub city, woreda3, House, No: 511/14
March, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Declaration of the consultant

We, the undersigned, hereby declare that this ESIA report conducted by Gillo Development, Research
and Environmental Protection Consultants - PLC represents the facts pertaining to the proposed
construction material production establishment plant located at a of land. Dukam town, Surrounding
Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State on 20,000m2 of land for Mr. Tamiru Bulto.
On Behalf of Gillo Development, Research and Environmental Protection Consultants PLC

Name: __________________________________
Signature: _____________
Date: _______________
Declaration of the Proponent

I the under signed, Tamiru Bulto., declare that, we understood the facts and figures detailed in this
ESIA and committed to implement the project in compliance with the proposed environmental
management and monitoring plan, in accordance with ESIA proclamation and regulation of Ethiopian
Environmental Protection act. No.299/2002 & as well as Oromiya Regional State Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012.
Name: __________________________________
Signature: _____________
Date: _______________
Table Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................i
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1. A Brief Description of the Project.....................................................................................1
1.2. Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study................................2
1.3. Methodology......................................................................................................................3
1.3.1. Collection of available information............................................................................3
1.3.2. Field visits..................................................................................................................3
1.4. Report Structure.................................................................................................................3
2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING...............................................................................................5
2.1. Limitation of the study area...............................................................................................5
2.2. Valued ecosystem within the study area to be impacted...................................................5
3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK...............................................6
3.1. Policy and Legislative Framework....................................................................................6
3.1.1. National Policy...........................................................................................................6
3.1.1.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997).......................................6
3.1.1.2. Public Health Policy........................................................................................7
3.1.1.3. Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia..........8
3.1.1.4. National Policy on Women.............................................................................8
3.2. Proclamation and Regulations...........................................................................................9
3.2.1 The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012...............................................................9
3.2.3. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000):....................................................10
3.2.4. The Labor law Proclamation..................................................................................10
3.2.5. Proclamation No 455, to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for
public purpose and payment of compensation...................................................................10
3.2.6 Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135 /2007) on the Payment of
Compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes
............................................................................................................................................11
3.2.7. Proclamation No 197/2000, Ethiopian Water Resources Management...................11
3.2.8. Environmental Proclamation Laws and Regulations...............................................11
3.2.8.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No.
295/2002)....................................................................................................................12
3.2.8.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)...............12

3.2.8.3. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002.....................13
3.2.8.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007................................13
3.2.8.5. The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002...........14
3.2.9. Regulations Pertaining to the Standards...................................................................14
3.2.9.1 Effluent Standards..........................................................................................14
3.2.9.2 Noise Standards..............................................................................................15
3.2.9.3 Ambient Air quality Standards.......................................................................15
3.29.10.4. Relevant International Conventions..........................................................16
3.3. Institutional and Administrative Framework...................................................................16
3.3.1. Environment, Forest and Climate change Commision (EFCCC)............................16
3.3.2. Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority (OEFCA).....................16
3.3.3. Woreda Administrations:..........................................................................................17
3.3.4. Kebele Administration..............................................................................................17
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS....................................................................................................18
4.1 Project Location and site condition...................................................................................18
4.3. Project goal......................................................................................................................18
4.3. Project objectives.............................................................................................................18
4.4. Nature and scope of the project........................................................................................19
4.5 Utilities..............................................................................................................................20
4.6. Project Rationale, Justification and Project Brief............................................................20
4.7. The raw materials, and production process......................................................................20
4.7.3. Plant Capacity and Production Programme..............................................................22
5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL...........................................23
5.1. Biological and physical base line information.................................................................23
5.1.1. Climate.....................................................................................................................23
5.1.2. Water resources........................................................................................................23
5.1.3. Soils..........................................................................................................................23
5.1.4. Topography and landscape.......................................................................................24
5.2. Socio-Economic baseline information.............................................................................24
5.2.1. Population.................................................................................................................24
5.2.2. Health facilities.........................................................................................................24
5.2.3. Schools.....................................................................................................................24
5.2.4. Infrastructures and services......................................................................................25

5.2.5. Historical, cultural, religious and archeological.......................................................25
5.2.6 Gender equity issues..................................................................................................25
6. ANALYSES of PROJECT ALTERNATIVES........................................................................26
6.1 Project Alternative............................................................................................................26
6.1.1 No project alternative................................................................................................26
6.1.2. Site Relocation Option.............................................................................................26
6.1.3. Carrying on With the Proposed Development Alternative.......................................27
6.2. Alternative Inputs.............................................................................................................27
6.2.1 Utilities......................................................................................................................27
6.2.1.1 Electricity.......................................................................................................27
6.2.1.2. Water utility...................................................................................................27
6.2.2 Analysis of Alternative Construction Materials and Technology.............................28
6.2.3. Domestic Waste Water Management Alternatives...................................................28
6.2.4. Solid Waste Management Alternatives....................................................................29
7. IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL &
SOCIAL IMPACTS.....................................................................................................................30
7.1 Basis of Identification of Impacts.....................................................................................30
7.1.1 Physical Environment (Biophysical Impacts)...........................................................30
7.1.2 Natural Environment.................................................................................................30
7.1.3 Social welfare, Economic and Cultural Environment...............................................30
7.2 Description of the Existing and Anticipated Impacts.......................................................31
7.2.1 Existing impacts........................................................................................................31
7.2.2 Anticipated impacts...................................................................................................31
7.3. Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation...............................................................31
7.3. Summary of significance of impacts................................................................................40
8. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND
MITIGATION MEASURES........................................................................................................41
8.1. Beneficial Impacts of the Project.....................................................................................41
8.1.1. Employment opportunities.......................................................................................41
8.1.1.1. Employment Opportunities for women and Youth.......................................41
8.1.2. Contribution to the National Economic Growth......................................................42
8.1.3. Socio- Economic Benefits........................................................................................42
8.1.3.1. Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement..............................42

8.2. Adverse Impacts Identification, Analysis and Proposed Mitigation Measures...............43
8.2.1. Pre-construction phase adverse impacts and mitigation measures...........................43
8.2.2. Construction Phase Adverse Impacts and Its Mitigation Measures.........................44
8.2.2.1. Erosion of Cleared Areas...............................................................................44
8.2.2.2. Extraction and Use of construction Materials...............................................45
8.2.2.3. Noise Pollution and Vibration.......................................................................45
8.2.2.4. Impact on Air Quality....................................................................................47
8.2.2.5. Disposal of solid waste..................................................................................48
8.2.2.6. Soil Erosion and Water Logging...................................................................49
8.2.2.7. Impact on Landscape Integration and Protection of Natural Resources
Impact origin and characteristics.............................................................................50
8.2.2.8. Surface and Ground Water Hydrology and Water Quality Degradation.......50
8.2.2.9. Increased Water Demand..............................................................................51
8.2.2.10 Energy consumption.....................................................................................51
8.2.2.11. Increased Insecurity.....................................................................................52
8.2.2.12. Increased Traffic..........................................................................................53
8.2.2.13. Worker’s accidents and public safety..........................................................53
8.2.3. Operational Phase Adverse Impact Identification and Its Mitigation Measures......54
8.2.3.1. Potential Impacts on Ambient Air Quality....................................................55
8.2.3.2 Potential Impact on Noise Quality and Vibration..........................................56
8.2.3.3. Impacts from solid, liquid and Hydrocarbons Waste Materials....................59
8.2.3.4. Adverse impacts related to Health and Safety and Mitigation Measures......62
8.2.3.5. Increased demand for Water use...................................................................64
8.2.3.6. Increased Electricity/energy Consumption....................................................65
8.2.3.7. Economic Development Induced Adverse Impacts.......................................66
8.2.4. Decommissioning Phase Impacts and Its Mitigation Measures...............................66
8.2.4.1. Noise and Vibration.......................................................................................67
8.2.4.2. Air Pollution..................................................................................................67
8.2.4.3 Solid waste generation....................................................................................67
8.2.4.4. Health and safety...........................................................................................68
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN..................................69
9.1. Environmental Management Plan....................................................................................69
8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan.......................................................................................80

8.2.1 Institutional Framework for Monitoring, Reporting and Supervision......................91
8.3. Budget for Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan........................................92
9. FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................93
9.1. Findings and Conclusions................................................................................................93
9.2. Recommendation.............................................................................................................94
References....................................................................................................................................96
List of Tables
Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources…………………………..…………15

Table 2: Limit Values for Noise level…………………………………………….…………16
Table 3: Limit Values for Emissions to Air…………………………………….…………...16
Table 4: Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation matrix…………………………... 30
Table 5: Environmental Management Plan…………………………………….……….…...69
Table 5: Environmental monitoring plan………………………….………………………...89
LIST OF ACRONYMS
OEFCA Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority

ADLI Agricultural Development led-Industrialization’
ASL Above Sea Level
BG Below Ground
CF Continuous Flow
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
DB (A) A-weighted decibels
EA Environmental Assessment
EBS Environmental Baseline Study
EE Energy Efficiency
EHS Environmental, Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
EMB Environmental Management Branch
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESP Electrostatic Precipitator
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
GCT Gas Conditioning Tower
Ha Hectare
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
ILO International Labor Organization
IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
ISO International Organization for Standardization
MOH Ministry of Health
MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change

NAQQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Administration
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PPM Parts Per Million
RE Renewable Energy
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WS Water Sample
NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CO Carbon Monoxide
NOX Oxides of Nitrogen
PM Particulate Matter
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
TSP Total Suspended Particles
O3 Ozone
PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Executive Summary
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of proposed “Construction materials

manufacturing (Hollow and solid block, Roof tiles, Marble, Granite & Lime stone)” has been
conducted by Gillo Development, Research and Environmental Protection Consultants-PLC
(GDEPC-PLC). The Project is being proposed by Mr. Tamiru Bulto a private owned
company.
The proposed Construction materials manufacturing project is supposed to be built on a 2ha

of land in Oromia Regional State, surrounding finfinne special zone, Dukem town, with an
investment capital of ETB 185 million. The project is supposed to create job opportunities for
about 408 people (275 permanent and 133 temporary workers).
The proposed development will mainly comprise of Hallow and solid block, concert tiles,
Marble, Granite, curved stone, roof tiles, ceramic tiles. Hydra form and pre-fabricated house
element such s hollow core floor in phase I and wall panel and gypsum board in phase II. The
plan is to commence the work as soon as all the approval requirements are met and done
through the various relevant line organizations and institutions which include the EIA
approval process by Oromia Regional State, surrounding Finfinne Special Zone, Dukam town
Administration, environmental protection, forest and climate change authority.
The assessment has been made in conformity with the requirements of Ethiopian
Environmental Protection act No.299/200 as well as Oromiya Regional State Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012 Laws, Policies and institutions pertain to the
project under the study have been considered for the purpose of identifying potential project
constraints, and establishing background for realistic and sensitive recommendations.
The fundamental objective of the assessment is to ensure that, the proposed project is
environmentally sound and contributes to the development of environmental assets. It is also
expected to provide a means whereby the overall environmental performance of the project
can be enhanced.
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The methodology used has adopted the conventional pattern for construction projects ESIA
study and meets the requirements of EPA’s Environmental Impact Assessment guideline. Data
collection both from primary and secondary sources; identification and analysis of significant
environmental issues on the basis of those data; choosing mitigation and enhancement
measures; and developing environmental protection, monitoring and management plans are
the methodological approaches followed in conducting the EIA study.
The ESIA discusses major environmental and social issues and constraints that can arise from
the project implementation. The following are some of the findings identified by the team.
The major positive impacts of the proposed project are mainly: employment opportunities
with special emphasis on women and youth, contribution to the regional as well as national
economic growth, local income generation and livelihood improvement, optimal use of land.
The major adverse impacts are: The significant potential adverse impacts of the proposed
project identified are: air pollution, noise and vibrations, health and safety risks, soil erosion
and water logging, waste generation, increased traffic, increased water and energy demand.
The above mentioned impacts will be effectively managed and where possible eliminated
through: minimization of erosion from cleared areas, efficient sourcing and use of raw
materials, minimization of surface and groundwater contamination, minimization of risks of
accidents and injuries to workers, , minimization of noise and vibrations, air pollution, ,
minimization of health and safety risks, , minimization of excavation risks, solid waste
management, wastewater management and landscape management. The details are
discussed in the in chapter 7.
The study has also proposed an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP)
to address the management of the identified environmental issues associated with the project.
To this effect, a budget of 1,220,000.00 ETB has been allotted to implement EMP, in consent
with the project proponent. Indeed, there is a need that, the project promoter undertakes
overall responsibility for compliance with the environmental management plan (EMP).
Based on the findings of the environmental assessment, it is reasonable to conclude that the
environmental impacts of establishment of Construction materials manufacturing in the
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proposed area will be minor, of low magnitude, low intensity and low sensitivity; they would
be duly mitigated by incorporating the suggested measures. Implementing the environmental
management plan (EMP), which forms an integral part of the EIA process, will ensure the
environmental compliance of the project under the study.
In conclusion, based on the EIA study and on the assessment made with professional
judgment, it is safe to recommend the approval of the findings since the establishment of
Construction materials manufacturing meets the provisions of sustainability principles in
providing the benefits of economic gains while sustainably modifying the social and physical
environment.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. A Brief Description of the Project
The proposed Construction materials manufacturing project has been commissioned by Mr.
Tamiru Bulto to assess the environmental and social impact on Construction materials
manufacturing in Oromia Regional State, Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia
Regional State on 20,000m2 of land with the initial investment capital of ETB185 million.
The project comprises of Hallow and solid block, concert tiles, Marble, Granite, curved stone,
roof tiles, ceramic tiles. Hydra form and pre-fabricated house element such as hollow core floor
in phase I and wall panel and gypsum board in phase II. Upon its implementation the project
supposed to create job opportunities for about 408 people (275 permanent and 133 temporary
workers).
The project worthy and presents immense opportunity to close the demand supply gap in
building materials production and supply. Taking into account, the high profit margins of
business, several entrepreneurs have entered in the industry, in the past few decades with the
advent of modern technology; hence, the manufacturing of construction material has increased
like anything worldwide and in Ethiopia.
Indeed, the manufacturing process will involve modern development and production methods. It
utilizes the most efficient processing machineries that is cost efficient as well as quality. The
major of products will be for stairs case, flooring tiles and external wall cladding. The company
also has a plan to export after exercising in the local market for the first year production.
To minimize the pressure on public utilities (water and electric power) the project harvest
rainwater for the Project and heavy generator will be installed as a backup in case of power
interruptions.
The overall objective of the project is to utilize the countries natural resource efficiently. This
will generate finance for the company and tax for the government without ignoring the job
opportunity it creates. Pertinent to the Ethiopian Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
1
Proclamation (No. 299/2002), the company has conducted a partial environmental impact
assessment study for the proposed project
Accordingly, the proponent of the project has commissioned the local consultant (Gillo
Development, Research and Environmental protection Consultants -PLC) to undertake the
environmental impact assessment study of the Construction materials manufacturing project, so
that the team be able to identify adverse environmental impacts likely to be arise from the use of
construction materials, waste management, occupational safety and health issues and
environmental management systems employed by the firm through its project life time.
As per the requirement of EIA study, this environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA)
study was conducted according to legal requirements of the EIA proclamation of the government
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, proclamation No.299/2002. The report contains
findings of EIA carried out as integral part of the assignment, and it is submitted to Oromia
Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority according to the requirement of the
proclamation for environmental clearance.
1.2. Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study
The fundamental objective of the environmental & social impact assessment is to ensure that the
proposed project is environmentally sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the
development of environmental and social functions of local communities. It is also expected to
provide a means whereby the overall environmental performance and social benefits of the
project can be enhanced through:
 Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the project.

 Defining positive social and economic benefits local communities can derive from the
proposed project implementation,
 Identification, prediction and synthesis of the potential environmental impacts associated
with the project implementation and;
 Designing subsequent operation, and preparation of plans and recommendations
regarding the measures that will minimize adverse impact and enhance beneficial
impacts.
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1.3. Methodology
The methodology used follows the normal model for EIA study and meets the requirements of
the country’s EIA guideline, collection of necessary data and review of relevant documents,
public consultation ,impact analysis, choosing mitigation and enhancement measures using
different optimization tools, and developing environmental protection, monitoring and
management plans were some of the important methodologies employed for the assessment.
1.3.1. Collection of available information
The consulting team composed of different discipline has collected and reviewed published
national and/ regional policies, legislatives, regulations and guidelines as well as international
conventions and protocols ratified by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE),
Central Statistical Authority (CSA) census reports and documents. The existing Environmental
data were also gathered from the feasibility study of the project. Data collection on site was done
using different tools and techniques including the preparation of check lists and matrices
appropriate for the project.
1.3.2. Field visits
The site visit was made to assess the baseline environmental conditions of the proposed project,
factors influencing the area and to identify sensitive environmental components that are likely to
be significantly affected by the proposed project and public attitude and perception toward the
proposed project. During the field investigation, information on physical and biological
resources, socio-economic as well as socio-cultural profile data has been collected.
1.4. Report Structure
The EIA report is organized in nine sections.
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: scoping report
Section 3: Environment Policies, Laws and Regulations.
Section 4: Description of the Project
3
Section 5: Socio –Economic base line information

Section 6: Analysis of alternatives
Section 7: Identification, prediction and evaluation Environmental and social impacts
Section 8: Potential adverse Environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures
Section 9: Environmental and social management and monitoring plan
Section 10: Conclusion and Recommendation
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING
The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area

 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area;
 To define lists of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project; and
 To define list of impacts to be studied.
 In order to carry out the above tasks, the consulting team employed different tools and
techniques relevant to the proposed project.
2.1. Limitation of the study area
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study is conducted for those areas that would
be influenced or impacted by the implementation of the project. The project site is defined as the
industrial areas located in, Dukam town, Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional
State; the study has been conducted in the areas which is directly affected by the envisaged
project and buffer zone which is indirectly impacted by the proposed project. Direct project
affected areas covers 2hatares of land, and indirect project site refers to those areas immediately
surrounding the project, which indirectly impacted by project operations. The project study is
therefore, limited to those areas which are directly or indirectly affected by the project.
2.2. Valued ecosystem within the study area to be impacted
The proposed project is supposed to be located in Oromia special zone, surrounding Finfinne,
Dukem town. Generally, the project will be established on the land formerly used by farmers for
agriculture. There are no as such significant quantities of landscape and water sources that can be
affected by the project, except that livelihood of local community and affected and displaced
farmers. This can be mitigated by paying the necessary compensation to the land owners.
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3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
This section presents the national policy and regulations applicable to the project under the
assessment.
3.1. Policy and Legislative Framework
The EIA study for Construction materials manufacturing is carried out within the framework of
the local and national environmental regulation and guidelines. Ethiopia adopted its Constitution
in 1995, which provides the basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for
environmental protection, and management in the country. The FDRE consists of the Federal
State and Regional States. Proclamations 33/ 1992, 41/1993 and 4/ 1995 defined the duties and
responsibilities of the Regional States which include planning, directing and developing social
and economic development programs as well as protection of natural resources. Accordingly the
legislative frameworks applicable to the proposed project are relevant proclamations, national
environmental guidelines and regulations issued by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(FDRE) and that of Addis Ababa city Admiration are outlined below.
3.1.1. National Policy
3.1.1.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997)
This policy provides a number of guiding principles that indicate and require a strong adherence
to sustainable development, and a high commitment to, among other things, the need:
 To ensure that environmental impact assessments consider not only physical and
biological impacts but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural
conditions;
 To ensure that public and private sector development programs and projects recognize
any environmental impacts early and incorporate their containment into the development
design process;
6
 To recognize that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA
procedures make provision for both an independent review and public comment before
consideration by decision makers; and
 To ensure that an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plan for
environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents.
This policy sets the scene for developments and projects within Ethiopia, particularly those of
national significance. The policy underpins the regulatory requirements for EIA and pollution
control and requires developers to aspire to the highest international standards of environmental
and social management for project development.
3.1.1.2. Public Health Policy
Ethiopia in general, has a low level of health, even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan
countries. This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of
education, nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to
health services. The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly
improving health care and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main
principles:
 Democratization and decentralization of the health care system.

 Promotion of disease preventive components.
 Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population.
 Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment.
 Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care.
 Promotion and strengthening of inter-sectorial activities through a national self-reliance
program.
The priority areas of the policy are in the field of Information Education and Communication
(IEC) of health to create awareness and behavioral change of the society towards health issues,
emphasis on the control of communicable disease, epidemics, and on diseases that are related to
malnutrition and poor living condition, promotion of occupational health and safety, the
development of environmental health, rehabilitation of health infrastructures, appropriate health
7
service management system, attention to traditional medicines, carrying out applied health
research, provision of essential medicines, and expansion of frontline and middle level health
professionals.
3.1.1.3. Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Government Institution, Non-Government Organizations, religious organizations bilateral and

multilateral agencies, and private sectors, community based Institutions and the community at
large shall be mobilized to support people living with HIV/AIDS and affected family members.
Special attention shall be given to people who are abandoned and helpless.
The right of HIV/AIDS individuals for confidentially in HIV serologic testing and diagnosis
shall be respected. Furthermore, access to employment, education, public facilities and the right
to live wherever they want shall be respected.
3.1.1.4. National Policy on Women
This Policy was issued in March 1993 emphasizing that all economic and social programs and
activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the Country’s resources and in the
decision making process so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the
Federal and Regional Institutions.
The Policy objectives are:
 Laws, regulations, systems, policies and policies and development plans that are issued
by the Government should ensure the equality of men and women, special emphasis
should be given to the participation of rural women.
 Economic, social and political policies and programs, as well as cultural and traditional
practices and activities, should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s
resources and the decision making process.
 The central government and regional administrations should ensure that women
participate in and benefit fully from all activities carried out by central and regional
institutions.
 Development institutions, programs and projects should ensure women’s access to and
involvement in all interventions and activities.
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3.2. Proclamation and Regulations
3.2.1 The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012
This proclamation encourages and expansion of investment, especially in the manufacturing

sector has become necessary so as to strengthen the domestic production capacity and there by
accelerate the economic development of the country and improve the living standards of its
peoples;, it has become necessary to enhance and promote the equitable distribution of
investments among regions and benefit the society by ensuring competitiveness among
investments made by investors; it has become essential to put in place a system of supervision to
ensure that permits and incentives granted to investors are used for the intended purposes; the
system of administration of investment needs to be transparent and efficient:, it has been
considered that the establishment of industrial development zones helps by creating enabling and
competitive condition, to interrelate manufacturing sectors based on value interrelate
manufacturing sectors based on value creation as well as to attract and expand investment; , to
these ends, it has become necessary to revise the existing law on investment; ,in accordance with
Article 55(1)of the constitution of the federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia, has issued
proclamation on :
 Investment objectives and areas of investment

 Forms of investment and capital requirements for foreign investors
 Investment permit
 Registration of technology transfer and collaboration agreements with domestic
investors
 Investment incentives, guarantee and protection
 Investment administration
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 Industrial development zones: Establishment of industrials development

zones ,administration of industrial development zones, regulations Related to industrial
development zones
 Loans and utilization of foreign currency
 Employment of Expatriates
3.2.3. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000):
In addition to the occupational health and safety measures and precautions indicated in the labor
laws, this public health proclamation underscores the need for avoiding machineries or
instruments that can generate excessive noise or minimizing the effects by the use of noise
reducing apparatus or instrument. In addition, the proclamation prohibits:
 The discharge of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks, seepage pits and
industries into water bodies, or water convergences.
 The disposal of solid, liquid or any waste in a manner, which contaminates the
environmental or affects the health of the society.
3.2.4. The Labor law Proclamation
The Labor Proclamation (which was revised in 2003) provides ‘the basic principles which
govern labor conditions taking into account the political, economic and social policies of the
Government, and in conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments
to which Ethiopia is a party with a view to translating into practice the objectives referred to
above’. In Part Seven, Chapter One, Article 92 of this proclamation (Occupational Safety, Health
and Working Environment, Prevention Measures and Obligations of the Employers), the
requirements in terms of the protection of workforce health and safety is clearly stipulated. The
proclamation requires an employer to take the necessary measures to adequately safeguard the
health and safety of the workers. Workforce health and safety is an important aspect considered
for identifying the potential environmental, health and safety issues that can arise from the
project.
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3.2.5. Proclamation No 455, to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for public
purpose and payment of compensation
The proclamation states the expropriation of rural land for development purpose and the proper
compensation of individuals whose landholding has been expropriated. The proclamation clearly
describes the basics and amount of compensation in determining the compensation for the land
expropriated from individuals. Valuation of expropriated property and roles and responsibilities
in executing the expropriation and compensation processes by federal affairs ministry and
woreda administrations is also delineated in the proclamation.
3.2.6 Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135 /2007) on the Payment of Compensation for
property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes
These Regulations are issued by the Council of Ministers pursuant to Article 5 of the Definition
of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Proclamation No. 471/2005 and Article 14(1) of the Expropriation of Landholdings for Public
Purposes and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005 with a purpose of not only
paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore their livelihood.
3.2.7. Proclamation No 197/2000, Ethiopian Water Resources Management
Article 11 of this proclamation states that without prejudice to the exceptions specified under
Article 16 of this Proclamation, no person shall perform the following activities without having
obtained a permit from the Supervising body (Ministry of water and Energy or delegated bodies):
construct waterworks; supply water, whether for his own use or for others; transfer water which
he/she abstracted from a water resource or received from another supplier; and release or
discharge waste into water resources unless otherwise provided for in the regulations to be issued
for the implementation of this Proclamation. Any person shall be required to discuss his/her
proposal with the supervising body prior to applying\ for a permit for the purposes specified in
Sub-Article (I) of this Article. Article 16 states any person shall utilize water resources for the
following purposes without holding a permit issued by the Supervising body: dig water wells by
hand or use water from hand-dug wells; use water for traditional irrigation, artisanal and for
traditional animal rearing, as well as for water mills.
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3.2.8. Environmental Proclamation Laws and Regulations
The proclamation establishes a system that enables coordinated but differentiated responsibilities
among environmental protection agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation
stipulates the need for the establishment of Sectorial and Regional Environmental Units and
Agencies. The principal organization responsible for environmental protection is the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), which operates at both Federal and Regional levels.
3.2.8.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)
This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and
decision-making of sectorial agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental
units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent environmental
agencies at the regional level. This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council,
a cross-sectional co-coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities.
The mandate of the Council includes: (i) reviewing environmental policies, strategies and laws
proposed by the EPA and issuing recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate
advice on the implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii)
reviewing and approving directives, guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the
EPA.
3.2.8.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)
This Proclamation aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of projects
specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies projects and activities that will
require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the project must prepare
the EIA following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then review the EIA and
either approve the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. Under this legislation, the
EPA has to prepare procedures, regulations, environmental guidelines and standards for the EIA.
Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental
issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals.
This Proclamation requires, among other things: Specified categories of projects to be subjected
to an EIA and receive an authorization from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental
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agency prior to commencing implementation of the project; Licensing agencies to ensure that the
requisite authorization has been duly received prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or
operating license or a work permit to a business organization;
The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from carrying
out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact; A licensing agency may
suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental authorization; Procedures that need to
be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment are described in
the Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as follows: Undertake a timely
environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse impacts, incorporating the
means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental impact study report accompanied
by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency. Ensure
that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and an environmental impact study report
is prepared by an expert who meets the requirements set forth by the directive issued by the EPA.
Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental
agency for review.
3.2.8.3. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002
This Proclamation states "No Person or establishment shall pollute or cause any other person to
pollute the environment by violating the relevant environmental standards.” Environmental
standards specified in the proclamation include: Standards for the discharge of effluents into
water bodies and sewage systems; Air quality standards that specify the ambient air quality and
give the allowable amounts of emission for both stationary and mobile air pollution sources;
Standards for the types and amounts of substances that can be applied to the soil or be disposed
of on or in it; Standards for noise providing for the maximum allowable noise level taking into
account the settlement patterns and the availability of scientific and technological capacity in the
county; and Waste management standards specifying the levels allowed and the methods to be
used in the generation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal of the various types of
waste.
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3.2.8.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007
The solid waste management proclamation stipulates, among others, that each region or
administration unit shall set its own schedule, and based on that, prepare its solid waste
management plan and report implementation. It further spells out that each administration unit
shall ensure that measures are taken to prevent pollution from mishandling of solid wastes.
Similarly, existing institutional arrangements overseeing the environmental performance of the
industry were summarized. A waste management plan will be prepared during the detailed
design stage of the project to mitigate the impacts through reduction in the use of consumable
items, recycling of materials, and disposal of hazardous wastes at certified locations.
3.2.8.5. The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002
The proclamation formalizes EIA as a mandatory legal prerequisite for the implementation of
major development projects, programs and plans. Environmental impact assessment is used to
predict and manage the environmental effects that a proposed developmental activity could bring
about some drawbacks and risks. The design, sitting, construction, operation or ongoing one as a
result of its modification or termination intends and thus helps to bring about intended
development. This proclamation is a proactive tool and a backbone to harmonizing and
integrating environmental, economic, cultural, and social considerations into a decision making
process in a manner that promotes sustainable development.
3.2.9. Regulations Pertaining to the Standards
3.2.9.1 Effluent Standards
Ethiopia has no national standards governing effluent discharges from industries. However, since
2003 Ethiopia has had draft regulations governing the quality of the effluent discharged from
facilities to public sewers and surface water systems (EPA, 2003). These draft guidelines require
the facility to meet certain basic water quality standards for trade effluent including sewage as
shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources
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Parameter Limit Value
PH 6–9
BOD5 at 200C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l
During the detailed design stage of the project, facility requirements will be finalized and will
require use of sewage systems that conform to international standards and criteria for the
protection of potable water sources downstream.
3.2.9.2 Noise Standards
Ethiopia has no national legislation for noise as well, but World Bank guidelines have been
adopted by EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft National Noise
Standards that are being prepared. The guideline for daytime perimeter noise is 55 decibels
(DBA). Table 2 provides noise standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia.
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Table 2: Limit Values for Noise level
Limits in DBA
Area Code Category of area
Day time1 Night time2
1 Day
time A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45
reckoned to be between 6.00 am to 9.00 pm

2 Night time reckoned to be between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am
3.2.9.3 Ambient Air quality Standards
Although, Ethiopia has no national legislation for air quality so far, the World Bank guidelines
have been adopted by the EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft
National air quality Standards that are in preparation by the EPA. Table 3 provides the
provisional air quality standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia as well the WB/IFC
guidelines values.
Table 3: Limit Values for Emissions to Air
Pollutant Units Guideline values
Ethiopian standard WB standard
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Particulate Matter PM2.5 µg/Nm3 None 30a
Particulate Matter10 µg/Nm3 150 100
Sulfur dioxide (as SO2) µg/Nm3 1000 400
Nitrous oxide (as NO2) µg/Nm3 2000 600
3.29.10.4. Relevant International Conventions
Ethiopia has ratified the following international conventions on natural resources and
environmental management: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
(ratified through Proclamation No. 14/1970);Framework Convention on Climate Change (ratified
through Proclamation No. 97/1994);Convention on Biological Diversity (ratified through
Proclamation No. 98/1994);The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (ratified
through Proclamation No. 80/1997);The Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Safety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity (ratified through Proclamation No. 362/2003);The federal EPA is
designated as the focal point for the implementation of the above conventions.
3.3. Institutional and Administrative Framework
3.3.1. Environment, Forest and Climate change Commision (EFCCC)
Ministry Environmental of Forest and climate change is established under proclamation

No.803/2013. It has a broad mandate covering environmental matters at federal level. Some of the
powers and duties are;
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 Coordinate measures to ensure that environmental objectives provided under the

constitution and the principles set out in environmental policy are realized’
 Establish a system for environmental impact assessment of public and private projects, as
well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws and regulation
 Establish a system to evaluate environmental impact assessment submitted by their
respective proponent, by the concerned licensing organ, or the concerned regional organ
prior to granting permission for implementation in accordance with environmental impact
assessment proclamation
3.3.2. Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority (OEFCA)
Proclamation 295/2002 requires regional states to establish or designate their own regional
environmental agencies. Relating to ESIA specifically, Proclamation 299/2002 gives regional
environmental agencies the responsibility to evaluate ESIA reports of projects that are licensed,
executed or supervised by regional states and that are not likely to generate inter-regional
impacts. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible for monitoring, auditing and
regulating implementation of such projects. The Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change
Authority has also promulgated regulations that include “Environmental Impact Assessment
Regulation, 295/2002
3.3.3. Woreda Administrations:

Administrative structure of the Woreda is similar all over the country. The Woreda
administration is a major decision-making government organ. The Woreda administration has the
following duties and responsibilities, among others:
 Implementation of the policies, laws and directives of the state,

 Coordination of the activities of various offices in the woreda,
 Maintenance of peace and security in the woreda, directing the police and security
forces,
 Planning and implementation of projects,
 Supervision of development programs within the woreda,
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3.3.4. Kebele Administration
The kebele is the lowest administrative level structure. It, generally, comprises sub-kebeles and is
headed by an elected chairman. These kebele areas fall partially within the project area. The main
responsibilities of the kebele administration include preparation of an annual kebele development
plan; ensuring the collection of land and agricultural income tax; organizing local labour and in-
kind contributions for development activities; and resolving conflicts within the community
through the social courts.
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
4.1 Project Location and site condition

The project is planned to be established in Oromia regional state, Surrounding Finfinne Special
Zone, Dukem town. The area is one of the Towns of special zone found at a distance of nearly
40km from Addis Ababa to the Eastern part of the country. Generally, the envisaged area and
Special Zone, which is found in the central part of the Oromia Regional State, were surrounding
the capital- Finfinne (Addis Ababa).
The reasons of selecting the location for the proposed project are attributed to:-
 Its proximity to Addis Ababa city administration with good scenery and weather
condition,
 Its proximity to serves and facilities like road and transport facilities, and utilities like
electric power, water and telephone line,
 The existing conducive social and investment situations and increase number of private
investment in the area.
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 Its accessibility and ease of future development are some of the reasons behind selecting
the area for the proposed project.
4.3. Project goal
The main goal of the project is to ensure that construction projects are successfully completed
within the constraints of best quality, stated period and with minimum cost possible by availing
the material. With Quality Management, the processes and initiatives that produce products or
services can be fully managed. In this process variations are minimized, so the end product or the
service will achieve a desired quality.
4.3. Project objectives
The main objectives and benefits of the proposed project will be the following:-
 To develop an environmentally sustainable project that will meet the surrounding

developments, improve the economy and the livelihood of the people in the area;
 Provide employment opportunities for the skilled, semi-skilled and casual workers
through direct and indirect job opportunities.
 Contribute revenue for the government and the local authority through payment of
corporate taxes, rates and personal levy; and
 Contribute to the reduction of poverty levels in the country through people employment.
4.4. Nature and scope of the project

Concrete blocks are made of sand, gravel and cement and used for the building of walls of
houses and other structures with embedded steel reinforcement. They are also used for the
building of fences or partitions in concrete buildings and other purposes in large quantities.
Concrete tubes are also made from the same material sand, gravel and cement and are used for
sewerage and road construction.
Cement tiles are wall & floor tiles made from of cement together with sand, gravel & optionally
adding marble chips to the ingredient. The process of manufacturing is called the “LENOBE”
process, which at present is used in many factories. Equipment’s used to produce are rubber
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molds, vibrators, mixers and other items. The installation can be made mobile. Tiles of various
sizes can be produced. The most common ones rage from surface sizes of 20 cm x 20 cm to
60cm x 40 cm having thickness in the rage of 1 to 3 cm. The product is applied for floor or wall
finishing in building construction and for outdoor pavement work.
Marble is a rock composed of granular limestone or dolomite, which is re-crystallized by the

influence of heat, pressure and aqueous solutions. This Metamorphic rock can be found in nature
with different attractive colors and varieties as well as quality.
Marbles can be processed in industries to produce various kinds of marble stones. The products
of marble processing industries can be used for monuments, interiors decoration, statuary, table
tops and novelties. But the principal application of marbles is for exterior building works to
provide a lasting endurance to walls.
Commercial marble includes metamorphosed limestone and serpentine rocks, all of which are
capable of taking a polish. There are few marble products, which are of a single color. Some are
fine black and others are of white specimens, and even the most pure of these are often tinged
with grey or brown. All other types are of various colors. There is red marble with its various
shades, orange yellow and yellowish, green and greenish. The product application can be divided
in to three broad categories i.e. structural, ornamental and residential fields.
4.5 Utilities
The two important utilities required are electric power and water
 Electricity: Energy for the production of high-tech plastic technology from electricity. The
electricity is used to operate equipment within the plant. Electricity is used throughout the
process. The annual electric consumption of the project is 150,000W. The source of electric city
is ELPA line. In addition, the project will install its diesel generators to complement the electric
interruptions.
 Water: the project requires water for different purpose in the production process of the
intended output about 2,000m3 of water per year is required.
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4.6. Project Rationale, Justification and Project Brief
The Project is found to be operationally profitable & has significant socio-economic benefits.
The income statement and other profitability indicators show that the project is viable. The project
is believed to have significant social and economic benefits that accrue to the society beyond
those financial returns to the company. The most remarkable social benefits can be expressed in
terms of job creation that leads to reduction in the level of unemployment.
4.7. The raw materials, and production process
4.7.1. Raw materials
Roofing tiles made out of clay, Marble and granite be found in nature with different attractive
colors and varieties as well as quality, Lime (calcium carbonate) is one of the most important
raw materials which is produced from limestone.
4.7.2. Production process
Roof tiles: The most common practice of roof tiles production involves several units of
operations such as material excavation and transportation, grinding and mixing, shaping, drying
of semi-finished product, burning, classifying and packing of the finished product. In the
proposed plant, the process starts from grinding operation in order to reduce investment cost. The
quarried raw material is subsequently crushed and wetted several time before it is passed or fed
to the press vacuum chamber where air is extracted in order to obtain compact mix. Then a well
prepared clay mix is extruded through a mold to get the required shape and dimensions. The wet
semi-finished product is transported to the batch drying chamber, where drying is carried out by
blowing in warm air and expelling of humid air with intensive fanning. Then, the dried batch is
transported to the kiln for the final process. Burning of batch in the kiln is accomplished by a
flame traveling in circle on top of the roof tiles and bricks. Upon completion of the burning of
22
roof tiles, the products are sorted in a storage place where preliminary sorting is made. Finally,
the selected roof tiles are made available for market.
Marble and granite: The processing of marble dimension stones essentially involves the
following three major operations. These include:-
 Cutting of marble blocks into a number of small size blocks by heavy duty; Cutting
machines such as gang saws and diamond saws;
 Shaping of smaller size marble blocks by equipment’s like planers and turning
lathes; and
 Surface finishing or polishing of shaped marble blocks by rubbing beds and
polishing machines in order to attain attractive color and uniform texture.
All are specific operations carried out in dimension stones preparation plant after the quarried
blocks are delivered to the processing plant. The dusts to be generated during cutting and
polishing of the marble has to be collected through a vacuum pump and a bag filter arrangement
to clean the air before released to the atmosphere.
Lime stone: The production process involves lime quarry and burnt lime production.
Lime Quarrying: First the broken limestone is fed into a bunker by means of a wheel loader or a
smaller truck. A screen on top of the bunker retains the big material which must be crushed by
hand. The one-layer sieve machine is arranged behind the bunker to separate the material into 3
grain fractions.
Burnt Lime Production: Two feed hoppers charge the shaft kiln with limestone and solid
combustibles by a tub with the quantities being weight-controlled. Limestone and combustibles
are evenly distributed. The combustion air required for the burning process is supplied by a fan.
The burnt lime is discharged by a conveyor system into an intermediate silo. From the
intermediate silo a drag chain conveyor transfers the burnt lime to a hammer mill for pre-
23
crushing. The final grain size is achieved by a rotor mill. From there the burnt lime is transported
to a storage silo. The storage silo is connected with the weight controlled and manually operated
packing installation underneath. It fills the finished product into paper or PE bags of 25 or 50 kg,
which can be sewed up by a manual sewing machine. The aim is a finished product of even and
high quality. This is achieved by a laboratory which checks the product at every stage for quality,
and by equipment which indicates and records the operation of the entire process.
4.7.3. Plant Capacity and Production Programme

Considering the time needed for developing production and industrial skill, the annual production
capacity of the plant is planned to be 25,000,000 roof tiles, 80,000 square meters of marble and
granite and 4,000 tons of lime per year. The production capacity is based on two shifts (8 working
hours each) a day and 300 working days a year. By increasing the number of shifts (working
hours) to three shifts, it is possible to increase production and benefits.
The production programme is scheduled in such a way that the plant will assume production at an
initial capacity of 70% of its annual rated output during the first year. During the second and third
years of production, the plant will produce 85% and 100% of its rated output, respectively. The
production programme is set by deducting Sundays and public holidays in a year and assuming that
repair and maintenance works will be carried out during off-production hours.
5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL
5.1. Biological and physical base line information

5.1.1. Climate
Oromia regional state finfinne special zone is divided into three agro-climatically zones mainly
due to altitudinal variation. This variation of temperature provides wide opportunities for the
production of different types of crops range from warm to cold Thermal Zone. It is dominantly
characterized by cool having a temperature ranging between 15oc-20oc followed by moderately
cool with a temperature of 10oc-15oc. Cool/cold type of thermal Zone is found in the highland
24
areas of Gara Foyata and Chalalaka. The category of cool temperature is found in the high land
areas of Chelelka of ana Berek, Gara Foyeta of ana Mulo. The mean annual temperature of the
Zone is found between 20-250c in the low land and 10-150c in the central high land. However,
there is a slight variation of temperature between the months of the year. February to May is the
hottest months while October to January is the coldest months. The annual mean temperature of
the Dukam town is 18.5 °C and an average annual rainfall of the town has 700-800 mm.
Air Quality: Air quality record is none existent and is not common practice nationwide, hence
there is no information regarding the air quality of the project area. In the view of the presence
high traffic flow in the area, it is assumed that vehicles exhaust gas caused air quality disturbance
is the major local air pollution problem.
Ambient Noise quality: The sound or noise could be generated from various sources but with
respect to this project the main source identified is the project machinery. The Project noise
generated from the machineries is the major problem to be mitigated.
5.1.2. Water resources

Oromia Special Zone is naturally endowed with many rivers and streams. It has high network or
density of permanent rivers and streams.
5.1.3. Soils
The major soil type in Oromia special Zone are: Chromic and Pellic Vertisols which has water
holding characteristics and heaviness for plowing during rainy seasons due to high Clay content,
Luvisols is good for agriculture with base saturation and weather able minerals and dominant on
the high land parts of the zone, Cambisols dominantly occur on the steep slopes and are often
shallow or have many rock outcrops and those developed on gentler slopes, however, have good
base saturation and fertility and can highly be important for agriculture. Other types of soils of
the Zone are Andosol having over 60 precent volcanic ash, or other vertic pyroclastic materials
in silt, sand and gravel fraction occur in parts of the Zone. Lithosol is another group of soil found
in the Zone, has a high base saturation and hence fertile. Fluvisols is restricted to the low land
parts.
5.1.4. Topography and landscape
25
Dukam lies in Oromia special zone of surrounding Finfine with a total planning area of 8,704
hectares. It is located at 25kms in southeast direction of Addis Ababa- Adama highway. The
current boundary of Gelan and Dukem towns is made by an artificial boundary formed at the
junction of the Ethio-Djibouti railway and Addis Ababa- Adama highway. The town is bordered
in the East by the Dalota and Mero mountain chain, Wedesso Mountain chain and Abayi Silto
peasant associations in the North, Akaki of Addis Ababa in the North-West and Lake Aba
Samuael in North-West. In absolute terms, Dukam is located at 08°48′N 38°54′E (Oromia Urban
Planning Institute, 2007).
5.2. Socio-Economic baseline information

5.2.1. Population
Based on figures from the national population and housing census carried 1994-2007, the
population of the town projected to 96,320 in 2019.
5.2.2. Health facilities
The community in the area has an access to health service nearby in Dukarn town and referral
services in Debrezet town at a distance of 8 km.
5.2.3. Schools
There is primary school service (grade 1-4) and secondary school (grade 4-8) in the project area,
high school and vocational training is also accessible in Dukem town.
5.2.4. Infrastructures and services

Roads: The proposed project has high access of road & railway, the country’s main asphalt road
and railway line that stretched from Finfinne/A.A. to Djibouti passes through Dukam town.
Energy: Dukam town have got electricity through the recent rural electrification program.
5.2.5. Historical, cultural, religious and archeological
26
There is no reported historical or archeological resource in the project area. During the field visit
the Consultant do not encountered site of historical, cultural, religious and archeological
importance located near to the project area. Enquiries to residents in the area have indicated that
there are no known sites of historical or archeological significance in the vicinity of the proposed
project site.
5.2.6 Gender equity issues

There is gender inequality in the project area as it is also the case in most part of Ethiopia.
Women manage the bulk of household affairs in the area, including food preparation and caring
children etc.... Women efficiency and commitment in carrying out their assignment qualify them
to be employed in the envisaged project. This gender specific opportunity will address the
historical disproportionate burden of unemployment on woman. Consideration to be given for
keeping the above beneficial opportunity the project provider to women and actions to avoid
work area problems women can face. The actions to be taken include:
o Strict rule on work area regarding sexual harassments;

o Job security for women; and
o Appropriate payment (equal payment standard with men engaged on equivalent
work load).
6. ANALYSES of PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
6.1 Project Alternative
6.1.1 No project alternative
The No Project option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental
perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. This option will however,
27
involve several losses to the project proponent. The no project option is the least preferred from
the socio-economic and partly environmental perspective due to the following factors:
 The economic status of the local people would remain unchanged.

 Loss of employment opportunities for the local community working in the project area.
 Increased urban poverty and crime in the town.
 No development shall be provided to alleviate a critical shortage.
 Discouragement for investors
 Development of infrastructural facilities (roads, electrical etc.) will not be undertaken.
From the above analysis, it is apparent that, the No project alternative is not a good option to the
local people, for the citizens and the government of Ethiopia.
6.1.2. Site Relocation Option
Relocation option to a different site is an option available for the project implementation.
Nevertheless, at present the project proponent does not have an alternative site. This means the
proponent has to lease alternative land which may take a couple of years; even there is no
guarantee that the land would be available. Even if will the land is obtained, more time will be
spend on design and approvals, since design and planning has to be according to site conditions
and will cost a large sum of money.
Hence, the time to be wasted on these deliberations would cause delays that the proponent and
our economy can ill afford. This would also lead to a situation like No Project Alternative option.
The other consequence of this is that it would be a discouragement for private/local investors
especially in the commercial development sector. In consideration of the above concerns
relocation of the project is not a viable option.
6.1.3. Carrying on With the Proposed Development Alternative
Under the proposed project alternative, the Proponent would be issued with an EIA License. In
issuing the license, Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority would approve the
Proponent’s proposed development, provided all the environmental measures are complied with
during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. This alternative consists of the
applicant’s final proposal with the inclusion of the (ORLEPB)) regulations and procedures as
28
stipulated in the environmental impacts assessment to the maximum extent practicable. This is
the most suitable option.
6.2. Alternative Inputs
Alternatively the project may use different combinations of inputs such as: water; electric power,
and waste management. This may induce the project’s impacts in several ways, but as compared
to the project’s preferred options for these services, they may result in extensive costs and
bottlenecks, since several of these options/inputs are at a techno-commercial infancy stage and
have a varying set of impacts.
6.2.1 Utilities
6.2.1.1 Electricity
The proposed project has various options for its sources of electric power and these are reviewed
in contrast to the preferred options. These options are: public electric power line, installation of
diesel generator and using the solar energy. The manufacturing industry utilizes the public
electric power line from 50KVA to 400. It is also expected that a generator(s) will be installed
within the development once complete. The necessary guidelines and precautionary measures
relating to the use of electricity shall be adhered to.
6.2.1.2. Water utility
The main options that exist for water use is: The town main line, borehole, and rainwater
harvesting. The former option has the advantages of ensuring consistent supply while placing
pressure on public water demand, the second and third options are preferred options as it
promotes wise use of water that ensures effective usage and conservation of water. The
disadvantage of this option is that, it will involve the construction of extra facilities and
consequently extra costs.
6.2.2 Analysis of Alternative Construction Materials and Technology
The construction material manufacturing will be constructed using modern, locally and
internationally accepted materials to achieve public health, safety, security and environmental
aesthetic requirements. Equipment and materials that save energy and water will be given first
29
priority without compromising on cost or availability factors. The concrete pillars and walls will
be made using locally sourced stones, cement, sand, metal bars and fittings that meet the
Ethiopian construction standards and requirements.
Alternative for the materials that will be used in the project involve using locally procured
materials with the exception of not using timber and the second option involves primarily
importing materials and the 3rd option is using timber. The former alternative is preferred option
since it will ensure the project contributes to the national economy by creating business
opportunities for the suppliers of these materials while conserving the environment by ensuring
the most environmentally friendly suppliers are contracted. The 3 rd option is not to use timber;
Heavy use of timber during construction is discouraged because of destruction of forests.
Nevertheless, the indigenous species would be preferred to foreign species in the construction
where need arises.
Regarding roofing, beautiful and durable clay tiles will be used because they are good in heat
insulation as compared to the iron sheet roofs. This will ensure that the rainwater harvested will
be used in gardening and other purposes.
6.2.3. Domestic Waste Water Management Alternatives
Three suitable technologies are discussed below:

Alternative one: Use of septic tanks; this involves the construction of underground concrete-
made tanks to store the sludge with soak pits. It is not expensive to construct however regular
empting in large discharge points like the large scale manufacturing industry is required. Given
the kind of liquid waste emanating from the proposed project this option is preferred.
Alternative two: Connection to the sewer system: Connection to an existing main sewer line
will solve the waste water management issue at a very minimal cost and in an environmental
efficient manner. Currently this option is not available; therefor the proposed project cannot use
this option right away.
Alternative three: Construction of a treatment plant: This involves the construction of a

treatment plant, a network of pant effluent drains, aeration pits, tanks etc., It is very expensive to
construct and not suitable for the domestic waste water to be generated from the industry and in a
30
town setup, as it can cause a nuisance of bad odor to tenants near the plant and are usually
neglected after a few years leading to breakdowns and malfunctions which may also lead to other
environmental problems such as emission of raw effluent to the environment. This option is
therefore not suitable.
Alternative four: Use of Bio-digester: Bio digester is an on-site sanitation unit, that utilizes
anaerobic technology for the disposal of toilet (black) wastewater as well as of kitchen and
bathroom (grey) water, in a closed system. This is a sanitation technology, which treats
wastewater in an environmentally friendly manner, facilitating its use for gardening or its return
to water bodies without polluting them. The process also generates organic fertilizer and biogas
(a form of fuel) by allowing naturally occurring bacteria to break down solid waste. From the
analysis and economic as well as environmental considerations the use of bio digester system is a
viable option for the proponent to adopt in order to supplement connection to the sewer system.
6.2.4. Solid Waste Management Alternatives
A lot of solid wastes will be generated from the proposed project. An integrated solid waste
management system is recommendable. First, the proponent needs to give priority to reduction of
materials at source. This option demands solid waste management awareness works to project
staff. Secondly, recycling, reuse and composting of the waste will be the second alternative in
priority. This will call for a source separation programme to be put in place. The waste will be
sold to waste buyers within the surrounding area or be collected by a private waste management
company. The third priority in the hierarchy of options is combustion of the waste that is not
recyclable. Finally, sanitary land filling will be the last option for the Proponent.
7. IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL &

SOCIAL IMPACTS
7.1 Basis of Identification of Impacts
31
In order to accurately identify the environmental impacts, the following environmental issues
were considered pertinent and important as per the Terms of Reference.
7.1.1 Physical Environment (Biophysical Impacts)
 Soil conditions, soil contamination and landscape alterations/degradation (based on

aesthetic aspects) associated with the proposed project
 Water quality aspects for both surface water sources like piped water, storm water, and
other related aspects
 Drainage patterns especially in relation to wastewater effluents
 Air quality aspects especially atmospheric emissions and related discharges from
machinery like diesel run equipment etc.
 Noise and vibrations where applicable
7.1.2 Natural Environment
 Flora and fauna from the adjacent ecosystem (i.e. effects to natural plants and animals
where applicable).
 River pollution indicators, impacts on water flow patterns and quality aspects, user
interference and contamination.
 Topography: effects on soil and landscape.
7.1.3 Social welfare, Economic and Cultural Environment
 Determination of implications to the human society the local society applicable.

 Notable changes in land use systems and the general land utilization types
 Aesthetic, landscape alterations and changes to infrastructural facilities, among others.
 Effects associated with the construction and operation activities and related handling and
disposal of wastes generated during the operations.
 Effects associated with income generation opportunities created by the project due to the
upcoming operations.
7.2 Description of the Existing and Anticipated Impacts
7.2.1 Existing impacts
32
During field study, it has been observed that there have no existing impacts on the project area
which it is aroused from anthropogenic or natural phenomenon. Regarding, the Baseline
Environmental condition pertaining to the project, it has both bio-physical and socio-cultural
aspects. The socio-economic baseline survey revealed that, there is no human settlement and
significant natural resources to be affected as a result of the project.
7.2.2 Anticipated impacts
The proposed project may impact negatively on environment, workers, neighbors, and society
at large. The impacts may be positive or negative. This report proposes mitigation measures for
negative impacts and identifies the desirable social and economic benefits. The following
impacts have been identified as likely to arise from the proposed project and which this
report seeks to address: These impacts include the following and will need mitigation. The
assessment team revealed the following anticipated positive and negative impacts of the
proposed project. Major anticipated negative environmental & social impacts are:-
 Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements

 Noise pollution
 Impact on public utilities / water and energy
 Impacts on occupational safety and health of the workers
7.3. Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation
The anticipated impacts of the proposed project on the environmental & social elements are both
positive and negative. The magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being significant,
minor or permanent, short-term or long term, specific (localized) or widespread, reversible or
irreversible.
33
Table 4 Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation matrix
CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS MATRIX
List of Environment Impact Prediction Parameter

activities al & social Nature Magnitude Extent/location Duration Reversibility Significance Remark
impact
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Community Employment       
socio opportunity
economic Local Income       
interventions Generation
and Livelihood
Improvement
Improved       
Aesthetics and
Optimal Use
of Land
Subtotal 3 - 2 1 - 1 2 3 - - 2 - 1 - 3 - - - 1 2

impact
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
34
Vegetation Soil Erosion      

clearance and and Water
excavation Logging of
works Cleared Areas
construction Extraction and       

of the Use of
proposed Building
project Materials
Site Increased in       
preparation, noise &
earthworks vibration
and
construction
activities,
transporting
construction
materials
Dust       
construction generation
activities affecting air
&vehicle quality
movement
Construction solid waste       
work solid caused adverse
waste Impacts ( on
generation Soil, water &
human health)
Vegetation Alteration of       
clearance landscape
integrity
Loss of
vegetation
35
Construction Surface and      

activities Ground Water
Hydrology and
Water Quality
Degradation
Water utility Increased       
for domestic Water Demand
use &
construction
works
Electric Increased       
utility for pressure on
Construction public electric
machine & supply
equipment
operation
Increased Increased       
number of Insecurity
transient
workers and
suppliers
within and
around the
project site
Obstruction Increased      
by Traffic
construction
transport
vehicles and
construction
activities
Risks arise Workers      
from various accidents and
construction public safety
works
36
Subtotal - 12 12 - 9 2 1 12 12 - - - 7 1 - 11 1 -
OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS MATRIX

impacts
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Community Employment       
socio opportunity
economic Local Income       
interventions Generation
and Livelihood
Improvement
Contribution       
to the National
Economic
Growth
Subtotal 3 - 2 1 - 1 2 3 - - 1 - 2 - 3 - - - 1 2
37
Machines, Increased       
kitchen and Emission to
mechanical Air
and electric
appliances.
Noise Increased       
pollution Noise
due to traffic pollution
from visitors
who will be
coming to the
building.
Occur from Solid waste       

various generation
sources and
activities
carried out
within the
factories
38
flushing and Wastewater       

cleaning and generation
The building Increased       

roofs and Storm Water
pavements Flow
increased
volume and
velocity of
storm water
During Hazardous       
Overheating chemical
of plastic Adverse
materials Impact
improper Risks of       
utilization or Hydrocarbon
storage of Spillage from
materials Diesel Storage
to Stand by
Units
Movement Increased       
of various Traffic
vehicles
In the Increased      
processing Electricity/ene
steps rgy
Consumption
The handling Occupational      
of dangerous & public
39
substances health &

and the Safety risks
operation of
the equipment
of the plant,
Noise
pollution
during
machine
operation
Subtotal 10 7 3 4 6 - 10 - - - - 10 - 7 - 5 6 - -
DECOMMISSIONING PHASE IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS MATRIX

activities al & social
impact Nature Magnitude Extent/location Duration Reversibility Significance Remark
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Demolition Deterioration       
works of the acoustic
environment
Dust pollution       
Increased solid       
waste
Generation
Occupational       
Risk of
accidents
Subtotal - 4 4 - 4 - - 4 - - 4 - - - 4 - - 4 - -
40

activities al & social
impact Nature Magnitude Extent/location Duration Reversibility Significance Remark
Continuous
Irreversible
intermitten
Reversible
Long term
short term
Moderate
Moderate
Negative
Regional
Positive
Indirect
Global
Direct
Local
None
High
Low
high
low
t
Total +ve 6 - 4 2 - 2 4 6 - - 3 - 3 - 6 - - - 2 4
Total -ve - 26 23 3 17 8 1 26 - - 16 - 10 - 18 1 - 20 7 -
41
7.3. Summary of significance of impacts

Over all impacts: 32
Positive impacts (6)

 04 direct and 2 indirect
 04 Having high magnitude & moderate 02
 All local
 03 long terms, 03 Short terms
 All are reversible
 04 are highly significant, 02 moderate
Negative impacts (26)
 23 direct impacts, 03 Indirect Impacts,
 17 low magnitude, 08 moderate and 01high magnitude
 All are local
 16 Short term, 10 long term
 18 Reversible and 01 irreversible
 20 Low significant & 06 moderately significant
Based on the Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation matrix a total of 32 Impacts have
been identified, predicted & evaluated, of which 6 are positive while 26 are negative. From the
positive impacts (4) are highly significant, (2) are moderate, all having high magnitude, (3) long
term & 3 short term and all are reversible.
Among 26 negative impacts identified only 01 is of high magnitude, and irreversible,17 impacts
are of low magnitude, 08 Moderate and 01 with high magnitude 16 of short and 10 of long-term
duration, 20 low significant 6 moderately significant. They are all confined to the
microenvironment that is they are of local nature. The long term, highly significant and
irreversible impacts are generally related to land use changes.
In general, the majority of the negative impacts identified falls under low (20) to moderate (o6)
significance, thus the overall rating would place the project activities in the small magnitude, low
intensity and of short-term duration and hence in low sensitivity range.
42
8. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND
MITIGATION MEASURES
8.1. Beneficial Impacts of the Project
Several potential positive impacts will arise during construction, operational and demolishing
phases of the project which are primarily socioeconomic in nature and it is summarized as
follows:
8.1.1. Employment opportunities
Impact origin and characteristics: The construction, operation and decommissioning phases of
the proposed project are supposed to provide direct and indirect employment to a number of
workers. Although, the exact number cannot be predetermined at this stage, according to the
project proposal about create job opportunities for about 408 people (275 permanent and 133
temporary workers).
Benefit Enhancement Measures. Hiring the local professionals and service providers at all
levels where possible enhances the national benefit. There is also a need to recruit local available
labor for positions that do not demand special skills. This enhances the benefits of local
communities. This measure not only maximizes the distribution of the benefit but also promotes
the projects social acceptability. In addition to the above proposed measures that can enhance the
direct employment benefits, procuring supplier and services from local sources to the maximum
extent possible benefits at each stage of the project and enhances the indirect employment
opportunity.
8.1.1.1. Employment Opportunities for women and Youth
Impact origin and characteristics: It is evident that, women are efficient in carrying out and
handling the assignment given to them properly and seriously. As a result of such commitment,
they are usually preferred by many companies. This gender specific behavior creates equal, even
better employment opportunity for local woman and youths.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: The campy plan supposed to create job opportunities for
about create job opportunities for about 1,200 people (400 permanent and 800 temporary
workers). Consideration to be given for keeping the above beneficial opportunities the project
creates to women and actions to avoid work area problems women can face. The actions include:
Strict rule on work area sexual harassments, Job security, appropriate payment (equal payment
standard with men engaged in equivalent work load).
8.1.2. Contribution to the National Economic Growth
Impact origin and characteristics:
Impact origin and characteristics: The use of locally available materials during the
construction phase of the project including cement, concrete and ceramic tiles, timber, sand,
ballast electrical cables etc, will contribute towards growth of the economy by contributing to the
gross domestic product. The consumption of these materials including fuel oil and others will
attract taxes including VAT which will be payable to the government, which increases
government revenue while the cost of these raw materials will be payable directly to the
producers. Apparently, according to the project proposal the government generates about one
million birr from income tax annually during the full operation of the project.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: There is a need to comply with public and private
requirements of operating at low costs, so that benefits from the investment will be maximized.
This requires the effort of external institution and governmental bodies to facilitate the
investment process and credit facilities, to get the required benefits.
8.1.3. Socio- Economic Benefits
8.1.3.1. Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement
Impact origin and characteristics: The employment opportunity to be created by the project
will have social benefit beside the expected economic benefit. The employment income from the
project will have a substantial role for social livelihood improvement in the project area. This
local income generation related social benefit will have long term as well as cumulative benefits
such as:
Poverty reduction: As a result of creation of jobs for the local communities, the project will
have a meaningful impact on poverty reduction as the project area is inhabited by largely
unemployed and marginal communities. The employment priorities should focus on the
households subsisting below the poverty line;
Education opportunity: The increased income from the employment in the project will
substantially improves the living standard of the community in the project impact area. As a
result, families can afford to send their children to schools and supply them with school materials
adequately, where youth girls are the frontline beneficiaries.
44
Benefit Enhancement Measures: Utilization of the available labor force in the project area
enhances the benefits at local level. Outsourcing commercial activities, like cafeteria services
from local competitive service providers will maximizes the social benefit of the project .
8.2. Adverse Impacts Identification, Analysis and Proposed Mitigation Measures
The proposed project comprises different components to be executed at different phases of the
project life time, construction, operation and decommissioning phases that can generate adverse
impacts.
8.2.1. Pre-construction phase adverse impacts and mitigation measures
Impact origin and characteristics
Prior to the construction and installation of facilities of the project, environmental management
needs to consider the following five principles:
 Ensuring that all government and concerned agency requirements and procedures related
to EIA are completed,
 Implementation of land acquisition procedures required by the relevant government
bodies.
 Selection of technologies that minimizes adverse impacts and enhances beneficial
impacts,
 Preparation of detail designs of the project layout, which incorporate specific features
aimed at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.
 Preparation of contract document which contains appropriate clause to allow control of
impacts arising from the implementation processes.
Proposed Mitigation Measures
 The project promote should be responsible to handle the above issues before the
commencement of the construction,
45
 the company should hire appropriate persons, environmentalist and site engineer that
facilitate planned project implementation and environmental management during
construction and operation
 The concerned authorities at all level should be responsible to ensure that environmental
requirements are fully met and included in the EIA statement report.
8.2.2. Construction Phase Adverse Impacts and Its Mitigation Measures
The construction phase of the project involves the clearing, land leveling, transportation of
construction materials and storage can have adverse impacts on: terrestrial flora and fauna, air
quality, nuisance noise, workforce and water quality.
8.2.2.1. Erosion of Cleared Areas
Vegetation clearance and excavation works related to construction of the manufacturing will
expose soils to erosion by surface run-off and create the threat of water turbidity and sediment
deposition in drains. The flat topography of the site and the pervious nature of the soils would
help to reduce erosive. Surface flows and the potential situation should exist only for the duration
of the construction works before landscaping and drainage. Apparently, there are no significant
surface features such as gullies, streams or rivers in close proximity to the site, which could be
affected by soil erosion
Proposed Mitigation measures
 Where possible, phase the site clearance exercise so as to reduce the amount of exposed
soil at any given time.
 Deliberately re-cover exposed soils with grass and other appropriate species as soon as
possible.
 Temporarily bund exposed soil and redirect flows from heavy runoff areas that threaten
to erode or result in substantial surface runoff to adjacent area.
 Monitor areas of exposed soil during periods of heavy rainfall throughout the
construction phase of the project
46
8.2.2.2. Extraction and Use of construction Materials
Construction materials such as hard core, ballast, cement, rough stone and sand required for the
construction of the proposed project will be obtained from quarries, sand harvesters etc. Since
substantial quantities of these materials will be required for construction of the proposed project,
the availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively
affected-as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the sites from which the
materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several ways including landscape
changes, displacement of animals and vegetation, poor visual quality and opening of depressions
on the surface leading to several human and animal health impacts.
Efficient sourcing and use of raw materials: To reduce the negative impacts on availability
and sustainability of the materials, the Proponent should only order for what will be required
through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual construction requirements. This will ensure
that materials are not extracted or purchased in excessive quantities. Moreover, the Proponent
has to ensure that wastage, damage or loss (through run-off, wind, etc) of materials at the
construction site is kept minimal through proper material management , as these would lead to
additional demand for and extraction or purchase of materials. In addition to the above
measures, the Proponent shall consider reuse of construction materials and use of recycled
building materials where applicable. This will lead to reduction in the amount of raw materials
extracted from natural resources as well as reducing impacts at the extraction sites.
8.2.2.3. Noise Pollution and Vibration
Significant increases in noise and vibration levels may be expected during construction of the
proposed project. Such noise and vibrations may be generated from excavators, movement;
loaders; concrete mixer trucks; concrete pumps; concrete vibrators; dump trucks; hammering;
vibrators; compactors, diesel generators (DGs); water pumps and even construction workers. The
impact of noise and vibrations on the surrounding community depends upon:
47
 Characteristics of the noise and vibrations source (instantaneous, Intermittent, or

continuous in nature);
 Time of day at which noise and vibrations occur; and
 Location of noise and vibrations source with respect to sensitive receptor.
Though the level of discomfort caused by noise and vibrations is subjective, the most commonly
reported impacts of increased noise levels are interference in oral communication, hearing loss,
anxiety and disturbance of sleep. Vibration impacts may include the cracking of nearby existing
structures such as foundations, walls and swimming pools.
Noise and vibrations may also have an impact on the workers in the proposed project.
Nonetheless, all the noise and vibrations generating activities shall be undertaken during day
hours and appropriate measures shall be instituted to counter the said pollution.
Minimization of noise and vibration: The Contractor of the proposed project shall put in place
several measures that will mitigate noise and vibration pollution arising during the construction
phase. The proponent shall ensure that he complies with all relevant requirements of the
countries as well as international standards.
 Sound pollution could be controlled by installing and using of sound proven

machineries. In addition to this, the compound will be covered by required amount of
plantation, as plants absorb higher sounds and have ability of lowering of noises,
improve environmental conditions and can be used as shelter, as will be detailed in the
plantation cover section
 Prescribe noise reduction measures if appropriate e.g. restricted working hours and
transport hours and noise buffering;
 Install portable barriers to shield compressors and other small stationary equipment
where necessary and locate stationary noise sources as far from existing sensitive
receptors as possible;
 Use quiet equipment (i.e. equipment designed with noise control elements such as
mufflers);
48
 Co-ordinate with relevant agencies regarding all construction activities in the project
site;
 Limit trucks and other small equipment to minimize idling time and observe a common-
sense approach to vehicle use such as shutting up idle engines whenever possible; and
 Ensure use of well serviced and maintained vehicles and equipment
8.2.2.4. Impact on Air Quality
Potential impacts on the air quality during the construction stage will be due to the fugitive dust
and the exhaust gases generated in and around the construction site. Fugitive dust (depending on
the timing of construction) and vehicular emissions are the major components of air pollution.
The following construction related activities are generally associated with these emissions:
 Site clearance, excavation and use of heavy vehicles and

Machinery/equipment at construction site;
 Transportation of construction materials such as sand, cement, steel, masonry stone to the
construction site; and
 Operation of construction machinery and equipment
Minimization of dust generation and emission: Controlling dust during construction is useful
in minimizing nuisance conditions and consequently health (respiratory and eye) complications.
It is recommended that a standard set of feasible dust control measures be implemented for all
construction activities. Emissions of other contaminants (Nitrogen oxides, Carbon dioxide,
Sulphur oxides, and diesel related Particulate Matter PM10) that would occur in the exhaust from
heavy equipment are also included.
The Proponent shall be committed to implement measures that shall reduce air quality impacts
associated with construction. Dust emissions will be controlled by the following measures:-
 Provision of 2.4 meter high hoarding along site boundary
49
 Provide effective dust screen, sheeting or netting where a scaffolding is erected around
the perimeter of a building under construction from the ground floor level of the
building, or if a canopy is provided at the first floor level, from the first floor level, up to
the highest level of the scaffolding;
 Any skip hoist for material transport shall be totally enclosed by impervious sheeting;
 Watering all active construction areas when necessary;
 Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials or require all trucks to
maintain at least two feet of freeboard;
 Pave, apply water when necessary, or apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on all unpaved
access roads, parking areas and staging areas at construction site;
 All personnel working on the proposed project will be trained prior to starting
construction on methods for minimizing air quality impacts during construction.
8.2.2.5. Disposal of solid waste

Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include vegetation
clearance and typical construction waste (e.g. wasted concrete, steel, wooden scaffolding and
forms, bags, waste earth materials, etc.). This waste would negatively impact the site and
surrounding environment if not properly managed and ultimately disposed of at an approved
dumpsite. Cleared vegetation, if burnt onsite, would generate smoke, negatively impacting
ambient air quality (with reciprocal negative impacts upon human health). Vegetation and solid
waste, if allowed to accumulate in sensitive areas, may cause localized ponding and flooding.
Furthermore, the ponding of water would create conditions conducive to the breeding of
nuisance and health-threatening pests such as mosquitos.
 A site waste management plan should be prepared prior to project commencement. This
should include designation of appropriate waste storage areas, collection and removal
schedule, identification of approved disposal site, and system for supervision and
monitoring.
 Preparation and implementation of the plan must be made, and it is the responsibility of
the manager with the system being monitored independently.
50
 Special attention should be given to minimize and reduce the quantities of solid waste
produced during site preparation and construction.
 To reduce organic waste, softer vegetation may be composted onsite and used for soil
amendment during landscaping.
 Vegetation and combustible waste must not be burned on the site.
 Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. excavated sand) should be stockpiled away from drainage
features and used for in-filling where necessary.
 Unusable construction wastes such as damaged pipes, formwork and other construction
material must be disposed of at an approved dumpsite
8.2.2.6. Soil Erosion and Water Logging
Soil erosion is likely to occur during construction at the site once exposed by excavation works
especially during rainy and windy seasons. Considering the land clearing, excavation and other
construction processes, soil will be exposed to erosion agents leading to soil/land degradation,
hence impacting negatively on the environment. Water logging of the proposed site may also
occur in the event of heavy rainfall after excavation.
Controlling soil erosion, water logging: The Proponent has to put some measures in place
aimed at minimizing soil erosion and associated water logging from the proposed project site
during construction. These measures will include:-
 Terracing, leveling and ripping off compacted areas of the project site to reduce run-off
velocity and increase infiltration of storm water into the soil
 Proper planning of site excavation works in such a way that, a section is completed and
rehabilitated before another section begins
 Ensuring that construction vehicles are restricted to existing graded roads to avoid soil
compaction within the project site
 Surface runoff and roof water shall be harvested and stored in underground reservoir for
reuse
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8.2.2.7. Impact on Landscape Integration and Protection of Natural Resources Impact

origin and characteristics
The growths of manufacturing industry have direct impacts on soil, landscape and on the
surrounding ecosystems. Intensive construction practices are harmful to the environment,
especially when the building materials used are not in harmony with traditional
architecture. Such construction not only robs the landscape of its natural characteristics but
also detracts from its identity.
 Lay out green areas and gardens to make the site more pleasant (preferably using
indigenous plants).To rationalize the aforementioned recommendations the project has
allotted land to plant various indigenous and exotic plants.
 Promote landscape integration and environmental protection
 Place the parking lot in an inconspicuous area of the compound
8.2.2.8. Surface and Ground Water Hydrology and Water Quality Degradation
Construction activities for the proposed development can have impacts on hydrology and ground
water quality of the area. Changes in surface hydrology can occur due to landscaping;
construction of impervious surfaces such as parking lots, roads and buildings (buildings increase
the volume and rate of runoff, resulting in habitat destruction, increased pollutant loads, and
flooding); blockage of existing drainages can also influence groundwater hydrology (i.e.
recharge rates, flow, conditions).
Potential sources of impacts on hydrology and ground water quality during the construction
phases are as follows:
 Soil run-off from the site leading to off-site contamination- particularly during rainy
season: The excavated area, if linear, could act as a conduit to extend groundwater
contamination to new areas.
 Improper disposal of construction debris leading to offsite contamination of water
resources or blocking of drainages leading to flooding.
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 Spillage of oil and grease from the vehicles and wastewater stream generated from onsite
activities.
Proposed mitigation measures
Minimization of surface and groundwater contamination: Several measures shall be put in
place to mitigate the impacts that are likely to lead to surface and groundwater quality
degradation. The Proponent has to prepare a hazardous substance control systems and emergency
response plans that will include preparations for quick and safe cleanup of accidental spills. It
will hazardous-materials handling procedures has to be prescribed to reduce the potential for a
spill during construction, and an emergency response programme to ensure quick and safe
cleanup of accidental spills. The plan has to identify areas where refueling and vehicle
maintenance activities and storage of hazardous materials, if any, will be permitted.
8.2.2.9. Increased Water Demand
During the construction phase, both the construction works and the construction workers will
create additional demand for water in addition to the existing local demand. Water will mostly be
used in the creation of concrete for construction works and for wetting surfaces or cleaning
completed structures. It will also be used by the construction workers for washing and drinking.
Minimization of water use: A combination of water saving appliances and water management
measures needs to be planned in the proposed project. Rain water harvesting can serve as a
solution to the water problem by capturing the run off. Rainwater harvesting will help in utilizing
the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going into sewer or storm drains.
8.2.2.10 Energy consumption
The proposed project will consume fossil fuels for construction machines (mainly Concrete
mixers, heavy and light trucks; concrete pumps; concrete vibrators; dump trucks; compactors,
diesel generators; water pumps) to run. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may
have serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability. The
proposed project will also use electricity supplied by Ethiopian electric Authority. Electricity in
Ethiopia is generated mainly through natural resources, namely, water and geothermal resources.
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In this regard, there will be need to use electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity
negatively impacts on these natural resources and their sustainability.
Minimization of energy consumption: The Proponent shall ensure responsible electricity use at
the construction site through sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by switching off
electrical equipment or appliances when they are not being used. In addition, proper planning of
transportation of materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not consumed in
excessive amounts. Complementary to these measures, the Proponent shall monitor energy use
during construction and set targets for reduction of energy use.
8.2.2.11. Increased Insecurity
The proposed project may cause an increase in insecurity during the construction phase due to
the increased number of transient workers and suppliers within and around the project site.
Construction sites are known to attract large numbers of semi-skilled and un-skilled labor
searching for job openings and may also use the opportunity to scout for potential robbery or
terror targets.
The Proponent shall be committed to implementing measures that shall reduce security threats by
the following measures:-
 The proposed project plot has to be accessed through a designated entry/exit point during
the transportation of all raw materials in and out the construction phase of the project.
 Security shall be enhanced by ensuring security guards are always posted within and
around the project site and strategic placement of security lights around the site.
 A roster of all construction workers shall be kept while measures shall be put in place to
ensure that loitering by itinerant workers is discouraged.
 Unattended public access to the construction site shall be restricted and only one
entry/exit point shall be used.
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8.2.2.12. Increased Traffic
Obstruction by construction transport vehicles and construction activities adjacent to the nearby
roads during the construction phase may lead to the increase in traffic along the road. This may
be exacerbated if these activities time/schedule coincide with peak traffic hours.
Minimization of construction related traffic: The following measures shall be put in place so
as to manage traffic along surrounding roads during construction:-
 Ensure that the Entry/Exit to the project site is located where it will cause minimal traffic
along the main Road
 Ensure all construction vehicles to and from the construction site use the designated
Entry/Exit to the project site
 All transportation of construction raw materials and excavated materials are to be
conducted at traffic off peak hours only
 Sensitize truck drivers to avoid unnecessary road obstruction
 Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials to avoid spillage and dust
emissions that may interfere with smooth motoring
 Access to driveways has to be maintained at all times unless other arrangements are made
8.2.2.13. Worker’s accidents and public safety
In any civil works, public as well as construction staff safety risks can arise from various
construction activities such as:-
 Deep excavations;
 Operation and movement of heavy equipment and vehicles;
 Injuries from falling objects; and
 Injuries from hand tools.
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Because of the duration and complexity of the construction phase of the proposed project, such
activities need to be controlled and consequently the associated risks will be reduced. Proper
supervision, high workmanship performance, and provision of adequate safety measures will
suppress the likelihood of such impacts on the public and ensure enhanced occupational safety.
To reduce the construction workers accidents and hazards during the construction phase of the
proposed project, the Proponent shall be committed to adherence to the occupational health and
safety rules and regulations stipulated in The Labor law Proclamation 377/2003. In this regard,
the Proponent shall be committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment, as
well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers as outlined in the EMP.
More over the project need to have first aid kit and emergency response plan (Alarm
System/Procedures, Evacuation Routes/Procedures, Emergency Medical Treatment Procedures,
fire or Explosion) (Unconfined) and materials, like Proper PPE, granular absorbent/sand Fire
Blankets.
8.2.3. Operational Phase Adverse Impact Identification and Its Mitigation Measures
This phase is the main consideration of environmental issue of the project. Hence, in assessing
the adverse impacts, an approach that provides realistic background information on the
environmental assessment process has been adopted. The approach considered; the
environmental aspects, the environmental impacts and application of environmentally, friendly
and economically viable mitigation measures. Accordingly, the following methodology has been
employed.
 Identification of the environmental aspects of : construction production Cause and
effect analysis between the environmental aspect and sustainable impact mitigation
measures.
 Environmental Aspect Identification: The environmental aspects of the production
process:
 Natural resource consumption, generation of liquid and solid waste
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The cause-and-effect analysis made by the study team indicates that: Environmental pollution
(soil, water and air); employees’ health hazard; natural resource depletion (water and energy);
generation of solid wastes and impacts on socio-cultural and socio-economic factors are the main
environmental impacts identified to occur during the phase of the project
8.2.3.1. Potential Impacts on Ambient Air Quality
Impact Origin and characteristics
The air quality will be affected during the operation phase with the emission of dust particles
from construction materials, such as cement, gravel, sand operation of machines like Marble
blocks cutting machine, molder machine, tiles machine, and polishing machine, mixer, and
vibrator equipment. For the construction phase, air quality will be mostly affected from heavy
plant, logistic of workers and equipment. The impact receptors are like to include it workers. The
substance, which will most significantly contribute to air pollution, will be particulate matter
(PM10). Particulate matter (PM10) may cause health hazards when it is inhaled. Most of those
dust particles will come from basaltic dust particles.

Mitigating measures are required. It should also be noted that the above mentioned impacts
would vary depending on:
 Number of vehicles operating at a particular time
 Wind regime, temperature and rainfall
 Atmospheric pressure
 Duration of earthworks
Proposed Mitigating Measures

In order to minimize the effects of particulate emissions during the site clearing and
the operation phase, the selected contractor will be required to:
 Spray both the earth works with water depending upon the atmospheric conditions
and the number of workers present on site.
 Ensure the protection and well-being of the employees by minimizing their
vulnerabilities to falling objects or dust generated by the machinery on-site.
 The Project manager shift system and take care that his workers wear necessary
protection like masks, safety glasses, and ensure that the necessary and standard
precautions are rigorously followed to prevent loss of human life.
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 Make sure that a mechanical team is present during site works to control
PM10emissions generated by the machinery.
 Reduce dust particles that might be carried away by the wind-a shelter will be used
to stock the resources.
 Properly stack dust mounts, Marble and Terrazzo rubbles and wooden wastes.
 Maintain access to site and internal roads in good condition to minimize dust
propagation.
 Adequate buffer zones will be allowed between the sites and existing built up
8.2.3.2 Potential Impact on Noise Quality and Vibration
8.2.3.2.1 Noise and vibration impacts from operation of machines
The study area is industrial zone where a number of factories operating. Therefore, the area is
generally exposed to high levels of noise or vibration levels. Any excessive noise will have a
detrimental effect on peoples’ health and may increase annoyance and raise complaints. Some
noise pollution will be unavoidable, especially during the construction and operation phases. The
noise involved during the construction/operation ph as e will be the result of operation of
marble, granite blocks and tiles machine, Terrazzo preparation machine, polishing machine,
mixer, vibrator, mold cutting machine, compressor, generator electric grinders, welding and
drilling machine and equipment.
The operation of the proposed project will likely generate noise and vibration levels that could
potentially elevate the baseline condition possibly causing disturbance or damage to nearby
surrounding communities Noise may pose health and safety problems for the workers. To
understand the actual impacts on workers a consideration of the frequency, intensity and
protective equipment provided needs to be made. Noise may also disturb local communities that
live close to the site or along transport routes. However, considering that they are adopting the
most stringent noise limits in the Ethiopian standards and given that the highest predicted noise
levels at night which is less than 45 dB (A), the noise impacts are expected to be tolerable by the
residents of these communities as higher noise limits for night time (45 to 50 dB (A) are set in
the Ethiopian standards for residential areas in the city or near main roads.
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Further mitigation measures could be adopted to reduce noise limits to permissible noise levels
including:
 The processing machine/equipment needs to use the best available noise control
techniques (e.g., improved mufflers; equipment redesign; use of intake silencers, ducts,
engine enclosures and/or acoustically attenuating shields or shrouds) wherever feasible
and necessary.
 Use of properly tuned engines, proper mountings and muffling of equipment and
equipment fitted with silencers;
 Provision of permanent enclosures around the heavy noise producing equipment;
 Ensuring good maintenance and repair of the heavy equipment;
 All equipment shall be switched off when not in use.
 Stationary noise sources shall be located as far from sensitive receptors as possible. If
they must be located near sensitive receptors, they shall be muffled to the extent feasible
and enclosed within temporary shed.
 Buffer zone of green areas consisting of tall and thick bushes and trees will act as an
effective noise barrier.
Adopting the proposed mitigation measures would most likely reduce the noise impacts
generated from marble Blocks and Terrazzo Tiles, production operation during evening and
night-time period to a minor effect
8.2.3.2.2 Noise pollution caused by Raw and Finished Material Transportation

[
Issue and implications statements: This activity can bring about significant increase in the
noise levels in the vicinity of the crushing unit due to the heavy transport deployed to bring the
raw material to the site. The loaded trucks are also slow moving vehicles and if the access roads
are not wide enough they can cause overall traffic slowdowns and congestion during peak hours.
Further the transport of crushed stones and fines in bulk through open trucks also causes the
emission of dusts into the air and spattering of fine stones on vehicles and other users of the
roads taken by the product truck.
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With no mitigation measures in place to reduce the impacts on the health and safety of public
community/local settlers situated along the road, repercussions highly likely to occur and are
anticipated to be significant and of long-term nature.
Proposed Mitigation measures: Location of plant has to be such that ingress of heavy vehicles
does not block the traffic. Evening and late night operation is avoided if passage is through
residential areas. Tarpaulins when transporting crush to prevent fall out of fines and emissions of
dust should cover payload area
8.2.3.2.3 Noise and Dust caused by Crushing and Screening
Issue and implications statements: The main aspects of these activities are generation of noise
and dust. There are:
 Emissions during unloading of mined stones at crusher site
 Emissions during Crushing Operations
 Emissions during Material Movement and Transfer
 Emissions during Vibratory Screening Operation
 Conveyors and crushed both generate mechanical sound as well as large amounts of dust.
 Water used for cooling purposes will also carry large load of suspended solids.
Dust and Noise Containment: In general, enclosures provided for dust control in equipment
and conveyors are inadequate. Dust containment enclosures are required for the purpose of
containing the emissions within an enclosure and to prevent wind currents, which can spread the
dust to larger areas. Such enclosures are recommended for following areas.
 Primary crusher, marble and granite discharge area
 Vibratory screen
 Product storage hoppers (optional)
 Belt Conveyors (optional)
The enclosures should be, complete from all four sides and roof. There should not be open
windows/opening etc. The gaps should be sealed using gaskets or wool type packing etc.
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Dust Suppression: The dust suppression system should comprise of a covered water storage
tank, a pump, an online water filter, connecting GI pipes, spray nozzles each fitted with flow
regulating valves. The recommended locations where sprays could be located are:
 Spray on the stones while Unloading from the truck/dumper

 Spray at the primary crusher feeder chute
 Spray at the secondary/tertiary crusher inlet chute/hoppers
 Spray at the transfer points from one belt conveyor to another
 Spray at crusher discharge points
 Spray gravel road to suppress dusts likely to be caused by heavy trucks
8.2.3.3. Impacts from solid, liquid and Hydrocarbons Waste Materials
The proposed project activities can produce different types of waste ranging from hazardous to
non-hazardous, and in effect require safe waste disposal and differentiated treatment. Empty
containers and sacks, and washing waters are the major spheres of concern.Where solid wastes
are not well managed offensive odors may be generated and seepage may result in the
contamination of soil and water resources.
8.2.3.3.1. Impacts from solid waste
Solid waste is likely to be generated insignificant amount during the construction phase of the
development. Appropriate measures therefore need to be taken to cater for the adequate disposal
of such solid wastes. Improper solid waste disposal may also lead to skin diseases. Moreover
solid waste will deteriorate the general aspect of the site and its surroundings. Organic wastes
will comprise mainly of domestic refuse like food and garden debris like fallen leaves, broken
branches and lawn mowing. During the operational phase, the inorganic waste likely to be
generated will include:
 Granite, marble rubbles and blocks
 Cement sheets
 Wooden and metallic beams
 Paper, plastic, cartons
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 aluminum scraps
 Blocks, rocks, boulders
 Broken tiles, glass debris
 Metal debris, cans and tins
 Organic waste generated during the operation stage will be minimal and shall
include, food consumed by workers on site.
Mitigating measures adopted to account for the generation of solid waste during the operation
stage include the following:
 Wastes shall not be disposed in unauthorized bare land nor be burnt on site
 Appropriate fence should be used to prevent propagation of the debris via strong
winds
 Inorganic waste, which can be re processed, will be catered away in properly
equipped vehicles to the nearest transfer stations for an eventual transfer to a land
fill site.
Strict guidelines will be put in place in order to manage the solid waste production during the
operational phase of the development. The main goals of the guidelines will be to ensure
adopting recycling techniques and encouraging sorting of solid waste at source into organic
and inorganic wastes .In addition to the above, the following mitigating measures are
proposed:
 Sorting at source will be encouraged to separate organic and inorganic solid

wastes.
 Materials such as plastic and glass may be sent to factories for recycling
purposes
 Hazardous materials (if any) will also be collected, stored and transferred to
a neighboring landfill.
 Bins will be placed at various locations to collect paper, plastic, cans etc.
Using the above techniques, the promoter expects to keep risks of contamination low and
volume of solid waste to a minimum.
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8.2.3.3.2. Impact from Wastewater Discharge
Manufacturing industry is well-known not to consume that much water. Major waste water will
be produced by the personnel daily house hold uses, the cooling and washing of the machines, flushing
and cleaning.
The mixed sanitary and domestic wastewater will be generated from the camp site operation
during project. Improper disposal of generated wastewater could result in groundwater
contamination with chemical as well as biological contaminants. Also, secondary impacts from
mixed wastewater discharge and storage can include odor generation, and attraction of flies and
incidence of associated vector diseases.
If no mitigation and control measures are in place, the potential effects of the small volume of
discharge are anticipated to be significant

As part of proposed Waste Management Plan, septic tanks should be designed to handle
wastewater generated from the existing facilities/base camps. Therefore, no untreated sanitary
wastes or wastewaters will be discharged to the land or to the permanent surface water bodies
from the different sources. Additionally, storage of mixed wastewater shall be done in closed
lined septic tank excavated on site.
 Collection of all waste water from all utilities in the underground sealed cesspool land recycling
the water used for machine cooling. The cesspool will be professionally emptied by special
sewage tanks once filled and disposed according to the acting municipality regulations. Such
methodology of handling wastewater will prevent any seepage of bad water to the groundwater
aquifers.
 Waste water pit shall be constantly monitored by the project environmental focal person.
Wastewater shall be evacuated from pit by a local subcontractor with sealed lined steel
containers mounted on trucks when septic pit is filled to avoid wastewater overflow.
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 Sewage generated from the different units of manufacturing industry will be connecting
to the septic tank
 With the proper application on the wastewater management plant, impact on groundwater
quality from wastewater storage in septic tanks is expected to be minor and its
occurrence low and the proper application of the above listed mitigation measures.
8.2.3.3.3. Impacts from Hydrocarbon wastes
Diesel will be used to power most of the plants during the operational phase. Hydrocarbon
wastes might occur through spillage from mechanical breakdown and servicing of vehicles,
equipment and machinery. During heavy rainfall, surface runoffs will occur and might carry
away the hydrocarbon wastes through the existing water storm drainage system. Spillage might
also occur from work with pitch or tarmac

 Good maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery: Vehicles, equipment and
machinery shall be maintained properly to prevent leakage of hydrocarbons and other
automotive fluids.
 All maintenance shall occur in designated areas located away from waterways.
 Spill prevention and response equipment including drip pans, drop cloths, and absorbent
materials shall be kept at all designated maintenance and fueling areas. Steel sheet-piling
will also be used as an effective secondary containment for any potential surface spill.
 Waste generated during project activities shall be stored in designated waste collection
tanks away from water ways. Steel sheet-piling used, in the vicinity of the project area,
will extend above the ground surface to prevent the possibility of any spilled
hydrocarbons from reaching surface water adjacent to the site.
 The guilty parties shall be notified immediately in the event of an unintentional spill to
ensure clean up and disposal of the spilled material. This will also act as a measure to
protect hydrocarbon wastes from being spilled.
8.2.3.4. Adverse impacts related to Health and Safety and Mitigation Measures
64
Some aspects of the project operation process present potential risks for the health and safety of
workers on site. The handling of dangerous substances and the operation of the equipment of the
plant for instance present risks that should be prevented and managed adequately in order to
ensure the health and safety of workers on site. Storage, transport and handling of the various
substances used should be done in accordance with applicable instructions (material safety data
sheets). Employees’ health hazard is minimal if protective gears are provided to them. Noise
pollution during machine operation could cause hearing problem to employee’s additionally
mechanical harms and electrical shocks are also common impacts. The impacts that can make
workers handicap will have a cumulative socio-economic impact.
To ensure the health and safety of factory workers, the proponent has to equip his workers with
the necessary personal protective first aid medication facilities. Therefore, the following actions
need to be taken to mitigate the impact:
o Availing heath facility, having the following duties and responsibilities

 Giving 1st Aid before formal treatment
 Supply workers with protective equipment;
 Regular workers health check-up or examination in every service years.
 Maintaining safe workplaces, plant and work systems;
 Providing information, instruction and training enabling employees to work without
hazards; Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives and/ or other
employees
 Provision air-conditioned environmental operated devices;
 Install sackers and hoods for fumes protection;
 To control impacts from machine shop section, installation of automatic devices to be
able to detect defection which helps in removing hand from scarf ling;
 Using Different light lifting machines for work simplicity,
 Accidents control, investigations, analysis and reporting in the company manufacturing
activities, and
 Regular workers health check-up or examination in every production years.
 Maintaining safe workplaces, plant and work systems;
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 Providing information, instruction and training enabling employees to work without

hazards;
 Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives and/ or other
employees about occupational health, safety and welfare;
 Ensuring all work procedures are undertaken without exposing workers to hazards
 A special training courses, related with the existence of potentials for safety and health
hazards beyond the workplace, as well as with the development and application of an
appropriate measures for prevention of the personnel, will be conducted to all employees,
involved with in granite blocks, Pavement Tiles, and material handling activities
 A special kind of Handbook for Safety and Health Prevention Instructions should be
created. This Handbook will contain all appropriate measures for safety and health
prevention for all personnel at the new facility.
 All plant’s personnel (with no exception) should be familiarized with the appropriate
measures, developed in the Handbook.
 The process and equipment has to be chosen to minimize the environmental impact of the
Unit. The manufacturing process chosen should be characterized by the lowest levels of
energy usage and flue gas emission. Pollution control systems have been integrated into
the Unit right from conception stage.
8.2.3.5. Increased demand for Water use
The demand of the project for operation as well as potable water has been estimated to be
3
approximately 80m /day that could have some impacts on the water sources in the area. Water
will be sourced from the Dukem town water and sewerage company mains supply line and rain
water storage tank. The Ethiopian ministry of water resources recommends the need for
judicious use of water resources while the national physical development Policy sets out clearly
defined guidelines for efficient use of water resources:
 Reduction of losses in water supply systems
 Augmentation of service reservoir storage capacity
 Rehabilitation and strengthening of water distribution Networks
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Theproposedmitigatingmeasurestoreducepressureonwaterresourcesintheprojectarea includes the

following:
 Encourage Rainwater harvesting

 Ensure no leakage occurs in the potable water distribution network in the working
premises
 Encourage employees not to waste water.
 Setting up of a monitoring system to ensure water losses are kept to a minimum
 Reduce water delivery in taps through the installation of low flow devices or
aerators on taps
 Press action taps and flush valves shall be used to minimize water wastage sensors
on urinals, which ensure flushes, occur only when required in public areas of the
proposed project; and
 Install water efficient plumbing.
8.2.3.6. Increased Electricity/energy Consumption
During operation, the manufacturing industry will use a lot of electrical energy mainly for
purposes of machine operations include lighting, running of electrical gadgets including office
equipment, air conditioning equipment, refrigeration systems, pumping water into reservoirs.
Since electricity generation involves utilization of natural resources, excessive electricity
consumption will strain the resources and negatively impact on their sustainability.
Fuel releases carbon dioxide which is greenhouse gas that contributes a lot to the global warming. Global
warming is the main talking all over the world and every nation is working to get a solution for it. The
energy use of the manufacture involves a relatively high number of processing steps, thus a high energy
use.
 Install alternative energy source: such as solar power and/or consider use of a highly
efficient, inverter-type split-cycle system for heating and cooling, which also uses a more
environmentally friendly refrigerant
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 Setting up of an underground electrical network to minimize risks of electrical power

losses and cuts during tropical storms.
 Minimize effects of magnetic fields within the internal electrical network of the project to
reduce electrical power losses.
 Staff shall be sensitized to switch off machinery, equipment and lights when not being
used
 Install energy saving bulbs and fluorescent lights
8.2.3.7. Economic Development Induced Adverse Impacts
Socio-Cultural Impacts: Apparently, the project is likely to have some positive change to socio
economic situation of the area. The livelihood of the surrounding area will gradually shift to
salary-based livelihood. This shift which may induce change in the life style will have a short-
term to medium-term consequence. Household resource management conflict, alcoholism,
widespread of crime, traditional social hierarchy and value system may be compromised.
However, because of the relative urban influence on the population of the project area (the
influence of the nearby town on the local people is already perceived), cultural conflict is not
expected as a result of the arrival of the project workers from other area.
Socio-Economic Impacts: Employees’ health hazard impacts can cause workers handicap as a
result it brings a cumulative socio-economic impact. The cumulative impact of employee’s
health hazard particularly, work area caused accidents related partial or total handicappers will
have significant social impact on the workers in general and economic impact for his/her family
in particular.
Suggested Mitigation Measures: In addition, those recommendations that prevents the root
cause of the impact (i.e. preventing and controlling work area health hazardous); facilitating
insurance policy and procedures for work area caused body damages particularly for permanent
workers is the proposed mitigation measures.
8.2.4. Decommissioning Phase Impacts and Its Mitigation Measures
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The negative impacts and mitigation measures discussed below are associated with the proposed
project during decommissioning phase.
8.2.4.1. Noise and Vibration
The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within
the proposed project site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result of the noise and
vibrations that will be experienced during demolition.
High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
minimized as described in construction phase.
8.2.4.2. Air Pollution
Dust will be generated during demolition works of the proposed project from the demolition
activities. This will mainly affect demolition workers. In addition, soil will be used in
rehabilitation and re-instatement to pre-project status, this will add to the amount of dust that will
be generated during rehabilitation. However, it will be minimal. Exhaust emission will also be
experienced during decommissioning from the trucks that will be transporting the demolished
objects to the disposal sites and storage areas. Large quantities of dust will be generated during
demolition works, which affects both demolition staff as well as the neighboring establishments.
High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
minimized as described in in construction phase.
8.2.4.3 Solid waste generation
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Demolition of the proposed project will result in large quantities of solid waste. Although
demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are
composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may
lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. In addition, the non-toxic
chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia which may be released as a result of
leaching of demolition wastes are known to lead to degradation of groundwater quality.
Solid waste resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be managed as described in in
construction phase.
8.2.4.4. Health and safety
Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of the demolition activities is likely to be experienced.
This could be as a result of accidents involving from construction equipment.
Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of demolition activities shall be mitigated by ensuring
that appropriate health and safety measures are applied in all activities; fencing all unsafe and
dangerous areas; and continuous monitoring of environmental health (air quality, water quality,
vegetation, noise) at all main receptor points around the site until site handover.
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9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN
9.1. Environmental Management Plan
The proposed mitigation measures will be implemented and monitored through the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in order to address all possible negative
environmental impacts that may be experienced through time as a result of the proposed project
activities.
The identified mitigation measures and proposed monitoring plan shall be conducted as soon
as the project implemented to ensure that all the major issues outlined are addressed in order to
minimize impacts during the different phases of project implementation. The Project/Site
manager will be responsible for implementing the EMP.
71
Table 5 Environmental Management Plan

5.1. Construction phase Environmental Management Plan
Description of Impacts Mitigation measures Indicators Responsible Time cost
Body
Impact on soil erosion Soil Stabilization, careful movement o f Absence/reduced Erosion Project Manager Construction 150,000
materials, equipment and vehicles, phase
refurbishment works using the soils
displaced during the digging of foundations
trenches , confining vehicular movements
to specific areas & green area development
(Tree planting)
High demand for raw materials Source materials from local suppliers, No of local suppliers sourced ,planned Project Manager Construction Part of
ordering/utilizing actual construction material utilization and Minimal damage of raw
phase construction
only and minimizing damage through proper materials
cost
storage.
Noise pollution and vibration proper management of construction vehicles No of sensitization workshops Project Manager Construction Part of
and machinery to switch off engines of vehicles conducted for operators, no of equipment phase construction
or machinery not being used, the Use quiet with noise control elements, no of trees cost
equipment ,trees plantation to create buffer planted and noise reduction measures in
zone against noise propagation and Promotion place
of noise reduction measures
72
Impacts on air quality provision of effective dust screen, sheeting or Amount of dust per volume of air, no of Project Manager Construction Part of
netting , Pave, apply water when necessary, or paved access roads, parking areas and phase construction
apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on all unpaved staging areas at construction site and cost
access roads, parking areas and staging areas at number of sensitization workshops
construction site, Post signs to limit vehicle conducted for drivers and machine
speeds, proper management and maintenance operators
of construction equipment and machineries and
sensitization of truck drivers and machine
operators to avoid unnecessary racing of
Disposal of Solid Waste engines. Solid waste management system in place Project Manager Construction 70,000
Use of an integrated solid waste management
phase
system i.e. Source reduction, Recycling,
Reuse, Combustion and Sanitary land filling.
Increased storm water, Surface runoff and roof water shall be Rain water harvesting structure , erosion Project Manager Construction Part of
harvested and stored for reuse. leveling of the control measures and interconnected phase construction
runoff
project site to reduce run-off velocity and open drains systems in place cost
increase infiltration of storm water into the
High water demand soil, interconnection
Harvest rainwater of
forallconstruction
open drains ,activities Presence of rain water harvesting Project Manager & Throughout Part of
usage, installation of water conserving taps and
structures and water conserving taps and Construction construction
discharge meter to monitor total water usage
discharge meter phase cost
One-off
Energy resource utilization Installing energy saving fluorescent tubes at Installation of sensing light and l energy Project Manager One-off 70,000
all lighting points within the project area and saving fluorescent tubes and energy
monitor energy use and set targets for efficient monitoring efficiency Continuous
energy use
73
Safety and security Ensure the general safety and security at all Presence of day and night security guards Project Manager Continuous Part of
times by providing day and night security
guards and adequate lighting within and around investment
the construction site.
cost
Increased traffic, Ensure all construction vehicles to and from the Number of incidents/complaints per Project Manager Throughout Part of
construction site use the designated Entry/Exit month construction
obstruction to the project site , Cover all trucks hauling soil, period construction
sand and other loose materials to avoid spillage
and dust emissions that may interfere with cost
smooth motoring and access to driveways will
be maintained at all times.
74
Occupational Health And Adherence to safety procedures, safety Presence of safety and health policies, project Manager & Continuous
Safety Risks education and training. deliver and store health scheme in place for the employees
Developer
materials at appropriate locations, provision of
mobile toilets, medical examination of all ;Number of employees trained Presence
construction workers machinery, equipment, of safety procedures
personal protective equipment, appliances and ,No. of employees wear protective
hand tools used in construction do comply clothing at all time
with the prescribed safety and health standards
Machine and equipment management,
and be appropriately installed maintained and Store management
safeguarded
All machines and other moving parts of
equipment must be enclosed or guarded to
protect all workers from injury, proper
maitainace of the manufcturing,
Provide measures to deal with emergencies and 80,000

accidents including adequate first aid
arrangements and provide certified person in
first aid, Firefighting equipment such as fire
extinguishers should be provided at strategic
locations such as stores and construction areas
75
Regular maintenance of the project

area, Emergency plan & provision
provision adequate natural ventilation through
circulation of fresh air artificial and natural of first aid,
lighting in all parts the super structure in which
Adequate ventilation, lighting in
persons are working or passing and all electrical
equipment must be earthed, place, Access of workers to potable
Construction workers are provided with an water and suitability of Sanitary

adequate supply of wholesome drinking water facilities
which should be maintained at suitable and
accessible points, clean, orderly, adequate and
suitable washing facilities are provided and
maintained within the site
5.2. Operational phase Environmental Management Plan
Description of Impacts Indicators Responsible Time cost

Body
76
Ambient Air Quality Pollution All precautions to reduce the level of dust Reduced Dust effect on the health Environmental officer Thought the Operational
emissions from the mixing and production of workers as well as the public in construction and Cost
the surrounding communities. Project Manger operation period
machines shall be undertaken.
Normal growth rate of the plants Regulatory Authority
The processing area should be confined (closed attained
system) that the dust will not be out of the area
of production.
The production machines should be fitted with

dust extraction units. And the workers should
take care of the healthy and should wear proper
clothes for dust protection.
Air quality monitoring should be conducted as

per Environmental Monitoring Plan.
Noise pollution Minimized /absence of noise Project proponent/ Project operation 50,000
Reduction of noise at its source ,relocation of
disturbing the community and the manager phases
noisy machines to an isolated area, provision
no of workers provided with ear
of employees who are exposed to high noise
protective gears and appropriate
levels with individual ear protection and green
clothing
area development to create a buffer zone
Generation of Solid Wastes Presence of system in place to Project manager operation 90,000
Efficient management of wastes generated at the
ensure that there is proper phases
facility through recycling, reuse and proper
management of the waste in place
disposal procedures.
77
Waste Water Generation Use of septic tanks; that involves the Efficient management of liquid Project manager operation 200,000
wastes through proper disposal phases
construction of underground concrete-made
procedures.
tanks to store the sludge with soak pits.
.
Risks of Hydrocarbon Spillage Good maintenance of vehicles, equipment and Presence of oil/grease trap Project manager operation phases Part of
machinery in strict control rules of supervision operation
a designated areas located away from in place Cost
waterways and ensure clean up and disposal of
the spilled material.
Increased water use Rain water and development of its own water Water management and rational Project management operation phases 150,000
sources, avoidance of water leakage in the utilization of water and
distribution network and by employees. development of its own water
sources
Increased energy consumption Usage of renewable energy, solar based power Presence of stand by generator and Project management operation phases
and setting up of an underground electrical the use of renewable energy
network to minimize risks of electrical power
losses and cuts during tropical storms.
Health Risk of Workers Implement a safety and health policies ,Put Presence of safety and health Project manager Construction
in place a health scheme for the employees and policies, health scheme in place for and operation
ensure that employees are regularly trained and the employees and the number of phases 70,000
drilled to fire fighting and safety techniques; employees trained
78
Safety of Workers Periodic training of operating staff in safety Presence of safety procedures and Project manager operation phases
and emergency procedures; implementation of number of employees wear
emergency procedure on site; and Ensuring protective clothing at all time
that the employees wear protective clothing at
all times during all the three phases of project
implementation;
5.3 DECOMMISSIONNIG PHASE

Description of Impacts Mitigation measures Indicators Responsible Time cost
Body
Noise and vibration Carrying out the decommissioning works Quality of PPEs (ear muffs, ear Project Manager Decommission Part of
plugs) and amount of noise phases decommission
only during the specified time
generated:
from ,machineries maintenance to reduce noise dB Cost
resulting from friction, provision of workers
with Personal Protective Equipment and
shielding the area to reduce noise propagation
Decreased in Air quality Using efficient equipment and machines, using Amount of gaseous emissions per Project Manager Decommission Part of
day: ppm in air per day and phases decommission
clean fuels and dust screens and removing
amount of particulate emission
components with potential of emitting per day: ppm in air per day Cost
hazardous gases or particulates separately and
under caution to prevent emissions.
79
Solid waste generation . Project Manager Decommission 20,000

Employing a waste management plan, Amount of wastes generated per
phases
regulation, reducing, reusing ,recycling day i.e. kg/day per specific waste
recovering, rethinking and
renovation, type. Quality of PPEs and quality
removing reusable and recyclable material and capacity of waste
from the project before demolition to minimize management equipment (bins,
the amount of waste and allocating signs, PPEs etc.)
responsibilities for waste management and
identifying all sources of wastes, and ensuring
wastes are handled
Health and safety adequate training of workers on the use of the Number of incidents/accidents Project Manager & HSO Decommission
equipment, provision of workers with per monthly, Quality of all phases
adequate PPEs , Placing visible and readable PPEs, Visibility and clarity of
signs around where there are risks and signs and alerts, Efficiency of
undertaking the riskier demolition activities equipment such as firefighting
first and in isolation ,ensuring there is equipment, Level of 50,000
security i n and around the site to control the awareness of workers
movement of people
80
8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
The major elements of the proposed environmental impact monitoring program that should be
monitored during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project are set
out below:
 Compliance of construction works with site management and landscape plans.

 Inspection of quarry licenses to ensure earth materials are obtained only from licensed
operators.
 Proper transportation and storage of construction material.
 The location of hard standings should be monitored bi-monthly to ensure that they are
placed away from drainage features on the site and do not end up in the marine
environment.
 Earth materials transport to ensure that trucks are properly covered to prevent spillage
and the generation of dust.
 The proponent must immediately and completely clean up spills of materials in public
areas.
 Solid waste disposal practices to ensure appropriate on-site management and final
disposal at approved dump.
 The labor camp ensures installation of VIP toilets and the proper disposal of sewage and
labor camp solid waste.
Water quality monitoring on a monthly basis throughout construction phase; ensure that the
construction works are not negatively impacting ground water quality. The parameters that
should be monitored are salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, faucal and
total coli forms.
81
Table 6 Environmental monitoring plan

6.1. Construction phase Environmental monitoring plan
Mitigation measures Indicator Responsible body Means of Time Cost
verification,
MOV
Minimizing soil erosion
Phase the site clearance exercise so Site Manager/ Site diary Daily Part of construction
as to reduce the amount of exposed Reduced/ Absence soil erosion contractor cost
soil at any given time.
Well-designed paving and drainage in Site Manager/

Re-cover exposed soils with grass place contractor
and other appropriate species as Design plans and
soon as possible. Site Manager/ Site Inspections Daily
contractor
Temporarily bund exposed soil and
redirect flows from heavy runoff
Site Manager/ Design plans and
areas.
contractor site diary Daily
Monitor areas of exposed soil
Ensure Efficient Use of f Raw Materials
82
Accurate budgeting and estimation Efficient utilization of construction Site Manager/ Budget report Throughout Part of construction
of actual construction requirements materials contractor construction cost
Report/inspection
Ensure that wastage, damage or loss
of materials Report/inspection
Reuse/Recycle of materials
Minimization of noise and vibration

Prescribe noise reduction measures Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
contractor construction cost
Quality of PPEs (ear muffs, ear
Use quiet equipment plugs)
Amount of noise generated: dB

Ensure use of well serviced and
maintained vehicles and equipment.
Minimization of dust generation and emission

Provide effective dust screen, Absence of dust Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
sheeting or netting contractor construction cost
Water all active construction areas

when necessary;
Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand

and other loose materials
83
Use of electrically operated

construction machinery
Minimize solid waste generation and ensure efficient solid waste management during construction
A site waste management plan Approved A site waste management Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
should be prepared plan contractor construction cost
Vegetation and combustible waste Reduced/Absence of solid waste

must not be burned on the site
Reusable inorganic waste
Avoidance of Unusable construction

waste
Controlling soil erosion, water logging
Terracing, leveling and ripping off Reduced/Absence of soil erosion and Site Manager/ Throughout Part of construction
compacted areas water logging contractor construction cost
Digging trenches and cut off drains

to channel runoff into drainages
Harvesting of Surface runoff and

roof water
Reduced Impacts on landscape integration and protection of Natural Resources

Promote landscape integration and Number of trees planted Maintenance Site Inspections Operation Part of the
84
environmental protection phase operation
Give attention to environmental management Reports cost
recommendations in laying out of

the project
Lay out green areas and gardens to

make the site more pleasant (using
indigenous plants)
Place the parking lot in an

inconspicuous area of the project
Minimization of surface and groundwater contamination
preparations for quick and safe Reduced/Absence of ground water Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
cleanup of accidental spills contamination contractor construction cost
Minimization of water use

water saving appliances and water Approved plan water saving appliances Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
management measures will be and water management measures contractor construction cost
planned
Rain water harvesting Harvested rain water
Minimization of energy consumption

responsible electricity use Installation of sensing light Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
Install energy saving fluorescent tubes
85
Minimization of insecurity
a designated entry/exit point Presence of entry/exit point Site Manager/ Throughout Part of construction
security guards are always posted Presence of day and night security
guards
Minimization of construction related traffic
Ensure that the Entry/Exit to the Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
project site is located where it will contractor construction cost
cause minimal traffic along the main
Road
Sensitize truck drivers to avoid

unnecessary road obstruction
Work hours shall be restricted

Minimization of risks of accidents and injuries to workers
The Proponent shall be committed Presence of safety procedures Site Manager/ Report/inspection Throughout Part of construction
to provision of appropriate personal contractor construction cost
protective equipment, as well as No. of employees wear protective
ensuring a safe and healthy clothing at all time
environment for construction
workers as outlined in the EMP.
8.2. Operational Phase Environmental Monitoring Plan
86
verification,
MOV
Traffic management
Access to driveways will be Number of incidents/complaints per Contractor, Report/inspection Operation Part of operation
maintained at all times month phase cost
Project Proponent
"No Parking" signs will be posted Traffic Police
Ensure efficient water use

Developing borehole , Installing No of borehole, Efficient plumbing Project proponent & Report/inspection Operation Part of operation
water efficient plumbing and contractor phase cost
reduction of water delivery in taps
Ensure efficient energy consumption

Project proponent & Report/inspection Operation Part of operation
Install alternative energy No of Alternative energy contractor phase cost
Install energy saving bulbs and Installed energy saving fluorescent
fluorescent lights tubes
Ensuring efficient solid waste management
87
A waste management plan such as: waste collection facility Disposal contractor Invoices, and Operation Part of the
Sorting stored in designated waste Solid waste Site Inspections phase operation cost
collection tanks away from water municipality
ways, reducing at source separate management
organic and inorganic solid wastes,
recycling and dispose at landfill.
Ensuring efficient Waste Water Generation

Waste water pit shall be constantly Presence of pit latrine and Company Maintenance Reports and Operation Part of the
monitored, sealed lined steel emergency plan local subcontractor water testing phase operation
containers mounted on trucks when records cost
septic pit is filled to avoid wastewater
overflow.
Reduced Risks of Hydrocarbon Spillage from Diesel Storage to Stand by Units

Good maintenance of vehicles, Frequency of vehicles serviced, fuel Contracted, Mechanic Vehicle service Operation Part of the
equipment and prevent leakage of storage facilities in place and and management Records, phase operation
hydrocarbons and other automotive Spillage in the fueling area Complaints cost
fluids. records
Spill prevention and response
equipment including drip pans, drop
cloths, and absorbent materials shall
be kept at all designated maintenance
and fueling areas.
88
Decreased Noise pollution

Number of noise awareness Developers Site inspections Operation Part of the
Reduce noise at its source, relocate campaigns conducted phase operation
noisy machines to an isolated area or Management Complaints cost
away from the project area and its records
surroundings
Publications
Ensure occupational health and safety

Supply workers with protective Presence of safety and health Project proponent Operation Part of operation
equipment; Regular workers health policies, health scheme in place for phase cost
check-up or examination in every the employees and number of
service years, Availing emergency employees trained
tool kit and maintaining safe
workplaces, plant and work systems;
Decommissioning Phase
verification,
MOV
Reduced Noise and vibration
Number of noise awareness Developers, Site inspections, Decommissio Part of the

Reduce noise at its source, Install campaigns conducted Management complaints decommission
ning phase
sound insulation and other means of records and cost
89
damping vibrations, Relocate noisy Publications

machines to an isolated area or away
from the project area and its
surroundings, Provision ear
protection
Decreased Air Quality Pollution

Change the filters of air conditioning Company emergency plan, air Maintenance Disciplinary Decommissionin Part of the
equipment regularly, engines pollution effects on human health Site Manager records, Site g phase decommission
mangement , provision of ventilation, and Air quality maintained to the design and Site cost
creation of non-smoking places in stand diary
public areas
Ensuring efficient solid waste management

Wastes generated at the facility waste disposal Site inception Decommissionin Part of the
adequately cleaned, dismantled and through selling, recycling, reuse and contractors g phase decommission
stored under suitable conditions until proper disposal procedures. cost
it can be sold, disposed or recycled
Presence of system in place to
The Site will be secured in the event ensure that there is proper storage of
that the Site will be vacant for an the waste
extended period of time
Removal of any chemicals or wastes

stored on site
90
Ensure Health and safety

Fencing all unsafe and dangerous Presence of safety and health Project proponent & Decommissionin Part of the
areas; policies HSO g phase decommission
continue to monitor environmental health scheme in place for the cost
health employees;
Number of employees trained
91
8.2.1 Institutional Framework for Monitoring, Reporting and Supervision
In order to ensure that the identified environmental issues are addressed throughout the life cycle
of the project, there is a need for all key stakeholders to collaborate. The main objective of this
collaborating network is to ensure that mitigation measures outlined in the contracts are being
properly implemented by the project owner. The main responsibilities of the collaborating
network will be:-
 complement the efforts for continuous monitoring and assessment of the

implementation of the environmental management plan.
 Liaise with respective local authorities on environmental issues which may arise during
the operation of the project.
Monitoring arrangements: To avoid deliberate creation of gaps between what actually gets
implemented on the ground, the contracts must spell out the sanctions for non-compliance with
mitigation measures. The developer/ project proponent is to compile an activity environmental
report from the field visits that will form the basis for assessment of environmental
performance.
During operational phase: The local authority should be responsible for monitoring and
management of all indirect impacts occurring in the project area. The following table illustrates
the different stakeholders and their monitoring responsibilities and reporting.
92
8.3. Budget for Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
To execute the proposed mitigation measure and to deal with the expected impacts of the project,
the project proponent is committed to allocate 1,220,000.00 ETB. The Company will also form a
unit of an environmentalist to implement the environmental management plan in accordance of
the schedule. The company believes that EMP needs close follow up of Oromia Regional State,
surrounding Finfinne Special Zone, Dukam town Administration, environmental protection,
forest and climate change authority. Furthermore, the project needs to seriously monitor the
proper implementation of the environmental management plan. The project is expected to report
every six month regarding the implementation of the management plan of the project.
ESIA on construction Material Production
9. FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1. Findings and Conclusions
The EIA Study of Construction materials manufacturing to be sited Dukam town, Surrounding
Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State has identified the key environmental aspects
that need to be attended. Mitigation measures for the likely impact during construction, operation
and decommissioning of the project have been suggested. Environmental Management Plan that
includes environmental performance monitoring has been proposed to ensure that:
 The structures and materials for Construction materials manufacturing and raw materials
as well as machinery, equipment and accessories required for the project conforms the
recommended standards and follows standard practice of civil works of construction.
 The Project site is not considered environmentally sensitive and the measures
recommended to adequately mitigate the impact on the environment with careful
monitoring on a regular basis will ensure no permanent adverse impacts.
 The mitigation measures are deemed adequate for the minor impacts identified. The
proposed project, when commissioned, would become an integral part of the
microenvironment of Dukam town, Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia
Regional State.
 The environmental management plan proposed in this report would govern environmental
performance. Additionally it would be committed to the proposed Environmental
Management & Monitoring Plan. The environmental safeguards will have to be
monitored by concerned agencies. Due diligence with mandatory coordination among
various stakeholders will further ensure mitigation of any adverse impacts.
This EIA for the establishment of Construction materials manufacturing in ukam town,
Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State finds that:
 Environmental parameters related to the processes and operations of the project have
been reviewed and found that, the air-shed of the proposed site for the establishment of
the proposed project falls in the “unpolluted” category. The addition of a small quality of
Page 94
air emissions as a result of the prosed project will not degrade the air quality of the air-
shed.
 The construction material manufacturing assets to be reutilized, disposed to authorized
landfills or to be sold for the recycling factories for different purposes.
Thus the establishment of the Construction materials manufacturing project would:
 Place no additional demand on the resources of the ecosystem bin of Dukam town,
Surrounding Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State that forms its
microenvironment.
 Have no significant impact on its own microenvironment and microenvironment of the
area under the study
 Environmental monitoring and management plan has been proposed besides defining the
environmental management responsibility, so that the environmental performance
conforms to the assertions suggested in this environmental impact assessment report.
Based on the findings of this environmental, it is reasonable to conclude that, the environmental
impacts of establishment of construction material manufacturing in Dukam town, Surrounding
Finfinne Special Zone of Oromia Regional State will be minor, of low magnitude, low intensity
and low sensitivity; they would be duly mitigated by incorporating the suggested measures.
Implementing the environmental management plan (EMP), which forms an integral part of the
EIA process, will ensure the environmental compliance of the project. Therefore, it is safe to
recommend the approval of the findings since the proposed project meets the provisions of
sustainability principles in providing the benefits of economic gains while sustainably modifying
the social and physical environment.
9.2. Recommendation
The following are some of important recommendations forwarded by the consultants:
 Environmental management is to be implemented as part and parcel of the company other

manufacturing activities equally;
 Ensuring factory employee and the surrounding community health through keeping
company environmental clean, sage and health;
Page 95
 Give serious attentions to stake holders’ comments and ideas on environmental protection
issues and take essential corrective measure/s;
 Develop internal environmental monitoring and evaluation systems to take timely
corrective measures;
 Develop internal environmental monitoring and evaluation systems to take timely
corrective measures;
 Develop company environmental management coordination through assigning proper
officer who coordinates, runs and handles environmental management coordination
through assigning proper officer who coordinates, runs and handles environmental
problems,
 Develop environmental communication and documentation system of the company and
communicate with other factories and stakeholders in order to manage environmental
problems, etc.
 Minimizing energy and water usage in the processing and production of the factory
 Minimizing contamination entering the ecosystem and in the company case; air emissions
through fumes from steel melting process,
 Improving the quality and technology of the materials manufactured by the company
depending on the comments obtained from customers and also through company’s
continuous research and development works for developing improved products,
Page 96
References
1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1995.Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental
Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
7. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final drafts),
Addis Ababa.
8. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource base,
its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa.
9. RGO, 2002b. Regulation for the establishment of Addis Ababa city Administration
Environmental Protection Authority.
Page 97

Final ESIA On Construction Materials - Tamiru Bulto

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Final ESIA On Construction Materials - Tamiru Bulto

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ESIA on construction Material Production material manufacturing

Environmental and social Impact Assessment on

Promoter: Mr. Tamiru Bulto

Location: Oromia Regional State, Surrounding finfinne special zone, Dukem

Consultant: Gillo Development, research, and Environmental Consultants -PLC

Declaration of the consultant

On Behalf of Gillo Development, Research and Environmental Protection Consultants PLC

Declaration of the Proponent

3.2.8.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)...............12

5.2.4. Infrastructures and services......................................................................................25

8.1.3.1. Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement..............................42

8.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan.......................................................................................80

Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources…………………………..…………15

OEFCA Oromia Environment, Forest & Climate change Authority

MOEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change

NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of proposed “Construction materials

The proposed Construction materials manufacturing project is supposed to be built on a 2ha

1.1. A Brief Description of the Project

1.2. Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study

 Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the project.

1.3.1. Collection of available information

1.3.2. Field visits

1.4. Report Structure

The EIA report is organized in nine sections.

Section 5: Socio –Economic base line information

 To define the limits of the study area

2.1. Limitation of the study area

2.2. Valued ecosystem within the study area to be impacted

3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

3.1. Policy and Legislative Framework

3.1.1. National Policy

3.1.1.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997)

3.1.1.2. Public Health Policy

 Democratization and decentralization of the health care system.

3.1.1.3. Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Government Institution, Non-Government Organizations, religious organizations bilateral and

3.1.1.4. National Policy on Women

The Policy objectives are:

3.2. Proclamation and Regulations

3.2.1 The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012

This proclamation encourages and expansion of investment, especially in the manufacturing

 Investment objectives and areas of investment

 Industrial development zones: Establishment of industrials development

3.2.3. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000):

3.2.4. The Labor law Proclamation

3.2.7. Proclamation No 197/2000, Ethiopian Water Resources Management

3.2.8. Environmental Proclamation Laws and Regulations

3.2.8.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)

3.2.8.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)

3.2.8.3. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002

3.2.8.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007

3.2.8.5. The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002

3.2.9. Regulations Pertaining to the Standards

3.2.9.1 Effluent Standards

Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources

Parameter Limit Value

BOD5 at 200C 25 mg/l

COD 150 mg/l

Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l

Suspended solids 50 mg/l

Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l

3.2.9.2 Noise Standards