ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

KEBEDE MOKONNEN FOOD OIL PLANT ESTABLISHENT

Project location:

Oromia regional state, east Wollega zone,

Nekemte town, burka jato sub-town

Contact address: Mr.Kebede Mekonnen Luba

(0911-68-12-11)

Consultant: Hamen consultancy service plc.

December, 2015

Finfinne

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 Table of Contents
Contents Page

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. General overview of the project ............................................................................................ 3
1.2. Objective of the environmental impact assessment study ..................................................... 5
1.2.1. General Objectives .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3. Methodology of the Environmental Impact Assessment study ............................................. 5
1.3.1. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Assumptions and/or Gap in Knowledge................................................................................ 6
1.5. Key Stakeholders Consultation ............................................................................................. 7
2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING............................................................................................... 9
2.1. Limit of the study area (scope) .............................................................................................. 9
2.2. Concerns of key stakeholder ................................................................................................. 9
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINSTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................... 10
3.1. Policy Framework ............................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia ....................................................... 10
3.1.2. Environmental policy of Ethiopia ..................................................................................... 11
3.1.3. The Biodiversity Conservation and Research policy ........................................................ 11
3.1.4. Health policy ..................................................................................................................... 12
3.2. Environmental laws and regulations ................................................................................... 12
3.2.1. Establishment of environmental protection organs ........................................................... 12
3.2.2. Eenvironmental impact assessment Proclamation ............................................................ 13
3.2.3. Proclamation of environmental pollution control ............................................................. 14
3.2.4. Proclamation on solid waste management ........................................................................ 14
3.2.5. Proclamation of Expropriation of land and compensation ................................................ 15
3.2.6. Proclamation on preservation of cultural heritage ............................................................ 16
3.2.7. Labor Proclamation 377/2003 ........................................................................................... 17
3.3. Relevant international conventions ..................................................................................... 17
3.4.1. Federal Environmental protection Authority (EPA) ......................................................... 20
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................................... 21
4.1. Background of the project ................................................................................................... 21
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 4.1.1. Location of the Project ...................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2. Objectives of the Project ................................................................................................... 21
4.2. Justifications of the Project ................................................................................................. 21
4.3. Types of Raw materials, sources and the nature ................................................................. 22
4.3.1. Type and Source of Raw materials.................................................................................... 22
4.3.2. Utilities Required .............................................................................................................. 22
4.4. Production processes ........................................................................................................... 23
4.5. Waste generation rate .......................................................................................................... 24
5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................... 25
5.1. Physical Environment ......................................................................................................... 25
5.1.1. Topography and landscape ................................................................................................ 25
5.1.2. Boundaries of the project .................................................................................................. 25
5.1.3. Land use/land cover........................................................................................................... 25
5.1.4. Climate (temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunshine, etc) ................................................... 25
5.1.5. Soils ................................................................................................................................... 25
5.1.6. Hydrology or Water resources .......................................................................................... 26
5.2. Biological Environment ...................................................................................................... 26
5.2.1. Population .......................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.2. Vegetation ......................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.3. Wildlife .............................................................................................................................. 26
5.3. Socio-economic Environment ............................................................................................. 27
5.4 Historical, religious, cultural resources .................................................................................... 27
6. SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENAL IMPACTS ................................................................... 28
6.1. Identification of Potential Impacts of the project ................................................................ 28
6.1.1. Potential Positive Impacts of the project ........................................................................... 28
6.1.2. Potential Negative Impacts of the project ......................................................................... 29
6.2. Impact Evaluation and analysis ........................................................................................... 29
6.2.1. Negative impact of the project during construction phase ................................................ 31
6.2.2. Positive impacts of the project during Construction phase .............................................. 34
6.2.3. Nature of the impacts during construction phase .............................................................. 35
6.2.4. Negative Impacts of the project during operation phase ................................................... 36
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 6.2.5. Nature of the impacts during operation phase ................................................................... 37
7. ENVIROMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES................................................................ 39
7.1. During construction phase ................................................................................................... 39
7.1.1. Efficient sourcing and Use of Raw Materials ................................................................... 39
7.1.2. Reduction of Air pollution ................................................................................................ 39
7.1.3. Minimization of Run-off ................................................................................................... 40
7.1.4. Minimization of Waste generation .................................................................................... 40
7.1.5. Minimization of impacts on traffic flow ........................................................................... 41
7.1.6. Minimization of Noise and Vibration ............................................................................... 42
7.1.7. Health and safety of Workers on site ................................................................................ 42
7.1.8. Reduction of Energy Consumption ................................................................................... 42
7.1.9. Minimization of Water Use ............................................................................................... 42
7.2. During operation phase ....................................................................................................... 43
7.2.1. Mitigation Measures for air pollution ............................................................................... 43
7.2.2. Mitigation measures for sewage ........................................................................................ 43
7.2.3. Mitigation measures for solid waste .................................................................................. 44
7.2.4. Measures to avoid accidents during operation .................................................................. 45
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ........................................................ 49
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ....................................................................... 55
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 60
10.1. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 60
10.2. Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 61
11. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 62

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an integral part of the study of Food Oil plant for
Mr.Kebele Mekonnen. This food oil plant is intended to be established in Oromia Regional State,
East Wollega Zone, Nekemte town city Administration, Burka Jato sub-town, in Kebele 07 in order
to create market for local oilseed producers, and produce domestic product of food oils to save
foreign currency.

The promoter acquired approximately 0.5 hectare hector of land in the industrial zone which is
delineated by the city administration. The project area sis accessible using gravel roads and near the
basic infrastructural services. The site is situated at 331 km from Finfinne in the western direction

The major approaches and methodologies followed for the environmental impact assessment study
were review of pertinent policies, description of the physical, biological and socio-economic
baseline environmental conditions; stakeholders and public consultations, field observations,
primary and secondary data collection and analysis and report writing.

A major binding document for all national and regional policies, laws and regulation document,
Article 43, 44 and 93 of the constitution of the FDRE was reviewed. In addition, the Environmental
policy of Ethiopia (EPE); Environmental protection Organs establishment proclamation,
Environmental impact Assessment proclamation, Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation
and the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines documents were reviewed and incorporated.

Based on the assessment, the identified main potential benefits include employment opportunities,
improving the economic growth, and improving living standards of the project area beneficiaries.
Above all, the project helps in rising living standards of the people of the project area and the
promoter.

The Proposed food oil plant will be processed in accordance with quality accepted standards. Value
addition will be done with quality processing & standardize packaging. The edible oil will be
packed with a package of 5 litters and 10litters, with proportion of 50:50 percent. In addition by
products from the process are residual cake (hulls and meal) will be packed in 50 kg. The major
utilities required by the plants are electricity, water, Oils & lubricants. Electricity is used as source
of motive power for production equipment, and as sources of lighting and to supply outlet sockets.

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Water is used for processing and personal use. Oils and lubricants are required for production
equipment. The total cost of utilities is estimated at Birr 2,302,737.

The alternatives are analyzed based on the technical feasibility; economic viability and
environmental acceptability conditions. They are also compared and analyzed in terms of site
location, design /factory lay out type, time schedule, technological alternatives and availability of
factory inputs.

Though the factory may cause a very few disturbance on the environment in terms of its byproducts
and production process such as health problem, sound pollution, air pollution, impact on biological
environment and solid wastes, it has many positive impacts to the local community and the regional
development in terms of creating employment opportunity, tax revenue and promotion of linkage
between agriculture and industry and supply of quality edible oil to the consumers.

Therefore, this EIA study identified and evaluated those environmental impacts both during
construction and operation phase and suggested & recommended mitigation measures for the
sustainable use of resources and worked out the amount of budget required for implementation.
Accordingly, the total budget of Birr 113,500.00 per year should be allocated for environmental
mitigation activities to reduce the impact of investment on the surrounding environment. The
environmental monitoring and auditing strategies has also in placed in order to follow up for
effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. General overview of the project

Food processing in Ethiopia is among the oldest of the country’s manufacturing industries.
Bakeries, grain and oil mills have been operating since as early as 1906 and the first processing
plant, Kaliti Food Factory, was established in 1938. Taking into consideration there need to
establish food oil extraction plant in resourceful area of the Oromia region particularly in Nekemte
city administration taking initiative of Mr. Kebede Mekonnen.

In Ethiopian, the supply of food oil is met through domestic production and import. The important
food oil is made through commercial means as well as part of humanitarian aid. Aid packages
including food oil were tendered for sale to public destabilizing domestic food oil market and
forced most oil mills to close down. Since the past five years, however, government has been
aggressively importing food oil for distribution in the domestic market at depressed price in the
name of domestic market stabilization. This is mainly because of very limited domestic production
of food oil as most private investor choose to invest in agriculture and service sectors where
immediate return from the investment is usually considered to be higher compared to invest in agro-
processing.

As the result, despite favorable government policy and abundance of raw materials for food oil
production, investment in agro- processing in general and oilseed production in particular are by far
lagging behind as compared to other private investments in the western part of the country.
Particularly, consumer in the western Ethiopia regions, including East Wollega, Kelam Wollega,
Horo Guduru Wollega, West Wollega, Jimma, Ilu Ababora zones, Gambella Region and
Benishangul Gumuz Region are all dependent on imported food oil.

Consequently, consumers in these areas have been playing excessive cost per unit of such items
owing to increase in its transportation cost. On the other hand, government institutions such as
Wollega University, Mettu University, Assosa University, Gambela University and other public and
private institutions demanding reliable supply of food oil are rapidly expanding in these regions. On
top of these, oilseeds such as sesame seed, cotton seed, rapeseed, sunflower, and groundnuts are
predominantly produced in these areas. These justify for the need for the establishment of food oil

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production project in Oromia Regional State, East Wollega Zone, Nekemte City Administration,
Burka Jato sub-town. The project requires 0.5 hectare area.

Following the conducive government macroeconomic policy supplemented by untapped investment

potentials in the location, Mr. Kebede Mekonnen Luba intends to establish food oil plant in in the
above specified location. The plant will use agricultural products such as sesame, Sunflower,
soybeans, cottonseed in the region and neighboring regions that are bordering the Oromia national
regional state by adding value which will contribute directly to creating jobs and increasing income
to the local community. Therefore, the final product of the processing plant is edible oil and other
byproducts which will substitute the expenditure of foreign currency.

Thus, this report deals with the environmental impact assessment of the proposed development
scheme. The environmental impact assessment study is conducted by the team that consists of
multi-disciplinary professionals that include chemical engineers, Economists, environmentalists.
Overall this report study is arranged in the format provided by the Oromia national region state,
General Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, the Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia,
Environmental protection Authority, Environmental Impact Assessment Guide line and other
relevant references which can enrich this report study.

Accordingly, this environmental impact assessment report has the following sections: Section 1 is
devoted to introductory part of the report, followed by section 2 environmental scoping, 3 Policies,
legal and administrative framework, 4 description of the project, 5 base line data of the project 6
environment and significant environmental impacts, 7 environmental mitigation measures, are
described in section 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. Environmental management plan and
Environmental monitoring plan are mentioned under section 8 and 9. Finally conclusion and
recommendations are described under 10.

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 1.2. Objective of the environmental impact assessment study

1.2.1. General Objectives

The general objectives of this environmental impact assessment of food oil plant in Nekemte Town
city Administration is to assess and clearly identify the potential negative and positive impact of the
proposed plant and to propose possible mitigation measures to reduce or avoid the adverse impact
while enhancing the beneficial ones.

The specific objectives of the impact assessment are:

 To Present baseline data on the existing physical, biological and socio-cultural environment of
the project area.
 To detect the effect of the plan on the atmosphere;
 To assess the benefits and adverse effects of the proposed project on the biological, physical and
socio-cultural environment.
 To propose mitigation measures to reduce the adverse impacts while optimizing the positive
once associated with the implementation of the proposed project,
 To prepare environmental management plan, monitoring and evaluation plan that will govern all
the activities of the project for the better protection of the environment.

1.3. Methodology of the Environmental Impact Assessment study

1.3.1. Methodology
The environmental impact assessment study is conducted in line with the environmental impact
assessment guidelines provided both by the Oromia national regional state, Land and
Environmental protection Bureau, Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia Environmental
Protection Authority, Environmental Impact Assessment Guide line and other documents which are
relevant to the study report. The assessment study followed data collection both from primary and
secondary sources.

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The methodology used to carry out this environmental impact assessment study includes:-

i) Review of existing Literatures

Relevant document on previous studies as well as important guide lines and literatures relevant to
food complex processing plant were reviewed. Guidelines such as the Oromia national regional
state Bureau of Environmental protection land administration and Federal Democratic republic of
Ethiopia Environmental protection Authority, Environmental Impact Assessment Guide line,
Environmental policies and sectorial environmental policies are referred. Proclamation on
environmental impact assessment, Proclamation on expropriation of land and compensation, browse
internet and others were reviewed.

ii) Site visit

A field visit to the project area was conducted by the study team to collect primary data on bio-
physical and socio-economic conditions of the project area as well as to identify the extensive
environmental issues and the potential environmental effect of the proposed food oil plant project.

iii) Data Analysis and Report Writing

Simple checklist method was used to Analysis the collected data and information to assess and
predict the potential impact of the proposed food complex processing plant. Moreover, the
environmental impact assessment report of the proposed project is prepared as per guide line of the
environmental impact assessment of Oromia land and environmental protection Bureau.

1.4. Assumptions and/or Gap in Knowledge

Reliability and quality of data to be collected by the study team assigned by the consultant faced
some limitation with regard to the proposed project. There are some uncertainties due to absence of
sufficient information with regard to;
• Level of noise generated from the project activities ,
• The existed air quality of the project area and the amount dust emission /particulate matter/
emanated from the project activities.

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As a consequence of this, some of the assessment may be based on assumptions or there may be
gaps and uncertainties in impact prediction and valuation. In this regard therefore, to avoid or
minimize the scale of uncertainty on constraints that we face due to the limited information of the
environment, we have put a recurrent environmental monitoring and auditing measures of
parameters to the major environmental issues on a regular period ( it could be every month, quarter,
semi-annual or annually). Moreover, measurements on this parameters/air quality and sound level/
should be taken as required during environmental monitoring and /or auditing throughout the
project life.

1.5. Key Stakeholders Consultation

This is essential component in EIA process for the involvement of both affected and interested
parties with respect to the impact of the project on the receiving environment and vice-versal. Since
the project is allocated in the area where Nekemte city administration is identified and demarcated
for industrial purpose, the absence of direct affected parties in the project area during EIA study
limited the public participation process.

However, there were involvement of kebele officials and other stakeholders on this EIA study
process. The public consultation meeting was carried out 18 December, 2015 in Nekemte city
administration, (see the attached minute). They have suggested that the commencement of the
project in the area has great benefit to the surrounding communities. However, the study team
should give emphasis on impact identification, analysis and proposing effective mitigation
measures so as to reduce the impact of the project to the environment, particularly to human health
effect. They realized that release of waste to the surrounding area and workers safety issues who are
working in the factory should give high emphasis during operation phase of the project. Generally,
the commencement of the project is highly appreciated and supported by official letter. This ensures
that the inauguration of the project to the specific area has positive effects for the local communities
in many perspectives.

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 1.6. Community participation

The proposed food oil plant project is a modern factory and the existence and success of this project
strongly tied with strong participation of the local communities through all the project life cycle
from planning, implementation up to progress evaluation. Accordingly, public participations and
level of participation were underlined at initial environmental examination (scoping), and emphasis
given to lay down detail procedure of local communities participation during impacts assessment
study period.

Accordingly, discussions were conducted with concerned people and information was gathered and
their opinion and views of the participants in general and local community in particular with regard
to food oil extraction was included in the report. The local community has made a serious of
discussion on the positive and negative impacts of the proposed project and finally they agreed and
approved as the advantage of the plant outweighs the disadvantage.

Photo: Community participation

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2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING
In the aim of defining the limit of the study area for the project and drawing lists of activity and
impacts to be study during the assessment, the consultant carried out an initial environmental
examination and scoping.
The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area
 To make environmental inventory,
 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area,
 To define the list of activity, type and magnitude of the proposed project and
 To assess and include views and concerns of key stakeholders on scope of the EIA study.
In order to carry out the above tasks the consultant employed tools and techniques relevant to the
proposed project, like using environmental scoping checklists. Consultations with different
stakeholders including experts, project affected communities local administrators and sector
institution etc. and informal discussion and talks with prominent individuals, local elders, women
groups, and general public in the project area.

2.1. Limit of the study area (scope)

The environmental and social impact assessment study is conducted for environmental and socio-
economic conditions most likely influenced or impacted by the implementation of the project. The
project site is defined as the industrial zone located in Nekemte town, kebele 07 on 0.5 hectare of
land. The study also considers the opinion of the local community and kebele administrations
surrounding the project area which could be directly or indirectly affected by the implementation of
the project.

2.2. Concerns of key stakeholder

Views and concerns of key stakeholders were assessed in Nekemte town, and Burka Jato kebele
with special emphasis to communities around the project which probably affected directly or
indirectly affected by the project. The stakeholders concern in the implementation of the project is
about ensuring community participation, employment opportunity priority for unemployed local
community, Monitoring and evaluating the impact of the project on the environment for timely
control to ensure sustainability of the project. The key stakeholders are local community, and
environmental protection office, investment office, office of urban land development.
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3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINSTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1. Policy Framework

3.1.1. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia

The constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, issued on August 21 1995, forms
the fundamental basis for enactment of specific legislative instruments governing environmental
matters at a national level. Article 43, 44 and 92 of the federal constitution are dealt with
environmental related rights, obligations and objectives in the country. The most relevant articles
are described below:

Article 43: The Right to development

 The peoples of Ethiopia as a whole and each Nation, Nationality and people in Ethiopia in
particular have the right to improve living standards and to sustainable development.
 Nations have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted
with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
 All international Agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the state
shall protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.
 The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for
development and to meet basic needs.
Article, 44: Environment Rights
• All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
• All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a
result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.

Article, 92: Environmental Objective

• Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and health
environment
• The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage
or destroy the Environment.

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 • People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environment policies and projects that affect them directly.
• Government and citizens shall have the due to protect the environment.

3.1.2. Environmental policy of Ethiopia

The Federal Government of Ethiopia has formulated and approved the Environmental policy of
Ethiopia (EPE) in 1997. The policy contains important provisions interims of the improvement and
enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and the promotion of sustainable
social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management
principles. It sets out its specific objectives and key guiding principles, contains sectorial cross-
sectorial policies and provisions necessary for appropriate implementation of the policy itself.

The environmental policy has outlined a number of issues concerning Environmental Impact
Assessment, which are summarized as below:
 The importance of Environmental Impact Assessment to address social, political and cultural
impacts, and also physical and biological impacts, and the public consultation of to be part of
the Environmental Impact Assessment procedures;
 Inclusion of impact mitigation measures within the design process for development projects,
and accident contingency plans to be incorporated within Environmental impact statements
 Development of a legal framework for the Environmental Impact Assessment process, together
with a suitable and coordinated institutional framework for the execution and approval of
environmental impact assessment (EIA) study environmental Audits;
 Development of detailed technical sectorial guidelines for EIA and environmental Auditing;

3.1.3. The Biodiversity Conservation and Research policy

The national policy on biodiversity conservation and research was issued on April 1998. The policy
is formulated based on the rationale that conservation of biodiversity is one of the conditions of the
overall socioeconomic development and sustainable environmental management goals. It provides a
general framework towards effective conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization
of genetic resources. Among others, the policy addresses the significance of scientific knowledge in
biodiversity conservation and its sustainable utilization through integrating biodiversity
conservation and development programs into Federal and Regional agricultural, health, industrial
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and overall national economic development strategies and plans; recognize, foster and augment the
indigenous knowledge and methods relevant to the conservation, development and sustainable use
of biodiversity, and promote and encourage the development and putting into practice of new
emerging technologies such as biotechnology.

In line with this biodiversity conservation policy, this food complex processing plant will be
implemented by promoting and introducing modern harvesting technology activities in resourceful
areas of the region so as to demonstrate the specious types which can serve as a raw material for the
ongoing established food complex processing plant.

3.1.4. Health policy

Conventional health parameters such as infant and maternal mortality, morbidity, and mortality
from communicable diseases, malnutrition and average life expectancy place Ethiopia among the
least privileged nations in the world. The health policy of Ethiopia is the result of a critical
examination of the nature, magnitude and root causes of the prevailing health problems of the
country and awareness of newly emerging health problems. It accords appropriate emphasize to the
needs of the less privileged rural population which constitute the overwhelming majority of the
population and the major productive force of the nation.

The government believes that health policy cannot be considered in isolation from policies
addressing population dynamics, food availability, acceptable living conditions and other requisites
essential for health improvement and shall therefore develop effective interest morality for a
comprehensive betterment of life. According to the policy, health development shall be seen not
only in humanitarian terms but also as an essential component of the package of social and
economic development as well as being an instrument of social justice and equity.

3.2. Environmental laws and regulations

3.2.1. Establishment of environmental protection organs

The environmental organs establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002, was enacted in
2002. This proclamation repealed proclamation for the establishment of the EPA (proclamation No.
9/65). The proclamation re-establishes the environmental protection Authority as an autonomous
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public institution is accountable to the prime minister. The powers and duties of the EPA are
described in detail in part two of the proclamation. Part two of the proclamation stipulates the
mandatory need for the establishment of environmental units and agencies by sectorally and
regionally in order to enable institutions the coordination of environmental activities, elimination of
duplication of efforts and enhancement of disseminating environmental information. The
proclamation also establishes the environmental protection council to oversee EPA’s activities, and
defines the activities of sectorial agencies and environmental units with respect to environmental
management. It also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental
matters.

3.2.2. Eenvironmental impact assessment Proclamation

Proclamation No 299/2002 issued in 2002 aims primarily at making environmental impact
assessment (EIA) mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the
environmental protection authority (EPA) whether such project belong to public or private bodies.

The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation.
The EPA will then review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without conditions) or
reject it. Under this legislation, EPA has to prepare procedures, regulations, environmental
guidelines and standards for the EIA. Environmental guidelines are among the tools, for facilitating
the consideration of the environmental issues and principles of sustainable development and their
inclusion in development proposals. The proclamation requires, among other things:
 Specified categories of the project to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization
from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project.
 Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to
issuing an investment permit or a trade or an operating license or a work permit to a
business organization.
 The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact.

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  A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued where the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental
authorization.

Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact

assessment are described in the proclamation. Thus, a project proponent is expected to act as
follows:

 Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identify the likely adverse impacts,
incorporating the means of their prevention or containment, and submit to the Authority or
the relevant regional environmental Bureau the environmental impact study report together
with the documents determined as necessary by the Authority or the relevant regional
environmental Bureau.
 Ensure that the environmental impact of his project is conducted and the environmental
impact study report is prepared by experts who meets the requirements specified under any
directive issued by the Authority or the Bureau,
 Submit an environmental impact assessment study report to the EPA or the relevant
environmental agency for review.

3.2.3. Proclamation of environmental pollution control

The proclamation of environmental pollution control No. 300/2002 is mainly based on the right of
each citizen to a health environment and on the obligation to protect the environment in general and
safeguarding of human health and wellbeing in particular. This proclamation provides the bases
from which the relevant environmental standards can be developed and to make violation of these
standards a punishable act based on the polluter pays principle.

3.2.4. Proclamation on solid waste management

Proclamation 513/2007 aims to promote community participation in order to prevent adverse effects
and enhance benefits resulting from solid waste. The main objective of this proclamation is to
enhance at all levels of capacities to prevent the possible adverse impacts while creating
economically and socially beneficial assets out of solid waste. This proclamation enforces the

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proponent to make wastes that generate from the project to be useful products. It also provides for
preparation of solid waste management action plans.

3.2.5. Proclamation of Expropriation of land and compensation

The federal proclamation on expropriation of land for public purposes and compensation
(proclamation No. 455/2005) in effect repealed the outdated provisions of the Ethiopian civil code
of 1960 regulating land acquisition and compensation for the purpose of public projects. This new
proclamation has been established detail procedures setting the time limits with in which land could
be acquired after a request is received from a proponent, principles for assessment of compensation
for properties on the land as well as for displacement compensation. It also empowered the woreda
administration to establish valuation committees to value private properties.

Expropriations of Land Holdings are stated in this proclamation as follow:-

Article 3 gives the power to expropriate landholdings to a woreda or urban administration for a
development project.

Article 4 describes the requirements for the notification of an expropriation order. This requires
notification in writing, with details of timing and compensation, which cannot be less than 90 days
from notification.

Article 5 sets out the responsibilities of the implementing agency, requiring them to gather data in
the land needed and works, and to send this to the appropriate officials for permission. It also
requires them to pay compensation to affected landholders.

Article 6 describes the removal of utility lines. It requires the relevant government body to give a
written request to the affected ‘owner’, and for this body to determine a fair compensation within 30
days, to the requesting body. Compensation must be paid within 30 days of the receipt of the
valuation, and the owner must vacate the land within 60 days of receipt of compensation.

Article 7 describes the basis and amount for compensation. This entitles the landholder to
compensation for the property on the land on the basis of replacement cost; and permanent
improvements to the land, equal to the value of capital and labor expended. Where property is on

15
urban land, compensation may not be less than the cost of removal, transportation and erection will
be paid as compensation for a relocated property continuing its service as before.

Article 9 requires that the valuation of property is carried out by a certified private or public
institution or private consultant as per the valuation formulae as mentioned above. Until the
capacity is created to enable valuation by a certified value, valuation will be done by a committee.

Article 10 describes these committees. The committee must be made up of experts with relevant
qualifications. This must be designated by the urban administration is urban areas. A specialized
committee of experts may also be set up separately if required. (Committee procedures will be
determined by directives).

The responsibility of a proponent project under Ethiopian law does not extend beyond the payment
of compensation for properties and displacement. This is to mean that even if there is no
compensation fee to be paid for the displaced people the EIA study take in to consideration of
expropriation of land and compensation since the area is delineated for industrial zone by the city
administration before the ongoing food oil plant project was intended to be established due to the
compensations fee is already paid by the city administration.

3.2.6. Proclamation on preservation of cultural heritage

The proclamation No. 209/2000 of Ethiopia defines cultural heritage broadly as “anything tangible
or intangible which is the product of creativity and labor of man in the pre-history and history
times, that describes and witness to the evolution of nature and which has a major value in its
scientific, historical, cultural, artistic and handcraft content.”

The provision that states any person who destroys or damages cultural heritage intentionally shall
be punished with gregarious imprisonment of not less than 10 years and not exceeding 20 years
(Art, 45/21). Even if there is no that much preserved cultural heritages in the area, the study has
carefully examined all cultural and historical values of the food oil plant project areas to investigate
that could possibly be instigated by the above mentioned proclamation No. 209/2000.

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 3.2.7. Labor Proclamation 377/2003

The Labor Proclamation (which was revised in 2003) provides ‘the basic principles which govern
labor conditions taking into account the political, economic and social policies of the Government,
and in conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments to which
Ethiopia is a party with a view to translating into practice the objectives referred to above’. In Part
Seven, Chapter One, Article 92 of this proclamation (Occupational Safety, Health and Working
Environment, Prevention Measures and Obligations of the Employers), the requirements in terms of
the protection of workforce health and safety is clearly stipulated. Workforce health and safety is an
important aspect considered for identifying the potential environmental, health and safety issues
that can arise from the project. Moreover, the Occupation Health and Safety Directive (MOLSA,
2003) which provides the limits for occupational exposure to working conditions that have adverse
impacts on health and safety was also considered for the study.

3.3. Relevant international conventions

In addition to national environmental legislations the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia is also
a party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols on environment. The
government has established an Environmental protection Authority, and this authority is designated
as focal point for the implementation of these conventions and protocols.

Accordingly; article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
provides that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or established
procedure, it automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land. Consequently, the
convention and the protocol are the laws of this land. Therefore; the following international
conventions and protocols are relevant to the proposed fruit and vegetables production project.

I. International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Guidance on Performance Standards on

Social & Environmental Sustainability

These Guidance notes offer helpful guidance on the requirements contained in the performance
standards, including reference materials, and on good sustainability practices to improve project

17
performance. IFC expects that each client will employ methods best suited to its business to meet
the requirements of the performance standards. In assisting the client to meet the performance
standards, IFC will take into account variables such as host country context, the scale and
complexity of project impacts, and the associated cost-benefit consideration, as well as those of
project performance beyond the level required in the performance standards.

II. Convention on Biological Diversity

 The convention on biological diversity has three goals. These are:

 Conservation of biodiversity;
 Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and
 Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
 The convention was ratified by Ethiopia through proclamation No. 98/94 on May 31,
1994.

III. Framework Convention on Climate Change

Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 97/1994 on May 2/1994. This
convention takes into account the fact climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The basic
objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of emission. It also aims to prepare countries to
minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.

IV. The United Nations Conventions To Combat Desertification

The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts in
countries experiencing serious drought and desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia has
ratified the convention through its proclamation No. 80/1997.

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 V. The Basel Convention

The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary movement of
hazardous wastes. The Bamako Convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the African
continent. Ethiopia ratified the based convention through its proclamation No. 357/2002. Its
amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the
Bamako convention through proclamation No. 355/2002.

VI. The Stockholm Convention

In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified Stockholm convention on persistent organic
pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of persistent organic pollutants.
The Environmental protection authority has the full mandate to implement the convention at the
national level.

VII. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora

The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species and to
ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner which ensures
stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as to control and regulate
illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their derivatives. Ethiopia ratified the
convention through proclamation No. 14/1970. The mandate to implement the convention at federal
is the responsibility of the Ethiopia wildlife protection and development organization.

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 3.4. Institutional and Administrative Framework

3.4.1. Federal Environmental protection Authority (EPA)

In addition to the EPA, the investment Authority has responsibilities towards the environment.
These are captured in the Federal Negarit Gazeta-proclamation No. 371/1996 which states that “The
intended investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and that,
in particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws.”

With respect to duties, responsibilities and mandates of EPA, it is clearly stated in Environmental
Impact Assessment proclamation No 299/2002 sub Article 2 of Article 9 states that “The Authority
or relevant regional environmental Bureau shall take evaluating of environmental impact study
report by taking in to account any public comments and expert opinions, within 15 working days.”
Sub Article 1 of Article 12 also states that “The Authority of the relevant regional environmental
Bureau shall monitor the implementation of an authorized project in order to evaluate compliance
with all commitments made by, and obligations imposed on the proponent during authorization”
and sub Article 1 of Article 14 stated that “ The Authority shall be responsible for evaluation of an
environmental impact study report and the monitoring of its implementation when the project is
subject to licensing, execution or supervision by a federal agency or when it is likely to produce
trans-regional impact.”

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4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

4.1. Background of the project

4.1.1. Location of the Project

The proposed food oil plant is located in Oromia Regional State, East Wollega Zone, Nekemte town
city Administration, Burka Jato sub-town, in Kebele 07 in order to create market for local oilseed
producers, and produce domestic product of food oils to save foreign currency. The promoter
acquired approximately 0.5 hectare hector of land in the industrial zone which is delineated by the
city administration. The project area sis accessible using gravel roads and near the basic
infrastructural services. The site is situated at 331 km from Finfinne in the western direction.

4.1.2. Objectives of the Project

The proponent has proposed the project on food oil extraction project at the above specified
location is justified on the account to the following two objectives. Firstly, it will create market for
the local oilseed producers. Secondly, domestic production of food oils will enormously important
to save foreign currency that the government has been using for importing such products.

4.2. Justifications of the Project

The climatic condition of the western Ethiopia in general and east Wollega zone in particular are
favorable for quality production of oil seeds such as sesame seed, sunflower, cotton seed and
soybeans. As the result, such oil seeds are enormously produced both by smaller holder farmers and
private investors. Thus, investment in food oil extraction project at the above specified location is
justified on the account to the following two strategic reasons: Firstly, it will create market for the
local oilseed producers, the majority of whom are the small holder farmers who have been
negatively affected by oscillating international market price of such products. Secondly, domestic
production of food oils will enormously important to save foreign currency that the government has
been using for importing such products to stabilize local market. Thus, this project envisages
production and distribution of food oil from various oil seeds.

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 4.3. Types of Raw materials, sources and the nature

4.3.1. Type and Source of Raw materials

The proposed food oil plant will use primarily sesame, soybeans, sunflower and cottonseed as the
raw materials obtained from smallholder farmers, private investors, legally organized micro and
small scale enterprise or from legally organized and licensed merchants who are engaged in the
area. These raw materials are mainly found in East Wollega, west Wollega, Kellam Wollega, Ilu
Aba Bora zones and Benishangul Gumuz region.

4.3.2. Utilities Required

4.3.2.1. Power Requirement

A power requirement of the plant will be assumed 300 HP with the consumption per hour of
operation to be 25.75 KWH, the power cost per year for the two shifts per day, which will conduct
electricity to the Plant. The site of the plant has been strategically located as there is an electric pole
running along the boundary close to the plant site.

The total power required for the proposed unit is 25.75 KWH per hour of operation. The power
requirement will be met from ELECTROGAZ supply. However, power generators set having
capacity of 250KVA with acoustic enclosure have been envisaged to meet the emergency power
requirements. In case of main’s power failure these generators will automatically start and supply
power to the emergency loads using Cooling Circuit.

4.3.2.2. Water Requirement

Water is required in the proposed plant for washing of the raw material seed used. In addition, it is
used for drinking and sanitation. The total water requirement of the plant is 30m3/day. This will be
recycled. A water recycling complex will be built. This is a system of water collection, cooling and
reuse which will be installed for the constant reuse of water so as to minimize waste water
generations. Possibility to drill water from the earth with the installation of a bore well will also be
looked at so as to use the water drawn from this bore well in the production process. Also a system
of rainwater collection will be installed so as to supply the plant’s water requirements.

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 4.4. Production processes

4.4.1. Edible Oil

The production process of edible oil is mainly subjected to machine/method used particular to the
desired output product.
The production process of edible oil consists of six major operations:
• Delinting, • Expeller
• Washing, • Filter and Expeller shaker
• Drying and Warming • Packing and Dispatching

De-Linting: is done to remove the hairs/linters from the seed. Delinting of the seed is
internationally done using specialized cutter. However, acid delinting is normally practice in
most developing countries due to cost saving and technological constraints. For the purpose
of acid delinting, 1kg of Sulphuric acid is used for around 10kg of seeds.

Washing: Washing of seed is normally done initially to remove dust particles, stones, chaff
and other impurities. The impurities and chaff left in the seed can absorb some of the oil and
keep it from getting squeezed out the expeller while dust and stone particles can damage the
oil press screw or piston. Washing is supposed to be done mechanically.

Drying and Warming: Moist seed lead to low yields and can clog the screw, cage or a part
of the press. A thumb rule is the moisture content of the seed should be closed to 10 percent
whereas optimum heat range for seed oil extraction is from 100 to 160 degrees. Mechanical
drying is practiced internationally using oven or double boiler etc.

Expeller: Oil is extracted mechanically using expeller but ram press or even mortar and
pestle can be used for the same purpose. Power driven commercialize line are suggested for
the plant of this purpose.

Filter and Shaker: The extracted seed oil will be filtered and shake to improve its quality
and appearance. Caustic soda and Bleach are normally used for this purpose. The remaining
i.e. residual cake and left over raw ingredient (used in soap & paints etc.) are separated and
sold in market for different purposes.

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Packing and Dispatching: The final product is packed using hygienically cleaned barrels
and sold to intended markets.

The final product edible oil is packaged in standards barrels of 5 litters and 10 litters and it is
forwarded for either storage or transportation. Edible oil extraction process is explained in
figure 1.

Delinting Washing Drying & Warming

Packing & Dispatching Filter &Expeller Expeller

Shaker

Figure 1:-Seed Oil Extraction Process flow

4.5. Waste generation rate

The solid waste generated by the plant will be only domestic organic solid waste which will
be properly collected and sorted again, those which are functional will be sold for the
domestic dweller at reasonable price and the remaining will be disposed of in sanitary
landfills as required by the national solid waste control regulation. The amount of solid waste
generated in the operation phase is estimated based on the daily generation rate.

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5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA

5.1. Physical Environment

5.1.1. Topography and landscape

The project area is located in Oromia National Regional State, east Wollega Zone, Nekemte
town, kebele 07. It has altitude ranges from 1960 to 2170 meters above sea level where as its
average annual rain fall is 1854.9mm and the average temperature ranges from 14oc to 26oc.
It is located at a distance of 331Kms from Addis Ababa. The proposed food oil processing
plant is found in area covering 0.5 hectors of land bordered in the west, south and east by the
free land and in the north by the road.

5.1.2. Boundaries of the project

The intended food oil plan area is industrial area of the Nekemte city. Hence the boundaries
of the project area is currently bordered by flee land in the east, west and south direction
while bordered by road in the north direction. The project plan has no such negative
implication to the surrounding environment.

5.1.3. Land use/land cover

The land use and land cover of the project area is industrial zone of the Nekemte town. At
present, the area was read for industry to implement the intended project to meet the set
objectives of the project. The study area is currently cleared.

5.1.4. Climate (temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunshine, etc)

Nekemte town climate is classified as warm and temperate. Nekemte has a significant
amount of rainfall during the year. Its Average Annual Temperature is 14ºC-26 0c; Mean
Annual Rainfall is 1854.9mm and the existing wind direction is from north to south.

5.1.5. Soils
As field observation indicates that the soil type of the area is clay by nature which has
smallest particles among the three types of soil so it has good water storage qualities. Due to
the tiny size of its particles and its tendency to settle together, little air passes through its
spaces. Because it’s also slower to drain, it has a tighter hold on plant nutrients. Clay soil is
thus rich in plant food for better growth.

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 5.1.6. Hydrology or Water resources
The project area is characterized by moderate slope land form respectively. This condition is
suitable for infiltration, percolation and consequent storage as ground water of the significant
amount of the precipitation in this area.

5.2. Biological Environment

5.2.1. Population
Nekemte town has six kebeles with population of 103,615. Burka Jato sub-city, where the
project is supposed to be established is highly populated i.e. 1900 people were living on one
km2 implying potential for both labor market and output market for the project.

Table 5.1 Number of urban dwellers by kebele

No. Name of kebeles Area (km 2 ) Population (number) Population
density per km2)
1 Kesso 85 15,788 186
2 Bekenisa Kese 70 20,598 294
3 Cheleleki 115 19,050 166
4 Burka Jato 10 19,003 1,900.00
5 Darge 108 19,284 179
6 Bake Jamaa 70 9,892 141
TOTAL 458 103,615 2,866.00

5.2.2. Vegetation
There is no protected natural forest or vegetation in the food oil processing area. The area
was serving as arable land before delineated for industrial zone by the city administration.
Due to this the processing plant doesn’t have significant impact on the area since it was left
for industrial zone by the city administration. Maintaining the existing trees surrounding the
area and Plantation of trees in the compound could be planted such planted trees will serve as
shade, soil conservation and protection of dust from and may serve as a wind break.

5.2.3. Wildlife
As far as the project area were served as arable land before the commencement of the
proposed project. There are no endangered fauna identified in the proposed project site.

26
Therefore, the project impact area does not constitute a special living and breeding habitat for
the fauna species.

5.3. Socio-economic Environment

Mixed agriculture (crop production and animal husbandry) is the main source of the
livelihood of the people in the zone which supplied to the project area dwellers and to others
Teff, barely; wheat, sorghum, maize, horse bean, sesame, lentils, rapeseeds and horticultural
crops are the most widely cultivated crops in the district.

The settlement pattern of the community around the project area is little bit far from it, but
the project creates job opportunities for the local communities and enhances accesses to
infrastructure facilities.

5.4 Historical, religious, cultural resources

In the project area, there are no historical and cultural significant sites rather there is store
and office 200-250 meters far away from the proposed project area. The existence of this did
not cause any negative impact on it.

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6. SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENAL IMPACTS

The proposed project of Mr.Kebede Mekonnen food oil plant is predicted to bring both
beneficial and adverse impacts on physical, biological and socio-economic environment.
Though the implementation of the project has many benefits, obviously the plant will also
bring a number of impacts to the physical, biological and social environment.

6.1. Identification of Potential Impacts of the project

The Major impacts that are expected to arise as a result of the implementation of the project
are the following:

6.1.1. Potential Positive Impacts of the project

The proposed project may have the following positive impacts on socioeconomic
environment
• Supply the edible oil to the local market at a reasonable price,
• Development of the industry sector in the urban area;
• Job creation and employment opportunities for those who will be employed by the
project, either in the construction phase or the operation phase;
• New opportunities for income generation for many smallholder farmers and investors
who will be engaged in producing sesame, soybeans, sunflower and cottonseed.
• Improvement of general welfare for the local population as a result of increased micro-
business activities in connection with the factory;
• Increase in the income of the population working on the site and development of small
businesses that will serve the employee of the construction site;
• Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs for the employees and their families
(health care, schooling children etc.);
• Payment of taxes to the local and central government.

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 6.1.2. Potential Negative Impacts of the project

Food Oil plant factory may have the following negative impacts on biophysical environment;
• Risk of excess soil being eroded and deposited on the site during construction;
• Degradation of air quality due to land clearing, and plant operation;
• Risk of accidents during the construction and operation phases;
• Effects of sewage, effluent and wastewater from the factory processing;
• Effects of generated solid wastes;
• Contamination of ground water by generated wastewater from the factory and by used
oil from the maintenance of the machines;
• Risk of increase in road accidents resulting from increase in road traffic,
• Risk of noise pollution of plant machinery and vehicles and its related impacts like air
pollution increased in the area;

6.2. Impact Evaluation and analysis

In this section, the impacts of construction works and related activities on the human and
biophysical environment are evaluated and analyzed during the construction and operation
phases. As mentioned in the methodology the simplest and the most commonly used
checklist method is employed for identifying, predicating and evaluating the potential
impacts of the proposed undertaking. Since, it is convenient and purposively selected for this
simple/not complex project.

Table 6.1: Checklist of Impact Categories for food oil Factory

Potential Impact Areas Adverse No Effects Beneficial

Effects Effects

1.Natural Environment Effects

1.1 Water Resources pollution and depletion 

1.2 Air quality (chemicals, odors, gases) 

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 Potential Impact Areas Adverse No Effects Beneficial
Effects Effects

1.3 Noise (duration, repetition) 

1.4 Land Resources

• Accelerated soil erosion 

• Stability (slides, slumps) 

• Compatibility of land uses (open space 

delineated for industrial purpose)
2.Ecological Effects

2.1 Aquatic 

2.2 Terrestrial 

2.2.1 Birds 

2.2.2 large mammals 

2.2.3 Terrestrial vegetation

2.3 Habitat and communities

2.3.1 Aquatic 

2.3.2 Terrestrial 

. 3.Aesthetic Effects 

4.Socio-economic Effects

4.1 Effects on public & private services 

4.1.1 resources depletion/energy & water/ 

4.1.2 Human health & safety 

30
Potential Impact Areas Adverse No Effects Beneficial
Effects Effects

4.1.3 Solid and liquid wastes 

4.2. Economic & Employment

4.2.1 Employment Opportunities 

4.2.2 Social pattern lifestyle change 

4.2.3 Values ( Religious, social) 

4.2.4 Social acceptability 

5.occupational safety issues

5.1.risk of accidents 

5.2 transmission of HIV/AIDs and STDs 

6.2.1. Negative impact of the project during construction phase

6.2.1.1. Extraction and Use of Building Materials

Building materials such as hard core, cement, rough stone and sand required for construction
of the industrial project will be obtained from quarries, cement shops and sand harvesters
who extract such materials from natural resource banks such as rivers and land. Since
substantial quantities of these materials will be required for construction of the buildings, the
availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively
affected, as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the sites from which the
materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several ways including landscape
changes, displacement of animals grazing land and vegetation, poor visual quality and
opening of depressions on the surface leading to several human and animal health impacts.

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 6.2.1.2. Dust Emissions
During construction, the project will generate substantial quantities of dust at the
construction site and its surrounding. The sources of dust emissions will include site
preparation and leveling works, and to a small extent, transport vehicles delivering building
materials. Emission of large quantities of dust may lead to significant impacts on
construction workers and the local residents, which will be accentuated during dry weather
conditions.

6.2.1.3. Traffic flow during construction

There is a likelihood of increase in traffic on road adjacent to the site during construction.
The trucks used to transport various building materials from their sources to the project site
will contribute to increases in emissions of dust, CO2, NOx and fine particulate along the
way as a result of diesel combustion. Such emissions can lead to several environmental
impacts including global warming and health impacts. Because large quantities of building
materials are required, some of which are sourced outside Nekemte town, such emissions can
be enormous and may affect a wider geographical area. The impacts of such emissions can be
greater in areas where the materials are sourced and at the construction site as a result of
frequent running of vehicle engines, frequent vehicle turning and slow vehicle movement in
the loading and offloading areas may slow down traffic flow.

6.2.1.4. Noise and Vibration

The construction works, delivery of building materials by heavy trucks and the use of
machinery/equipment including bulldozers, generators, metal grinders and concrete mixers
will contribute high levels of noise and vibration within the construction site and the
surrounding area. Elevated noise levels within the site can affect project workers and the
residents, passers-by and other persons in within the vicinity of the project site.

6.2.1.5. Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers

Because of the intensive engineering and construction activities including erection and
fastening of roofing materials, metal grinding and cutting, concrete work, steel erection and

32
welding among others, construction workers will be exposed to risks of accidents and
injuries. Such injuries can result from accidental falls from high elevations, injuries from
hand tools and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets and collapse of
building sections among others.

6.2.1.6. Solid Waste Generation

Large quantities of solid waste (soil) will be generated as a result of excavation of the site. In
addition, additional solid waste will be generated at the site during construction of the
building and related infrastructure. Such waste will consist of rejected materials, surplus
materials and excavated materials are among others. Such solid waste materials can be
injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies
and negative impacts on human and animal health. Moreover, there is also a waste generated
from human feces which can be polluting environment.

6.2.1.7. Energy Consumption

The project will consume fossil fuels (mainly diesel) to produce and run transport vehicles
and construction machinery. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may have
serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability.

The project will also use electricity supplied by Ethiopian Electric Power. Electricity in
Ethiopia is generated mainly through natural resources, namely, water resources. In this
regard, there will be need to use electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity
negatively impacts on these natural resources and their sustainability.

6.2.1.8. Water Use

The construction activities will require large quantities of water in addition to extracting of
food oil and other residuals. Water will mainly be used for concrete mixing, sanitary and
washing purposes. Excessive water use may negatively impact on the water source and its
sustainability.

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 6.2.1.9. Soil erosion

Vegetation clearance and excavation works related to construction of the project will expose
soils in the affected areas which could leave them vulnerable to erosion by surface run-off
and create the threat of water turbidity and sediment deposition in drains and the river water.
The site and the nature of the soils would help to reduce erosive surface flows and the
potential situation should exist only for the duration of the construction works. After
rehabilitation for the project area such as construction of drainage system and cover the area
with plants that can reduce the susceptibility to soil erosion. There are no other significant
surface features such as gullies, streams or rivers in close proximity to the site that could be
affected by soil erosion.

6.2.2. Positive impacts of the project during Construction phase

6.2.2.1. Creation of Employment Opportunities

Several employment opportunities will be created for construction workers during the
construction phase of the project and more job opportunities will be created during
operational phase of the proposed project. This will be a significant impact since
unemployment is currently quite high in the country at large.

6.2.2.2. Provision of Market for Supply of Building & finishing materials

The project will require supply of large quantities of building materials most, of which will
be sourced locally. This provides ready market for finishing material suppliers such as paints
importers, machinery importers, wheat and maize seed suppliers and individuals with such
materials.

6.2.2.3. Increased Business Opportunities

The large number of project staff required will provide ready market for various goods and
services, leading to several business opportunities for small-scale traders such as food
vendors around the construction site in addition to those who would like to distribute and sell
finished products/food oil and residuals.

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 6.2.3. Nature of the impacts during construction phase

The criterion of classification of the impacts depends on impact characteristics such as;
• Size and geographical extent
• Duration and Frequency
• Irreversibility
• Ecological context
During the construction phase several activities will be carried in the project area. The
impacts of the proposed project during construction phase can be characterized as below:

Table 6.2: Impacts characterization during the construction phase

No. Type of impacts Impact classification

1 Employment opportunities to the population of the Positive, important and

project area directly concerned with the works and to temporary impact
the People in the vicinity.

2 Increase in the income of the population working on Positive, important and

the site and development of small businesses that temporary impact
will serve the employee of the construction site

3 Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs Positive, important and

for the employees and their families (health care,& temporary impact
schooling children )

4 Risk of the increase of HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Negative, middle and
Transmitted Diseases due to the increase in income temporary impact
which may cause unsafe behaviors.

5 Risk of the accidents on the personnel of the site. Negative, middle and
Some of the workforce may not be familiar to temporary impact
construction techniques which can be a cause of
accidents. If the protection equipment is not adequate
accidents are most likely to occur.

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 6.2.4. Negative Impacts of the project during operation phase

6.2.4.1. Potential Impacts of air pollutants on Health and Environment

Pollution emitted from food oil extraction factory is measured in terms of volume of dust
particulate emitted. Air pollutants in the atmosphere cause concern primarily because of their
potential adverse effects on human health. The adverse human heat effects attributable to air
pollution from respiratory illness; other potential adverse impacts of air pollution include
damage to animal life, vegetation and buildings, and the degradation of visibility. However
there is a wide range of dust control processes and equipment to choose from, depending on
the volume and composition of potential dust to be recovered or discharged to the
environment (cyclone and fabric filters among others).

6.2.4.2. Potential Impacts of Effluents on Human Health and Environment

Water pollution threatens individuals who come in direct contact with surface such as the
rivers and lakes, as well as those who depend on surface and ground water for drinking
water. Water pollutants can enter the food chain through crop irrigation and the
contamination of aquatic life. Impacts of pollutants of wastewater of food oil extraction
factory can range from a loss of aesthetics to a reduction in biological health, which is
reflected in a variety of ways; from the loss of species diversity in the ecosystem to direct
human health hazards. Food oil extraction waste hazards are minimal due to the fact that no
chemical is used and that dry cleaning is usually employed. Modern industrial facilities use a
range of physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies to bring the water quality
of discharges to acceptable levels.

6.2.4.3. Potential Impacts of Solid waste on human health and environment

Organic matters are the main wastes produced from graining mills which cannot cause
substantial hazards to human health or the environment when properly managed. Because
some of these organic wastes may undergo decay and causes unpleasant smells, attract
disease causing vectors etc.

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 6.2.5. Nature of the impacts during operation phase
Once the impacts have been identified the next task is to predict their potential size and
characteristics. The impacts of the project during operation phase on biophysical and
socioeconomic environment can be characterized as in the tables below.

Table 6.3: Impacts on socio-economic environment during operation phase

No. Type of impacts Impact classification

1 Supply of edible oil in the country Positive, important and

permanent impact

2 Job creation for those who will be employed in Positive, important and
different services of the factory permanent impact

3 New opportunities for income generation for many Positive, important and
individuals who will be supplying Oil seeds to the permanent impact
food oil factory

4 Generation of foreign currency through export of Positive, important and

parked edible oil to neighboring countries permanent

5 Improvement of general welfare as a result of Positive, important and

increased Income permanent impact

6 Increased economic activities directly or indirectly Positive, important and

related to the project permanent impact

7 Increase in the income of the population working on Positive, important and

the site and development of small businesses that will permanent impact
serve the employee

8 Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs for Positive, important and
the employees and their families (health care, permanent impact
schooling children)

9 Possibility of savings for the local population and Positive, important and
employee of the plant. permanent Impact

10 Payment of taxes to the local and central government Positive, important and
permanent impact

37
Table 6.4: Impacts on biophysical environment during operation phase

No. Type of impacts Impact classification

1 Effects of fumes and greenhouse gases, effluent and Negative, middle and
wastewater from the plant operation on human permanent impact
health and environment

2 Effects of generated solid wastes Negative, middle and

permanent impact

3 Risk of contamination of ground water by generated Negative, middle and

wastewater from the plant and by used oil from the permanent impact
maintenance of the machines

4 Risk of increase in road accidents resulting from Negative, weak and

permanent Impact
increase in road traffic;

5 Risk of noise pollution of machinery and vehicles Negative, weak and

and its related impacts like air pollution increased in permanent Impact
the area;

6 Risk of fire accidents Negative, important and

permanent impact

38
7. ENVIROMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES

This section provides measures envisaged to avoid, reduce minimize present or compensate
negative impacts of the project. Considering the project design and the site layout plans, most
of the mentioned impacts are not likely to happen. The following mitigation measures have
been recommended for minimizing or avoiding the anticipated potential impacts

7.1. During construction phase

7.1.1. Efficient sourcing and Use of Raw Materials

The proponent will source building materials such as sand, ballast and hard core from
registered quarry and sand mining firms, whose projects have undergone satisfactory
environmental impact assessment/audit and received concerned government body approval.
Since such firms are expected to apply acceptable environmental performance standards, the
negative impacts of their activities at the extraction sites are considerably well mitigated.

To reduce the negative impacts on availability and sustainability of the materials, the
proponent will only order for what will be required through accurate budgeting and
estimation of actual construction requirements. This will ensure that materials are not
extracted or purchased in excessive quantities. Moreover, the proponent will ensure that
wastage, damage or loss (through run-off, wind, etc) of materials at the construction site is
kept minimal, as these would lead to additional demand for and extraction or purchase
materials.

In addition to the above measures, the proponent shall consider reuse some of left
construction materials for other purpose. This will lead to reduction in the amount of raw
materials extracted from natural resources as well as reducing impacts at the extraction sites.

7.1.2. Reduction of Air pollution

During site preparation and construction phase, it is anticipated that the surrounding air might
be polluted by the dust emitted during site clearing. For this it would important to regularly
water the site so as to reduce the amount of dust emitted in the air. Also the construction site
will be fenced, and no fire to clear off the site will be used.

39
Dust emission during construction will also be minimized through strict enforcement of
onsite speed controls as well as limiting unnecessary traffic within the project site. In
addition, it is recommended that excavation works be carried out in wet weather.

7.1.3. Minimization of Run-off

The proponent will put in place some measures aimed at minimizing soil erosion and
associated sediment release from the project site. These measures will include terracing and
leveling the project site to reduce run-off velocity and increase infiltration of rainwater into
the soil. The proponent will also construct appropriate concreted drainage system to reduce
soil remove and gully formation. In addition, construction vehicles will be restricted to
designated areas to avoid soil compaction within the project site, while any compacted areas
will be ripped to reduce run-off.

7.1.4. Minimization of Waste generation

It is recommended that demolition and construction waste be recycled or reused to ensure
that materials that would otherwise be disposed of as waste are diverted for productive uses.
In this regard, the proponent is committed to ensuring that construction materials left over at
the end of construction will be used in other projects rather than being disposed of. In
addition, damaged or wasted construction materials including cabinets, doors, plumbing and
lighting fixtures, marbles and glass will be recovered for refurbishing and use in other
projects. Such measures will involve the sale or donation of such recyclable/reusable
materials to construction companies, local community groups, institutions and individual
residents or homeowners.

The proponent shall put in place measures to ensure that construction materials requirements
are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction materials left on site
after construction is kept minimal. It is further recommended that the proponent should
consider the use of recycled or refurbished construction materials. Purchasing and using
once-used or recovered construction materials will lead to financial savings and reduction of
the amount of construction debris disposed of as waste.

Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste during construction of the

project include:-

40
• Use of durable, long- lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as often, thereby
reducing the amount of construction waste generated over time,
• Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to reduce
the amount of waste caused by damage or exposure to the elements,
• Purchase of perishable construction materials such as paints incrementally to ensure
reduced spoilage of unused materials,
• Use of building materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the generation of
excessive packaging waste,
• Use of construction materials containing recycled content when possible and in
accordance with accepted standards.

During the construction phase, temporally toilets will also be used. The best system is to
use the “Ecosan” system consisting of plastic cabins with regularly empty able contains. The
proponent can also prepare temporary pit latrine inside the project area as one of the option
to use it. This is a sanitation system that does not require any water to function. It saves on
water use. The system utilizes a natural biological process to break down human waste into
a dehydrated odorless compost-like material.

7.1.5. Minimization of impacts on traffic flow

The proponent will put in place measures to address such concerns by ensuring that
construction vehicles preferably deliver materials during off-peak hours when traffic volume
is low. There will also be provision for caution signs on the access road to alert users on
construction activities in progress in order to prevent occurrence of accidents.

This will be achieved through proper planning of transportation of materials to ensure that
vehicle fills are increased in order to reduce the number of trips done or the number of
vehicles on the road. In addition truck drivers will be sensitized to avoid unnecessary racing
of vehicle engines at loading/offloading areas, and to switch off or keep vehicle engines at
these points.

41
 7.1.6. Minimization of Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration will be minimized in the project site and surrounding areas through
sensitization of construction truck drivers to switch off vehicle engines while off-loading
materials. In addition, they will be instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines or hooting
especially when passing through sensitive areas such as churches, schools and hospitals. In
addition, construction machinery shall be kept in good condition to reduce noise generation.
It is recommended that all generators and heavy-duty equipment be insulated or placed in
enclosures to minimize ambient noise levels.

7.1.7. Health and safety of Workers on site

The proponent is committed to adherence to the occupational health and safety rules and
regulations stipulated in Occupational Safety and Health Act. In this regard, the proponent is
committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves; helmets,
overall as well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers by
providing sanitary facilities (toilets) and portable water while food will be bought by workers
from the nearby hotels and individuals.

7.1.8. Reduction of Energy Consumption

The proponent shall ensure responsible electricity use at the construction site through
sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by switching off electrical equipment or
appliances when they are not being used. In addition, proper planning of transportation of
materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not consumed in excessive amounts.
Complementary to these measures, the proponent shall monitor energy use during
construction and set targets for reduction of energy use.

7.1.9. Minimization of Water Use

The proponent shall ensure that water is used efficiently at the site by sensitizing construction
staff to avoid irresponsible water usage.

42
 7.2. During operation phase

7.2.1. Mitigation Measures for air pollution

All exhaust discharge points on the plant would be fitted with Buhler air jets filters which are
capable of achieving an in–stack particulate concentration in maintaining the international as
well as the national standards.

7.2.2. Mitigation measures for sewage

The major source of effluents in the food oil extraction factory is the water used in cooling,
the rolling processes is also using a substantial amounts of oils and lubricating fluids. The
conventional casting process may use some liquid chemicals for the cleaning process of the
casting, but it comprises minor amounts of effluents as most of the water and oil will be
recycled to be reused in the plant operation. Nevertheless, the small amount of effluent will
be treated before it may be released and reused, and therefore, a better waste management
system is described below.

7.2.2.1. Waste water system from the food oil Processing plant
There will be an oil separator before the effluent go into the system. Oil separators will be
installed on surface before the entry to the wastewater treatment to protect the system from
impact of the oil. The drainage system inside the factory will be designed in order to avoid
the water to enter into it.

7.2.2.2. Waste water from the toilets

With regard to the wastewater from the toilets of the workers and administrative staff a Jet
wastewater treatment plant will be installed. It uses Biologically Accelerated Treatment
process to transform wastewater into colorless, odorless, clean and environmentally-friendly
effluent. The capacity requirement of the plant (equivalent to 200 inhabitants: 10 to 15 m3
wastewater treated per day).

Jet Wastewater Treatment Plants employ a biological process known as “extended aeration”
or “aerobic digestion.” In this process incoming wastewater enters an aeration tank where the
contents are thoroughly mixed and aerated by large volumes of air which are pumped into the

43
tank under pressure. As the air bubbles to the surface, it transfers oxygen to the tank liquids.
Aerobic bacteria present in the activated sludge in the tank use this oxygen to convert the
wastewater to inoffensive, clear, odorless liquids and gases.

Sometimes this process is referred to as “wet burning” because the bacteria actually destroy
the wastewater by using oxygen, just as fire uses oxygen to burn trash. After the treated
liquid leaves Jet’s Aeration Tank, it is held in a “settling” tank, which is completely still.
Here any partially treated particles settle to the tank bottom and are returned to the aeration
tank for further treatment. This settling produces a clear, highly treated liquid which is ready
for final discharge.

The management of the food oil plant shall carry out physical-chemical test every six month
to monitor the efficiency of the waste treatment plant. The following parameter must be
tested: the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total
nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), total suspended solids (TSS),
turbidity, total dissolved substance (TDS), coli forms etc.

7.2.3. Mitigation measures for solid waste

Solid waste from the extraction machines is mainly organic waste such as oilseeds residues
from sieves i.e impurities smaller or larger than seeds; stones from the gravity separators;
ferrous metal impurities from the magnetic separators and other light impurities from
aspirators. All these wastes must be separated after their production, collected and managed
according to their nature. The principle of waste prevention, minimization/reduction will be
implemented in the Plant. This will apply the adoption and the use of the cleaner production
principles in this Plant.

The management of the Plant shall organize regular training of the personnel on cleaner
production principles to be used through the control of raw materials, the control of
processing, packaging, storage etc. Waste, particularly solid waste will be minimized,
recycled or reused.

44
 7.2.4. Measures to avoid accidents during operation

The major industry operation will be carried out in the workshop. Condition for acceptable
working environment will be respected, i.e. sufficient aeration, acceptable level of noise,
permanent availability of drinking clean water. Moreover, as safety measures for staff /
workers during operation, employees will be equipped with adequate equipment such as

 High Boots to provide support and protection past the ankles

 Protective uniform
 Dust masks
 Helmets
 Eye goggles with a dark shade so as to protect the workers from the bright color
of the liquid metal.

First aid equipment should be available at the site at all time, and several individuals among
the permanent personnel on the site should have the skills necessary to use the equipment. A
contract should be signed between management of the grain mill factory and the nearest
dispensary or health center for taking care of injured staff in case of accident. The insurance
should be contracted for all the personnel during the construction phase and for those who
will be employed in the factory during the operation phase

Workers will be regularly trained on the use of the equipment as well as on the safety
measures and procedures so as to limit the risk of accidents due to the ignorance in the
equipment use as well as the importance of the safety procedures. Table 6 below summarizes
all the proposed mitigation measures in line with the anticipated impacts.

45
Table 7.1: Mitigation measures

No Type of impacts Proposed mitigation measures

.

1.Impacts during construction phase

1.1 Air pollution by the dust emitted
during site clearing.
1.2 Waste generation impacts
1.4 Soil erosion due to exposure of the
soil after removal of ground cover;
1.3 Risk of the accidents on the
personnel of the site due to traffic
and lack of workers safety.
1.4 Loss of resources /construction
materials /
• Soil watering when soil works are being
executed and where dust is emitted.
• To fence the construction site
• Not to use fire for land clearing
• Recycle or reuse construction waste
• Carefully budgeting for construction materials
• Construct and use temporary toilet to be used
for workers.
• To avoid steep slopes and level the land as much
as possible.
• To maintain vegetation edges in order to reduce
wind erosion.
• provision for caution signs on the access road to
alert users on construction activities in progress
in order to prevent occurrence of accidents
• Provide all staff on construction site with
protective equipment (helmets, gloves, coats and
boots where applicable).
• To teach the workers how to use adequately
these equipment
• Efficient sourcing and use of construction raw
materials

1.5 Effect of noise pollution • Sensitization of construction truck drivers to

switch off vehicle engines while offloading
materials.
• instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines
or hooting especially when passing through
sensitive areas
• construction machinery shall be kept in good
condition to reduce noise generation
1.6 Depletion of resources/energy and • sensitization of staff to conserve energy and
water / water

2. Impacts During operation

phase
2.1 Degradation of air quality by air • High efficiency cyclone and fabric filters will be
installed to control Particulates.

46
No Type of impacts Proposed mitigation measures
.

. emissions during plant operation
• Adequate stack height will be provided as per
industrial guidelines for the proper dispersion of
potential pollutants.
• Motor able roads in the plant area will be paved
to reduce dust emission.

2.2 Risk of the increase of HIV/AIDS • The biggest workforce will be recruited from the
and other Sexually Transmitted local communities, and they normally return to
Diseases due to the increase in their homes.
income which may cause unsafe • Sensitization campaign to the staff on
HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and avail condoms
behaviors
on site, free of charge.
2.3 Occupational health effects on • Plant will implement the safety and health
workers due to fugitive dust, program designed to:
material handling, noise or other o Identify, evaluate, monitor and control
process operations safety and health hazards
o Provide safety training to workers
2.4 Effects of sewage, effluent and • To reduce the impact of waste water this study
wastewater from the factory proposes a method for treating the Wastewater.
processing • Adequate treatment facilities will be provided
so that the treated effluents conform to the
regulatory standards.
• The plant effluent after treatment will be reused
to maximum possible extent.
• Rain water percolation and runoff from solid
material, fuel and waste piles will be controlled
by covering and / or containment to prevent
percolation and runoff to ground and water
surface waters
2.5 Effects of generated solid wastes; • The garbage will be sorted on site and wastes
will be treated separately/compositing, burning
by using incinerators and reuse/recycling/.
• Regular inspection of the site
• Efforts will be made to utilize the solid waste to
the extent possible. The non-usable part would
be appropriately dumped in an officially
designated area.
2.6 generated wastewater from the • Used oil will be collected, stored in water tight
factory and by used oil from the recipients and taken to reuse or recycling plants
maintenance of the machines; • Maintain storage and disposal area to prevent
accidental release
• Provide spill mitigation equipment, double wall

47
No Type of impacts Proposed mitigation measures
.

tanks and / or diking storage tanks

2.7 Risk of increase in road accidents • Regular maintenance of the road
• Humps added where needed.
resulting from increase in road • Use of traffic signs
traffic

2.8 Risk of noise pollution of • Use of new machines and vehicles with
machinery and vehicles and its minimum noise
related impacts like air pollution • Equipment will be kept in good condition to
increased in the area keep the noise level within 90 dB (A).
• Workers will be provided with necessary
protective equipment e.g. ear plug, earmuffs
• Provision of green belt and plantation would
further help in attenuating noise
2.9 Risk of fire accidents • Firefighting equipment (fire extinguishers)
should be installed with more attention paid to
the safety and security of machines.
• The extinguishers should be regularly inspected
and maintained.
• The personnel of the factory must be trained on
their use.

48
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

This section describes the modalities provided in the project for the implementation of the
proposed mitigation measures to its potential negative impacts. It proposes the institutional
responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures, the implementation
indicators, the time frame for monitoring and follow-up and also the estimated cost for the
implementation activities. The Environmental Management Plan of the food oil extraction
plant is summarized in a table below.

49
Table 8.1: The Environmental Management Plan

S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

Construction
phase

Air pollution by the • Soil watering when soil works are During Contractor/ 10000
dust emitted during being executed and where dust is construction proponent
site clearing. emitted.
• To fence the construction site
• Not to use fire for land clearing
Waste generation • Recycle or reuse construction waste Before starting Proponent/ 12000
impacts • Carefully budgeting for construction its construction contractor
materials
• Construct and use temporary toilet to
be used for workers
Soil erosion due to • To avoid steep slopes and level the During Proponent 6,000
exposure of the soil land as much as possible. construction
after removal of • To maintain vegetation edges in time
ground cover order to reduce wind erosion

Risk of the accidents • provision for caution signs on the Before starting Proponent 12,000
on the personnel of the access road to alert users on main & office
site due to traffic and construction activities in progress in construction transport
lack of workers safety. order to prevent occurrence of activities
accidents
• Provide all staff on construction site

50
S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

with protective equipment (helmets,

gloves, coats and boots where
applicable).
• To teach the workers how to use
adequately these equipment
Loss of resources • Efficient sourcing and use of During the Proponent Nil
/construction materials construction raw materials and
/ Construction contractor
time

Effect of noise • Sensitization of construction truck During the Proponent 2,000

pollution drivers to switch off vehicle engines and
while offloading materials. Construction contractor
• instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle time
engines or hooting especially when
passing through sensitive areas
• construction machinery shall be kept
in good condition to reduce noise
generation
Depletion of • sensitization of staff to conserve Before starting Proponent/ 2000
resources/energy and energy and water their actual contractor
water / work

2 Operation phase

51
S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

Degradation of air • High efficiency cyclone and fabric Before starting Proponent 200000
quality by air filters will be installed to control its operation
emissions during plant Particulates.
operation • Adequate stack height will be
provided as per industrial guidelines
for the proper dispersion of potential
pollutants.
• Motor able roads in the plant area
will be paved to reduce dust emission.

Risk of the increase of • The biggest workforce will be After new Proponent 1000
HIV/AIDS and other recruited from the local communities, employees &
Sexually Transmitted and they normally return to their recruited
Diseases due to the homes. Office of
• Sensitization campaign to the staff health
increase in income
on HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and
which may cause avail condoms on site, free of charge
unsafe behaviors

Occupational health Plant will implement the safety and Throughout the Proponent, 1000
effects on workers due health program designed to Identify, project life office of
to fugitive dust, evaluate, monitor and control safety and EPLAU
material handling, health hazards and Provide safety and
noise or other process training to workers workers
operations affairs

52
S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

Effects of sewage, • Use of waste water plant. Before Proponent 13000

effluent and • The plant effluent after treatment will operation
wastewater from the be reused to maximum possible
factory processing extent.
• Rain water percolation and runoff
from solid material, fuel and waste
piles will be controlled by covering
and / or containment to prevent
percolation and runoff to ground and
water surface waters
Effect of generated • To take the rest solid waste in the During Proponent 5000
solid waste Appropriate dumping site
Operation
• Garbage will be sorted on site and
categorized of waste will be treated Phase
Separately

Contamination of • Regular inspection of the machines During Proponent 1000

ground water by • Used oil will be collected, stored in
generated wastewater water tight recipients and taken to Operation
from the plant and by reuse or recycling plants
used oil from the • Maintain storage and disposal area to
prevent accidental release
maintenance of the
• Provide spill mitigation equipment,
machines double wall tanks and / or diking
storage tanks

53
S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

Risk of increase in • Regular maintenance of the road During Proponent 2000

road accidents • Humps added where needed and office
resulting from increase • Use of traffic signs Operation and of transport
in road traffic construction

Risk of noise pollution • Use of quality new machines During site Proponent Nil
of machinery and equipped with air functional pollution
vehicles and its related devices (ex: fabric filter Preparation and
impacts like air collectors or electrostatic precipitators operation phase
pollution

Risk of fire accidents • Firefighting equipment should be During Proponent 10000

installed with more attention paid to & fire risk
the safety and security of the operation protection
machines agency
• The extinguishers should be phase
regularly inspected and maintained
• The personnel of the plant must be
trained on their use
Total 88000

54
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Environmental monitoring is defined as the systematic measurement of key environmental indicators over time, within a particular
geographic area; and the systematic evaluation of the implementation of mitigation measures. Environmental monitoring is a
necessary complement to mitigation, and should be a normal part of monitoring project results. It defines environmental mitigation
and monitoring plan for flour and other food complex manufacturing Project, in terms of proposed mitigation measures, parameters
to be monitored, location where monitoring takes place, methods monitoring, frequency, responsible bodies who monitored it, and
estimated cost to carry out environmental monitoring activities
.
Table 9.1: Detailed Monitoring Plan

S/N Project Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measure Frequenc Responsi Cost
stage Monitored ment y bility estimat
e

1 Construc • Provide all staff on construction • Number of Factory Observati Every EPLAU, 2,000
tion site with protective equipments accidents on site site on, week Manucipa
phase (helmets, gloves, coats and boots • Availability of interview lity, BoH
where applicable). protective
equipments
• To teach the workers how to use
adequately these equipments
2 Construc • The biggest workforce will be • Number or % Factory Interview Twice a EPLAU, 2,000
tion/oper recruited from the local workforce site and year and
ation communities and they normally Recruited observati workers
phases return to their homes. • Number of

55
S/N Project Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measure Frequenc Responsi Cost
stage Monitored ment y bility estimat
e

Sensitization on affairs
• Sensitization campaign to the staff campaigns on
on HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and HIV/AIDS and other
avail condoms on site, free of
charge STDs, and avail
condoms on site

free of charge

3 Construc • Sensitization of construction truck • Noise intensity of Factory Inventory Annually EPLAU 2,000
tion drivers to switch off vehicle machines site in Db and and BoH
phase engines while offloading materials. interview
• instructed to avoid gunning of
vehicle engines or hooting
especially when passing through
sensitive areas
• construction machinery shall be
kept in good condition to reduce
noise generation
4 Construc • Soil watering during the time of Amount of dust in Factory Observati Annually EPLAU 5,000
tion soil works the atmosphere site on and
phase • Not use fire during site clearing measure
ment

5 Construc • Compact soil immediately after Soil erosion rate Factory Observati Annually EPLAU 2000
tion removal of the top cover Avoid

56
S/N Project Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measure Frequenc Responsi Cost
stage Monitored ment y bility estimat
e

phase steep slope and level the land as site on

much as possible
• Maintain vegetation edge to avoid
wind erosion
6 Operatio • Treatment of wastewater from the Quality of Project Laborator Annually EPLAU 5000
n phase plant underground water site y test and BoH
• Cover / contain solid material,
fuel and waste piles from rain to
prevent percolation and runoff to
ground and water surface waters
7 Operatio • Control particulates by cyclone Quality of air Surroun Measure Once in EPLAU 4000
n phase and fabric filters ding ment two years
area and
factory
site

8 Operatio • To take the rest solid waste in the • Categories of Factory Interview Every EPLAU 1000
n phase Appropriate dumping site wastes to be site and quarter and
• Garbage will be sorted on site and treated separately observati municipal
categorized of waste will be • Contract with the on ity
treated garbage collector

9 Operatio • Regular inspection of the machines Quality of the Factory Interview Every EPLAU 1000
n phase • Used oil will be collected, stored receiving site and quarter
in water tight recipients and taken environment which observati
free from oil spill

57
S/N Project Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measure Frequenc Responsi Cost
stage Monitored ment y bility estimat
e

to reuse or recycling plants on

• Maintain storage and disposal area
to prevent accidental release
• Provide spill mitigation equipment,
double wall tanks and / or diking
storage tanks
10 Construc • Regular maintenance of the road Number of road Factory Interview Annually EPLAU 500
tion • Humps added where needed accidents happened site and and and
phase • Use of traffic signs out side observati transport
on

11 Operatio • Use of quality new machines Noise level Factory Measure Annually EPLAU 500
n phase equipped with air functional site ment in
pollution devices (ex: fabric filter decimeter
• collectors or electrostatic
precipitators

58
S/N Project Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measure Frequenc Responsi Cost
stage Monitored ment y bility estimat
e

12 Operatio • Firefighting equipment should be • Firefighting In Interview Annually EPLAU 500

n phase installed with more attention paid equipment’s factory and fire
to the safety and security of the Installed site accident
machines protection
• The extinguishers should be • Number of fire
accidents agency
regularly inspected and maintained
• The personnel of the plant must be Avoided
trained on their use

Total 25500

59
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1. Conclusions

As it is explained in the impact study section of this report the factory is planning and willing to
respect the physical, biological, social, cultural and environmental laws and conditions of the
project area. Though there are few negative impacts, the positive impact of the factory significant
too. Despite of this, it is believed that a systematic internal environmental monitoring is essential
for effective implementation of environmental management plan and has to be in placed to ensure
that undesirable impacts are kept to the minimum.

To this end, the project is ready to implement the recommended mitigating measures and use the
environmental management plan, produce adequate reporting, assign the right human resource and
focus on the major issues, solid and liquid waste management and workers safety and health so that
it will be possible to operate the factory in sustainable manner. The government of Ethiopia has
been actively working to create an investment climate that encourages investors through facilitating
long and short term loans.
The private sector development on industry has contributed to the above objectives in following
ways:

 The sector would create employment opportunity and contributing an increase in wages to the
rural economy.
 Provision of new opportunities for agricultural professionals and experts to develop technical
skills and careers in modern agriculture,
 Contribution to the government’s objective of widening the tax base,
 Contribution to rural stability through provision of jobs, incomes, public services and amenities
to villages surrounding modern agricultural farms.
 Contribution to the development of other commercial activities in areas adjacent to the
vegetable and fruits production, processing and packaging projects (construction, building
blocks, restaurant, farming, etc.)
 Development of local expertise through on-the-job training of personnel,

60
 10.2. Recommendations

 The entrepreneur has to collaborate with the municipality and other similar stakeholders who
involve in waste management,
 Incorporate solid and liquid waste management designs and proper waste management practices
 Work safety and sanitary issues to given due emphasis by the owner.
 The proponent should assist the local community by offering employment opportunities.
 The proponent should develop environmental management system at its project level and
introduce proper environmental management plan by allocating adequate budget and
appropriate experts.
 The mitigation measures of the project should be practiced with the regular monitoring and
evaluation in collaboration with partners.
 The positive impact should be enhanced though the application of the recommended
enhancement measures.

Finally, the project owner should carried out internal environment monitoring and auditing
activities and submitted to office of land and environmental protection for its environmental
compliance. There for this section of the report describes the potential environmental impacts, both
negative and positive, those are likely to result from the construction and operation of the flour and
food complex processing plant in Nekemte city administration. The possible mitigation measures
identified for the significant negative impacts should be implemented as per plan.

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11. REFERENCES

Oromia National Regional State, Land and Environmental Protection Bureau, General
Environmental impact Assessment Guide line (Finfinne, 2011)

Chukwu, O. (2005). Development of Predictive Models for Evaluating Environmental Impact of the
Food Processing Industry: Case Studies of Nasco Foods Nigeria Limited and Cadbury Nigeria Plc.

Chukwu, O. (2007). Assessment of In organic Constituents of Food Processing Wastes for Safe
Quality Use. Women’s Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 4, 176 – 184.

Dalzell, J.M. (2000). Food Industry and the Environment in the European Union: Practical Issues
and Cost Implications. Springer,Netherlands. 2nd Ed. 348 p.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Environmental Protection Authority. Environmental

Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline

Proclamation No. 299/2002 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation

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Annex

• Site plan
• professionals CV
• trade license
• professional license
• public participation minute

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The promoter of the project

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Partial view of the proposed land for the project

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : SILESHI ANGERASA NAGASA

DATE OF BIRTH : June, 1977
MARITAL STATUS : Married
LANGUAGE : Afan Oromo, Amharic, English

EDUCATIONAL BACK GROUND:

 M.Sc. in Agricultural Economics with M.Sc. Thesis on assessing factors that affects the
production and marketing of Sesame at Guto Gida Woreda, East Wollega Zone.
 BA degree in Economics from Unity University College in 2007,
 Diploma in General Agriculture from Jimma College of Agriculture (1996-97.

MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONALS ASSOCIATION

 Ethiopian Agricultural Economics Association

PROFFESIONAL SHORT TERM TRAININGS:

 Certificate of Training on Agribusiness Management organized by USAID/Ethiopia from

April 18-20, 2012.
 Certificate of Training on Business Plan Development and Leadership organized by
ACDI/VOCA-Ethiopia -USAID/Ethiopia from June 26-28, 2012.
 Certificate of Training on Business Planning and Warehouse management organized by
SASAKAWA GLOBAL 2000-ETHIOPIA and WORLD FOOD PROGRAM –
ETHIOPIA from October 02-06, 2012.
 Certificate Training of Trainers [ToT] on Rural development planning and Management
organized by Ethiopian Rural Self Help Association (ERSHA) from November 3-7,2008,
 Certificate of Training on Statistical Package of Social Sciences [SPSS] organized by
Facilitator for change [FCE] from August 11-17/2008
 Training Certificate on Livelihoods Assessment and Analysis Organized by Ethiopian
Rural Self Help Association (ERSHA) from January 28 - February 1, 2008
 Training Certificate on “VALUE CHAIN Development” organized by Facilitating
Farmers Access to Remunerative Market [FFARM plc] from 28-29 June 2007.
 Certificate of Training on Rural Entrepreneurship” organized by Sustainable land use
forum (SLUF) from 5 - 9 March 2007.
 Training participation on “Monitoring and evaluation for NGOs and CSOs” from March 31
April 02/05 organized by rainbow management and Development consultant s [RMDC] at
(CRDA)
 Certificate of participation “TOT” on Gender and development (GAD)” organized by
Sustainable land use forum (SLUF) from 25 October to 3 November 2004.
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  Certificate of Achievement in a study tour on “cooperative development” in Kenya
organized by U.S Agency for International development (USAID) for the period of August
28-September 6, 2001.
 Certificate of training “on Cooperative Development” organized by Oromia/VOCA and
ACE Oromia/VOCA Cooperative union project from April 26 – May 17, 1999 & also 13
March 5 April 2001 on Cooperative structure and Management, Cooperative Accounting
and preparation for Audit, cooperative Marketing and Store Management and Cooperative
Finance and Credit.
 Preparing paper of presentation on good, bad, and new experiences of cereal bank
associations that was held on Knowledge management: Sustainable Agriculture and Gender
“learning and sharing write-workshop for NOVIB and OXFAM partners and Government
counterparts” from 25-31 December 2005.

EXPERIENCE:

 One year and two (1.2) of experience in Nile Insurance Company S.C, Nekemte Branch with
the position of Branch Manager, performing underwriting and approving different insurance
policies, handling claims, market promotion of the company services.
 Two years and Six months (2.6) of experience in Gibe Didesa Farmers’ Cooperative Union,
implementing various activities on the position of General Manager with position of:
 Planning, reporting over all activities of the union, follow up and monitoring over all
union activities, and evaluate the performance.
 Assist the board of the union on union issues, facilitate general assembly meeting,
 Preparing different feasible project proposals which address the problem of the
community.

 Six Year & seven months [6.7] experience in ERSHA, (Ethiopian Rural Self Help
Association), a national NGO implementing integrated rural development projects on the
position Project Manager with job summary of:
 Coordinate the overall performance of the Farmers Marketing Organizations [FMOs] in
accordance of the vision, mission & goals of the organization in harmony with all
development partners & government policies and procedures.
 Planning, organizing, directing, managing and controlling the overall project activity
implementation,
 Carryout regular follow up and monitoring of the activity implementation with
collaboration of the stake holders and project holders/farmers organizations,
 Promote the development of Agricultural commodity Value Chain promotion and
upgrading
 Facilitate linkage of Farmers Marketing Organizations with different Market actors
[Processors, national and local traders, exporters], different financial institutions, research
centers and Business Development Service providers [BDS] to insure the sustainability of
the project,
 Preparing proposals for a launch of a project for fund raising i.e. Farmers marketing
Organizations [FMOs] and Income Generating Activities [IGA] and other related program
projects,
 Facilitate capacity building activities [training, Experience sharing visit, workshops and
panel discussions] for project holders, FMOs and government offices,
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  Assist regular account closing of Farmers Marketing Organizations and facilitate auditing
of their account
 Prepare regular project reports [Narrative, physical & Financial] timely in line with the
need and requirement of the donor agency and government format to indicate the
achievements made and performance gained ,analyzing the outputs, effects/outcomes and
impacts.
 Undertake participatory project and activity Planning, monitoring and evaluation,
 Facilitate and organize the networking and linkage of the Farmers Marketing
Organizations with Business Development Service providers, financial institutions,
Research Centers.

 Three years and five months [ 3.5] years’ experience on the position cooperative organizer
and promoter with main duties and responsibilities of:
 Planning , undertake follow up and monitoring of cooperative activities,
 Organizing the community on multipurpose and saving and credit cooperatives
 Restructuring the liquidated multipurpose cooperatives,
 Establishing new cooperatives,
 Continuous follow up and monitoring the trading activity of cooperatives and provision of
frequent market information.

 One year and 4 months [1.4] experience on the position Office head and department head of
marketing and credit with many duties and responsibilities among which:
 Coordinating, Directing, implementing policy and procedures, preparing physical and
financial plan are the major task.
 Facilitating the implementation of market system and strategy in line with free market
economy.
 Establish Union by developing their business plan e.g. HARAGU Farmers’ Cooperative
Union, East Wollega Zone, Guduru Woreda
 Planning long and short-term credit demand of cooperatives
 Coordinating, Facilitating and reporting, access market for cooperative society to their
products
 Undertaking market assessment and research
 Designing Market promotion and advertising strategy for coop. Products etc.

 One year and ten months [1.10] work experience on saving and credit cooperative organizer
and promoter with duties of:
 Establishing saving and credit cooperatives in the duty station,
 Assisting saving and credit cooperatives technically, undertake follow up and monitoring
of day to day financial system and physical activity performance.

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 Lakk_____________

Guyyaa: 08/04/2008

Walga’ii Jaarsolii Bulchiinsa Magaala Naqamtee, Kutaa Burqaa Jaataa, Ganda 07

Iddoo:Bakka lafa Invastimentii Obbo Kabbadaa Mokonnon Lubaa

Maqaa Hirmaattotaa

1. Obbo.Tasfaayee Immiruu
2. Obbo Geetaachoo Gaaddisa
3. Obbo Bareechaa Dhufeeraa
4. Obbo. Fayisaa Cimdeessaa
5. Obbo. Dabalaa Taamiruu
6. Obbo Kifilee Fiqaaduu
7. Obbo. Qananii Tamasgeen
Ajandaa

Deegarsa Pirojektii Warshaa Zayita Nyaataa obbo Kabbadaa Mokonnoon Lubaa ilaalchisee fayidaa
ykn bu’aa inni uummata naannoo fi biyyaaf fidu irratti maarii’achuun yaada kennuu.

Yaada Jaarsoliin biyyaa:

1. Pirojektiin kun yommuu hojii oomishaa eegalu hojii dhabdoota simatee hojjechiisuu waan
danda’uuf rakkoo gama hojii dhabdootatin mul’atu salphisuuf faayida ni qabaata.Kanaafuu, kun
gaaffii fi hawwii yeroo dheeraa waan ta’eef kan itti gamadnuu fi deeggarru dha.
2. Pirojektiin magaala keenyaa fi naannoo keenyatti eegaluun isaa tekinooloojii ammayyaa
qonnaan bultoota fi jiraattota naannoo keenyaa fayyaduu danda’u, dabarsuu waan danda’uuf
faayidaan pirojektichi gama kanaan qabus guddaa dha.
3. Pirojektiin warshaa zayita nyaataa obbo Kabbadaa Mokonnon ganda keessatti oomishi isaa
(hojii) eegaluun isaa naannoo keenya irratti miidhaa inni geessisu waan hin jirreef pirojektiin
kun hojii eegaluu isaa ni barbaadna, ni deeggarra.
4. Daangaa lafichaa waliin walqabatee lafichi naannoo industrii waan ta’eef rakkoon uumamu hin
jiru, Investeroota naannoo sanatti argaman waliin ta’uudhaanis hojii misooma naannoo sanaaf
bu’aa guddaa buusu,
5. Pirojektiin kun hojii isaa yeroo eegalu hojii dhabdoota naannoof dursa waan kennuuf
akkasumas hawwaasa naannoo keenya bifa adda addaan waan deeggaruuf nuyis pirojektii
akkasii waan hawwaa turreef ni tumsina, gama barbaachisuun bira dhaabbanna.
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6. Walumaagalatti hojiin pirojektii kanaa guddina biyyittii fi naannoo keenyaaf gumaacha guddaa
waan qabuuf kan deeggarru ta’uu keenya yaada mormii tokko malee sagalee deeggarsaa wal
fakkaatuun murteessineerra.

Lak Maqaa Teessoo gahee hojii Mallattoo

k

1 Tasfaayee Immiruu Ganda 07 Itti gaaftamaa zoonii

2 Geetaachoo Gaaddisaa Ganda 07 D/taa’aa gooxii

3 Bareechaa Dhufeeraa Ganda 07 Kab.Daldalaa fi IMX

4 Fayisaa Cimdeessaa Ganda 07 Dhimma nageenya zoonii

5 Dabalaa Taammiruu Ganda 07 Koree zoonii komuniitii poolisii

6 Kifilee Fiqaaduu Ganda 07 Koree zoonii komuniitii poolisii

7 Qananii Tamasgeen Ganda 07 Koree garee

70