Preliminary ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR

Dereje abdisa COAL MINERAL MINING PROJECT

PROJECT LOCATION:
OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, EAST WOLLEGA ZONE,
SIBU SIRE WOREDA, BAQO JIMA KEBELE Goro Ramadan
LOCALITY

CONTACT PERSON: dereje abdisa

Phone: 0917-84-54-53

CONSULTANT: ABISHE ENVIROMENTAL CONSULTANCY AND AUDITING FIRM .

Phone: +251-931664645; E-mail: chandofufasabu@gmail.com

APRIL, 2021

NEKEMTE, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURSE.............................................................................................................................III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................IV
1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1. General Overview of the Project................................................................................................1
1.2. Objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study.......................................................2
1.2.1. General Objectives..............................................................................................................2
2. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTIONS.............................................................................................3
2.1. Background of the Project..........................................................................................................3
2.1.1. Location & Description......................................................................................................3
2.1.2. Objectives of the Project.....................................................................................................3
2.1.3. Justifications of the Project.................................................................................................4
3. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA.............................................................5
3.1. Physical Environmental..............................................................................................................5
3.1.1. Topography and Landscape................................................................................................5
3.1.2. Geology of the district........................................................................................................5
3.1.3. Regional Geology...............................................................................................................6
3.1.4. Local Geology....................................................................................................................6
3.1.5. Climate and Rainfall...........................................................................................................7
3.1.6. Soils of Project Area...........................................................................................................8
3.2. Biological Environment.............................................................................................................8
3.2.1. Terrestrial Vegetation.........................................................................................................8
3.2.2. Land Use and Land Cover..................................................................................................9
3.3. The Socio- Economic Environment...........................................................................................9
3.3.1. Population...........................................................................................................................9
3.3.2. Health Facility..................................................................................................................10
3.3.3. Infrastructure.....................................................................................................................10
4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWOR.................................................11
4.1. Policy Framework....................................................................................................................11

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 4.1.1. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia......................................................11
4.1.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia....................................................................................12
4.1.3. Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS)............................................................................12
4.1.4. The Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy.......................................................13
4.1.5. Health Policy....................................................................................................................14
4.2. Environmental Laws and Regulations......................................................................................14
4.2.1. Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs.........................................................14
4.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation............................................................15
4.2.3. Proclamation of Environmental Pollution Control...........................................................16
4.2.4. Proclamation on Solid Waste Management......................................................................16
4.2.5. Proclamation on Expropriation of Land Compensation...................................................16
4.3. Relevant International Conventions.........................................................................................17
4.4. Institutional and Administrative Framework...........................................................................19
4.4.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation of Oromia Regional State..................19
4.4.2. The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)..................................................................20
4.4.3. Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIA) in Ethiopia........................................21
4.4.4. Federal Environmental Protection Authority EPA/EFCCC.............................................22
4.4.5. Ethiopian Investment Strategy..........................................................................................23
4.4.6. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document................................................24
5. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES.................26
5.1. Potential positive Impacts.......................................................................................................26
5.2. Significant Negative Impacts at Various Stages of Project Implementation...........................28
5.3. Mitigation Measures.................................................................................................................31
6. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT...................................................................37
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................38
7.1. Conclusion................................................................................................................................38
7.2. Recommendations....................................................................................................................39
8. Reference.........................................................................................................................................40

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Geographic Location of the Project Areas (Adindan-Eth) ……………….........…………3
Table 5.2. Estimated cost fund of the project…………………………………………….………....35
Table 5.3 Summaries of environmental impacts and the possible mitigating measures…………... 36

LIST OF FIGURSE
Figure 1. Location Map of License Area…………………………………………………………….5
Figure 2. Geological map of License area……………………………………………………………7

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Coal is a combustible solid material (sediment, organic rock) that is formed due course of time by
the combined effects of pressure and heat over vegetations. Although the main component of coal is
carbon (70%), there is other contents like oxygen, hydrogen, Sulphur and other impurities, which
constitute together 30 %. The main parameters used to define coal are calorific value (CV), ash,
moisture, Sulphur (www.iea.org).

Coal mining is a development activity, which is bound to damage the natural ecosystem by all its
activities direct and ancillary, starting from land acquisition to coal beneficiation and use of the
products. This is so because environmental degradation has affected especially the common
property resources such as land and water on which depend the subsistence and well-being of the
local community. In open cast mines, waste resources are usually stacked as huge dumps in the
surroundings. These, coupled with coal dumps, cause noteworthy visual impact. Large vicinity of
forest, farming land, and pastureland has been transformed into colliery colonies or into
uncultivated land due to rapid expansion of the coalmines. As a result, land use pattern has been
changed considerably over last three decades. This study is pursued to assess the impact of coal
mining activities on local community and environment.

Environmental impact assessment is a decision-making tool to predict the effect of a proposed

activity/ project on the environment, to compare various alternatives for a project and to identify
best combination of economic, environmental and social costs and benefits. Coal mining is the
process of extracting the coal from the deep underground mines in the earth crust. Coal mining is
one of the most illegal activities going on in the country. At the same time, it totally neglects the
role of EIA in its pre-operational, during mining and post operational plans. Here various case
studies of coal mining are done and the impact of coal mining to the environment is looked into
with some measures to mitigate this problem with proper use of technology and generation of
awareness.

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Coal mining site of Dereje Abdisa in East Wollega Zone, Sibu Sire Woreda, at Baqo Jima Kebele,
Goro Ramadan locality will plays an important role in Ethiopia ‘s overall development. However, it
is mandatory to conduct an environmental and social impact assessment before the commencement
of the project. In this study, the status of proposed project environment, environmental effects of
coal mineral mining operation, and mitigation measures to be considered were predicted and
analyzed.

The environmental regulations of Ethiopia were used as a guideline. The results indicate that the
coal-mining prospect should be subjected to a more stringent environmental impact assessment
study and that its development has potential cumulative impacts. The physical impacts on the
geology and the landscape relate to construction activities and the operation activities are expected
to be significant.

Even though, the impact of this coal mining on land, water, health of workers, air, biodiversity and
surrounding villages and cities is expected to be significant, all the impacts are predictable and can
be mitigated with careful management of the resource and implementation of appropriate
environmental protection measures and standards with the cooperation of all stakeholders. A
detailed Environmental Impact Assessment based on the evaluation of additional data is
recommended to provide a better understanding of the potential impacts and mitigating measures
that will be continuously upgraded before the development.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. General Overview of the Project

Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants that lived and died about 100
to 400 million years ago. Depth, thickness, and configuration of minerals resource decide the
selection of mining technology (open cast or underground). Minerals exploitation progresses
through four stages: Prospecting means search for deposits. Exploration: Once the deposit is
assured, this is done to assess the size, shape, location and economic value of the deposit.
Development -Work of preparing access to the deposit so that the coal can be extracted Exploitation
means extraction of coal. Depending on the content of volatiles, coal is classified into Lignite, Sub-
bituminous coal, Bituminous coal and Anthracite. Open cast mining and underground mining (room
pillar, long wall, drift, shaft, slope mining) are some types of coal mining. Proper Environment
impact assessment of coal mining is very important and here we take some issues, which should be
considered, and some mitigation measures are discussed.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a concept that evolved in search for ways to render
development and protection of the environment. In order to predict and assess the impacts
associated with a proposed action, it is essential to explain the environmental setting in which the
proposed action takes place. This gives the baseline information against which prediction and
assessment can be made. The study tries to mention about the environment which has been
degraded by coal mining. Now a day ‘s environmental assessment is widely used to study the
impact which is still continuing in the particular region by particular activity. Increasing demand for
environmental quality, protection of greenery, clear air and water, minimization of noise congestion
and open space for active outdoor recreation have all taken with key importance. An impact can be
defined as any change in physical, chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economic environmental
system that can be attributed to human activities.

Coal mining site of Dereje Abdisa in East Wollega Zone, Sibu Sire Woreda, at Baqo Jima Kebele,
Goro Ramadan locality will plays an important role in Ethiopia ‘s overall development. This region
has well developed transport and communication and rich in mineral resources. This famous coal-
bearing region has very well scope for large industrial development along with other developments
of agriculture, livestock, forest, water and other minerals.
An integrated approach is very necessary for sustainable development in this region. It is thus clear
that coal mining leads to environmental damage, while economic development and self-reliance call
for the increased mining activities of the available mineral resources. Though there is no alternative
to the site of mining operations, options as to the location and technology of processing, adaptation
of eco-friendly coal mining process and aforestation in the mining site etc can really minimize the
damage to the environment.

1.2. Objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study

1.2.1. General Objectives

Conducting environmental impact assessment study and assessment on possible impacts of the
environment prior to the approval is a public instrument provides an effective means of
harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic, cultural and social considerations into a
decision-making process in a manner that promotes sustainable development.
The main objective of this Environmental impact assessment is carrying out comprehensive
environmental and social impacts of the coal mineral exploitation at the different phases of the
project mainly: pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phase.
Consequently, to clearly identify the potential negative and positive impact of the proposed plant
and to propose possible mitigation measures to reduce or avoid the adverse impact while enhancing
the beneficial ones.
The Specific Objectives of the Impact Assessment;
 To detect the effects of the project on the valued environment components such as the water
bodies, soil, people, infrastructure, fauna, and the atmosphere.
 To detect the effect of the project on the atmosphere.
 To propose alternative measures where it is noticed that adverse effect may occur.
 To enable the proposal mitigation measures where adverse effects may have occurred.
 To carry out environmental inventory or a diagnosis of the existing environment and
activities in the area of the project.
 To propose enforcement measures where beneficial effects from the project are detected.
 To set up cost effective environmental management plan and monitoring and evaluation
plan that will govern all activities of the project for the better protection of the environment.
 2. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTIONS

2.1. Background of the Project

2.1.1. Location & Description

The proposed project is located in Oromia Region, East Wollega Zone, Sibu Sire Woreda,
approximately 330 km from Finfinne and about 100 km from Nekemte to the North West.
Specifically, the project is located at Baqo Jima Kebele Goro Ramadan locality at 50 km from
Woreda town (Sire). The topography of the project sites with respect to accessibility from the
nearby villages is flat and has good access road. The road connecting these areas with another
nearby villages is also gravel road and is in better condition.
The project area is best located in the geodetic grid references of latitude and Longitude as shown in
the table below

Table 2.1. Geographic Location of the Project Areas (Adindan-Eth)

No Easting Northing
1 256540 1032625
2 256540 1031764
3 258214 1031764
4 258214 1032640

2.1.2. Objectives of the Project

The proponent has proposed the project on Coal mineral Exploitation project at the above specified
location is justified on the account to the following objectives. The objectives of the project are;
 To earn reasonable income from exploration of quality and demanded coal mineral,
 To engage in the mining of standard quality coal mineral,
 To supply large volume of coal mineral to address an increasing demand in the market,
 To create employment opportunity to the local labor force,
 To generate revenue to the public and government.
 2.1.3. Justifications of the Project

The key to bringing the Ethiopian economy into the 21st Century is the development of a reliable
power generation system that has adequate electrical power to supply the needs of the population
and attract industry to the country. Without a reliable and expandable power generation system, the
country cannot support modernization or industrialization. The benefits of the revitalizing of the
Ethiopian coal industry and expanding the electrical generating capacity can therefore be evaluated
in terms of the contribution it will make to:
i. increased job opportunities and employment;
ii. increased national income via corporate and personal income tax and increased
capacity utilization of existing industries;
iii. reduced deforestation by discouraging cutting of trees through burning of coal as an
alternative to wood for fossil fuel; and
iv. Added raw material base for enhanced electricity production for domestic and
industrial use that will enable Ethiopia to improve upon its performance in many
sectors of its economy.
The project will also result in the improvement of infrastructure as well as the enhancement of the
social-economic structure in the surrounding communities, as it will provide employment during its
operational.
 3. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA

3.1. Physical Environmental

3.1.1. Topography and Landscape

The project is located in East Wollega Zone, Sibu Sire woreda. The Woreda is situated at about 280
km from Finfinne towards the western. The site found at 100 km away from Nekemte, zonal town.
The specific site is Baqo Jima kebele, Goro Ramadan locality. The project demands 145 ha (1.45
Km2) of land including the site reserved for construction and green area.

The topographic variation in the farm area ranges from 1395 to about 1400 a.m.s.l. and the
topographic area is mainly characterized by harmonious flat and undulating topography with slop
ranging from 00 -90 indicting that there is a slightly plain and also the site has medium and suitable
soil type (sandy clay loam). The mean annual rainfall of the project area is about 1600 mm and also
the maximum annual temperature is 250c while the minimum annual is about 20 0c.

Figure 1. Location Map of License Area

3.1.2. Geology of the district

This district is divided in to three distinct geographical areas with different proportions; namely the
highland 7.53 percent which is very small part of the district, midland 74.2 percent & the lowland
18.27 percent.
 3.1.3. Regional Geology
Overview of Regional Geology Many regional geological studies in the western part of the country
(e.g., Alemu and Abebe, 2007; Kebede and Koeberl, 2003; EIGS, 1996; Asrat et al., 2001; GSE
(Geological Surveys of Ethiopia), 2000) revealed that the terrain comprises of rocks ranging in age
from Precambrian to Quaternary. The oldest rock in the region is of Precambrian age that includes
low-grade Meta volcano-sedimentary assemblages and associated intrusives which collectively
form the southern extension of the Arabian-Nubian-Shield (Kebede and Koeberl, 2003; Asrat et al.,
2001). While, high-grade metamorphic rocks comprised of gneisses and migmatites with associated
intrusives dominate the eastern part of the western region (GSE, 2000; Alemu and Abebe, 2007).
These rock assemblages are thought to be the northern extension of Mozambique Belt. The
juxtaposition of the ANS (Arabian-Nubian Shield) and MB (Mozambique Belt) makes the western
region of the country to be geologically remarkable. Elsewhere, in this region, clastic sedimentary
rocks ranging in age from Paleozoic to Mesozoic are found sparsely distributed (GSE, 2000).

3.1.4. Local Geology

The local geology of the area is Precambrian crystalline basement rocks, Paleozoic to Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks and Tertiary to Quaternary volcanic rocks.

Sandstone: -Sandstone unit consists of different layers of sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate and
mudstone. The rocks have variegated colors (red, pink, violet, light gray) on fresh outcrops and
weathers to brownish or yellowish. Light gray, fine-grained, horizontally bedded, 30m thick
sandstone was observed at the northern and northeast section. This sandstone is strongly weathered,
friable and composed of rock fragments, quartz, silica cement, hematite and trace amount of opaque
minerals.

Basalt: - basalt is composed of augite, plagioclase, opaque minerals, olivine and minor amount of
chlorite, serpentine, calcite and zeolite. It is characterized by porphyritic with varieties of intersertal
when glass is present. The phenocrysts are mainly augite and sometimes olivine and plagioclase.
These phenocrysts range in size from a few millimeters to 0.03 m. It is partly altered to chlorite and
serpentine. Basalt is mainly exposed at the top of the area.

Meta-gabbro: - The meta-gabbro outcrops in the south eastern part of the study area. In hand
specimen, the meta-gabbro is mainly fine to medium grained but rarely, coarse grained greenish
grey to dark grey on fresh outcrops. Weathered surface of the rock shows brownish grey color. The
rock is jointed, and massive to weakly foliated. In some places, the meta-gabbro is thinly banded
and the bands are due to the alignment of fine to medium-grained dark and light minerals. A
gradation from coarse-grained gabbro to medium grained diorite and sometimes, to amphibolite is
rarely encountered.

Quaternary Sediment: - occur extensively at the central and southeastern part of the area. This
unit mainly covers along the stream. This sediment is loose and fine to medium grained. It is
composed of angular grains of quartz and feldspar. Major occurrences of sediments are along the
banks of stream, toward Hanger Rivers. Some unmappable fluvial soil deposits also occur along the
bank of stream. The fluvial sediments mainly comprise a mixture of coarse to fine sandy sediments
Figure 2. Geological map of License area

3.1.5. Climate and Rainfall

Climate, the long-term effect of the sun's radiation on the rotating earth's varied surface and
atmosphere. It can be understood most easily in terms of annual or seasonal averages of temperature
and precipitation. Since the district is situated at an altitude above 1360 meters above sea level the
dominant climatic condition is a sub tropical climatic type. As a result this area is experienced mean
annual temperature between 240c and 25.50c in the continuous year under study and mean annual
rainfall of 1015mm to 1050mm.
The metrological data on temperature and rain fall around the project area shows that the main rainy
season is from May to September accounting for 85 percent of the rain fall with bi-modal
distribution pattern. The main rain season is also preceded by shorter rain that starts early march
and extends to late April. The project site falls within the lowland (kola) zone at 1200m above sea
level.

3.1.6. Soils of Project Area

There are four types of soils suitable for agriculture in the district namely: Sandy (52% spatial
distribution), Clay loom (6% spatial distribution), Salty (12% spatial distribution) and loom (28%
spatial distribution) of which the loom is very important (suitable) for crop cultivation. Clay with
spatial coverage of 2% is less suitable type of soil exist in the district
 3.2. Biological Environment

3.2.1. Terrestrial Vegetation

Previously the district posses’ dense forests and savanna grasses and on the highlands there were
remnants or big mother trees which show the presence of forests in the past which is now denuded
and left the area barren without any regret. Today manmade and natural forests of the district like
Koke and some others are under savior condition, which needs close control in order to save for
future ecological balance for the surrounding.
These forests are also the home of different wild animals including very attractive seasonal birds,
which are not found in areas where there is no forest. Deforestation is highly practiced by the local
farmers through which they gain an income by selling charcoal, firewood and different lumbering
materials. The greatest portion of fuel wood consumption of the dwellers is obtained from these
forests, in which the major area in the district where fuel wood possibly comes at large to the town
is expected from these forests. Today, the natural vegetation pointed above occupies less than the
previously registered size or some of the forests might not be available as registered. The reason
could be due to the absence of knowhow for what purpose the forest uses or it may be due to the
absence of alternative choices of (income, farm land, domestic energy supply etc.).

3.2.2. Land Use and Land Cover

Adhering to the stated objective, the highest portion of the project land is allocated to exploration of
coal mineral. Accordingly, improved exploration will be managed on the planned area for mining
and the remaining area will be utilized for building construction, tree plantation, and preservation
and construction activities needed to manage the site.
Promoting green area will be the sensitive issue for the owner, thus a minimum of one hectare will
be allocated to green plantation and preservation. The land uses are mainly for coal mining, natural
forest and construction of the camp.

3.3. The Socio- Economic Environment

3.3.1. Population
Population size, compositions, its spatial distribution and some other demographic and
socioeconomic data are very important for planning, monitoring and evaluation of various
development programs. As shown in table below the counted population of Sibu Sire district based
on population and housing census conducted in 2007 G.C is 115,313 2002 E.C. By the year 2002
E.C from 115,313 total populations of the district 61,316 (53.17 %) were males whereas about
53,997 (46.83%) were females; this indicates that the sex ratio is almost one to one. During this
year about 82.72% of the total populations were rural populations, which are directly engaged their
life with even the back bone of the country called agriculture. The crude population density of the
district in the year 2002 E.C was 109.36 person per. km2.

Mixed agriculture (crop production and animal husbandry) is the main source of the livelihood of
the people. Sorghum, maize, horse bean, sesame, rapeseeds and horticultural crops are the most
widely cultivated crops in the district. Prevalent crops pest and aphids, cutworm, monkey, baboon,
warthog, ball worm, and shoot fly. Average annual crop less by diseases and pests are estimated at
10 percent of the total crop production. Application of manure, chemical fertilizers crop rotation
and following methods are practiced to maintain soil fertility.

The economy of the study area is mainly based on agriculture (crop production and livestock
rearing). The farming system is mixed farming system with special emphasis on crop production.
However, in the study area, agriculture is characterized by subsistence farming where farmers
employ traditional technologies of farming over centuries initiatives including irrigation water used
in the production process. Now day’s few investments were started to introduce agricultural
technologies in the project area.

3.3.2. Health Facility

The national policy framework that guides programming in health sector development programs is
the main emphasis of the last five years with the clear focus on poverty related health condition
communicable diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, spread of HIV/AIDS,COVID-19 and other
problems that affect mothers and children in especially in rural areas. Health facilities has been
extended to reach villages and households to accelerate the expansion of primary health care
coverage which has already been developed and endorsed by the government with the view to
achieve universal primary health care to the rural population

3.3.3. Infrastructure

Roads are built to facilitate socio-economic development of the country. In other words, roads
support development of agriculture, industry, mining, tourism and service sectors such as education
and health. Planning of road development needs to take into account the needs of these sectors.
Thus, the project area is accessible to all weather roads. In addition, the project area is accessible to
the mobile network system.
The infrastructure status of the exploration and surrounding areas is an extremely poor in terms of
communication, administrative government and public offices, accommodation facilities, potable
water supply, the availability of basic needs of health and educational infrastructure and other
related facilities. Among the administrative government and public offices, there is kebele
administration in locality and district office found near mentioned accessible gravel road.

The major shelter of the area is a grass-roofed house that is used for protection hot climate. There is
no restaurant and hotels for logging and for food. However, the residents of these villages are the
most generous people to share what they have with their guests.

4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWOR

4.1. Policy Framework

4.1.1. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia

The constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, issued on August 21 1995, forms
the fundamental basis for enactment of specific legislative instruments governing environmental
matters at a national level. Article 43, 44 and 92 of the federal constitution are dealt with
environmental related rights, obligations and objectives in the country. The most relevant articles
are described below:
Article 43: The Right to Development
 The peoples of Ethiopia as a whole and each Nation, Nationality and people in Ethiopia in
particular have the right to improve living standards and to sustainable development.
 Nations have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted
with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
 All international Agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the state
shall protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.
 The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for
development and to meet basic needs.
Article, 44: Environment Rights
 All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
 All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a
result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.

Article, 92: Environmental Objective

 Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and health
environment
 The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not
damage or destroy the Environment.
 People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environment policies and projects that affect them directly.
 Government and citizens shall have the due to protect the environment.

4.1.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Federal Government of Ethiopia has formulated and approved the Environmental policy of
Ethiopia (EPE) in 1997. The policy contains important provisions interims of the improvement and
enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and the promotion of sustainable
social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management
principles. It sets out its specific objectives and key guiding principles, contains sectorial cross-
sectorial policies and provisions necessary for appropriate implementation of the policy itself.
The environmental policy has outlined a number of issues concerning Environmental Impact
Assessment, which are summarized as below:
 The importance of Environmental Impact Assessment to address social, political and cultural
impacts, and also physical and biological impacts, and the public consultation of to be part of
the Environmental Impact Assessment procedures;
 Inclusion of impact mitigation measures within the design process for development projects,
and accident contingency plans to be incorporated within Environmental impact statements
 Development of a legal framework for the Environmental Impact Assessment process, together
with a suitable and coordinated institutional framework for the execution and approval of
environmental impact assessment (EIA) study environmental Audits;
 Development of detailed technical sectorial guidelines for EIA and environmental Auditing;

4.1.3. Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS)

In the context of the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) and the regional constitution in line
with government policies for decentralization, Oromia National Regional State has formulated and
developed “Regional conservation strategy” with and overall objective of conserving and protecting
the natural resources and environment of the region. This RCS is the basic framework for
implementation of the various conventions and has the following broad objectives.
 To promote the sustainable use of renewable natural resources, and also enhance the
controlled use of non-renewable natural resources.
 To identify and exploit on a sustainable basis any presently cost-benefit analyses for all-
natural resource development and utilization.
 To ensure safe use of resources on land, in water-bodies such as lakes and rivers, and in the
atmosphere.
 To save endangered indigenous and endemic plant and animal species and their habitats, and
preserve the natural biodiversity of species.
 To preserve the region’s cultural and historical heritage.
 To promote the interest of the people from all sectors and ways of life to jointly participate in
the conservation of the region’s inheritance of natural resources and culture.
With regard to the conservation strategy, this broad integrated vegetable farm project will be
implemented on the bases of the above stated broad objectives of the conservation strategy.
 4.1.4. The Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy

The national policy on biodiversity conservation and research was issued on April 1998. The policy
is formulated based on the rationale that conservation of biodiversity is one of the conditions of the
overall socioeconomic development and sustainable environmental management goals. It provides a
general framework towards effective conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization
of genetic resources. Among others, the policy addresses the significance of scientific knowledge in
biodiversity conservation and its sustainable utilization through integrating biodiversity
conservation and development programs into Federal and Regional agricultural, health, industrial
and overall national economic development strategies and plans; recognize, foster and augment the
indigenous knowledge and methods relevant to the conservation, development and sustainable use
of biodiversity, and promote and encourage the development and putting into practice of new
emerging technologies such as biotechnology.

In line with this biodiversity conservation policy, this project will be implemented by promoting
and introducing modern harvesting technology activities in resourceful areas of the region so as to
demonstrate the specious types which can serve as a raw material for the ongoing established food
complex processing plant.

4.1.5. Health Policy

Conventional health parameters such as infant and maternal mortality, morbidity, and mortality
from communicable diseases, malnutrition and average life expectancy place Ethiopia among the
least privileged nations in the world. The health policy of Ethiopia is the result of a critical
examination of the nature, magnitude and root causes of the prevailing health problems of the
country and awareness of newly emerging health problems. It accords appropriate emphasize to the
needs of the less privileged rural population which constitute the overwhelming majority of the
population and the major productive force of the nation.
The government believes that health policy cannot be considered in isolation from policies
addressing population dynamics, food availability, acceptable living conditions and other requisites
essential for health improvement and shall therefore develop effective interest morality for a
comprehensive betterment of life. According to the policy, health development shall be seen not
only in humanitarian terms but also as an essential component of the package of social and
economic development as well as being an instrument of social justice and equity.

4.2. Environmental Laws and Regulations

4.2.1. Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs

The environmental organs establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002, was enacted in
2002. This proclamation repealed proclamation for the establishment of the EPA (proclamation No.
9/65). The proclamation re-establishes the environmental protection Authority as an autonomous
public institution is accountable to the prime minister. The powers and duties of the EPA are
described in detail in part two of the proclamation. Part two of the proclamation stipulates the
mandatory need for the establishment of environmental units and agencies by sectorally and
regionally in order to enable institutions the coordination of environmental activities, elimination of
duplication of efforts and enhancement of disseminating environmental information. The
proclamation also establishes the environmental protection council to oversee EPA’s activities, and
defines the activities of sectorial agencies and environmental units with respect to environmental
management. It also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental
matters.

4.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation

Proclamation No 299/2002 issued in 2002 aims primarily at making environmental impact

assessment (EIA) mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) whether such project belong to public or private bodies.

The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation.
The EPA will then review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without conditions) or
reject it. Under this legislation, EPA has to prepare procedures, regulations, environmental
guidelines and standards for the EIA. Environmental guidelines are among the tools, for facilitating
the consideration of the environmental issues and principles of sustainable development and their
inclusion in development proposals. The proclamation requires, among other things:
 Specified categories of the project to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization
from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project.
 Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to
issuing an investment permit or a trade or an operating license or a work permit to a
business organization.
 The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact.
 A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued where the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental
authorization.
Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact
assessment are described in the proclamation. Thus, a project proponent is expected to act as
follows:
 Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identify the likely adverse impacts,
incorporating the means of their prevention or containment, and submit to the Authority or
the relevant regional environmental Bureau the environmental impact study report together
with the documents determined as necessary by the Authority or the relevant regional
environmental Bureau.
 Ensure that the environmental impact of his project is conducted and the environmental
impact study report is prepared by experts who meets the requirements specified under any
directive issued by the Authority or the Bureau,
 Submit an environmental impact assessment study report to the EPA or the relevant
environmental agency for review.

4.2.3. Proclamation of Environmental Pollution Control

The proclamation of environmental pollution control No. 300/2002 is mainly based on the right of
each citizen to a health environment and on the obligation to protect the environment in general and
safeguarding of human health and wellbeing in particular. This proclamation provides the bases
from which the relevant environmental standards can be developed and to make violation of these
standards a punishable act based on the polluter pays principle.

4.2.4. Proclamation on Solid Waste Management

Proclamation 513/2007 aims to promote community participation in order to prevent adverse effects
and enhance benefits resulting from solid waste. The main objective of this proclamation is to
enhance at all levels of capacities to prevent the possible adverse impacts while creating
economically and socially beneficial assets out of solid waste. This proclamation enforces the
proponent to make wastes that generate from the project to be useful products. It also provides for
preparation of solid waste management action plans.

4.2.5. Proclamation on Expropriation of Land Compensation

The Federal legislation on Expropriation of Land for Public Purposes and Compensation
(Proclamation No. 1161/2019) in effect repealed the Proclamation No 455/2005that has been used
to regulate land acquisition and compensation for the purpose of public projects. This new
legislation established detail procedures setting the time limits within which land could be acquired
after a request is received from a proponent, principles for assessment of compensation for
properties on the land as well as for displacement compensation. It also empowered the Woreda
Administration to establish valuation committees to value private or communal properties.
This Proclamation helps to undertake smoothly issues related to expropriation of land holdings and
compensation, which will be one of the main agenda during the construction, and implementation
of the proposed coal-mining project that will be intended to be implemented in the area. As
discussed earlier, the Constitution lays down the basis for the property to be compensated in case of
expropriation because of state programs or projects in both rural and urban areas. Art. 44.2 clearly
states that “All persons who have been affected or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected
as a result of state programs have the right to a commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance”. Thus, persons who have lost
their land as a result of acquisition of such land for the purpose of coal mining and transportation of
the material are entitled to be compensated to a similar land plus the related costs arising from
relocation; assets such as buildings, crops or fruit trees that are part of the land etc.

Hence, the project plans must include an “attractive” and sustainable resettlement strategy, offering
adequate compensation and incentives to the loss of livelihood of the project affected people
(PAPs) at least as per the provisions of the proclamations No. 1161/2019.

4.3. Relevant International Conventions

In addition to national environmental legislations the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia is also
a party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols on environment. The
government has established an Environmental protection Authority, and this authority is designated
as focal point for the implementation of these conventions and protocols.
Accordingly; article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
provides that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or established
procedure, it automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land. Consequently, the
convention and the protocol are the laws of this land. Therefore; the following international
conventions and protocols are relevant to the proposed fruit and vegetables production project.

I. International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Guidance on Performance Standards

on Social & Environmental Sustainability
These Guidance notes offer helpful guidance on the requirements contained in the performance
standards, including reference materials, and on good sustainability practices to improve project
performance. IFC expects that each client will employ methods best suited to its business to meet
the requirements of the performance standards. In assisting the client to meet the performance
standards, IFC will take into account variables such as host country context, the scale and
complexity of project impacts, and the associated cost-benefit consideration, as well as those of
project performance beyond the level required in the performance standards.
 II. Convention on Biological Diversity
 The convention on biological diversity has three goals. These are:
 Conservation of biodiversity;
 Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and
 Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
 The convention was ratified by Ethiopia through proclamation No. 98/94 on May 31, 1994.
III. Framework Convention on Climate Change
Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 97/1994 on May 2/1994. This
convention takes into account the fact climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The basic
objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of emission. It also aims to prepare countries to
minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.

IV. The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification

The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts in
countries experiencing serious drought and desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia has
ratified the convention through its proclamation No. 80/1997.
V. The Basel Convention
The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary movement of
hazardous wastes. The Bamako Convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the African
continent. Ethiopia ratified the based convention through its proclamation No. 357/2002. Its
amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the
Bamako convention through proclamation No. 355/2002.

VI. The Stockholm Convention

In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified Stockholm convention on persistent organic
pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of persistent organic pollutants.
The Environmental protection authority has the full mandate to implement the convention at the
national level.
VII. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species and to
ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner which ensures
stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as to control and regulate
illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their derivatives. Ethiopia ratified the
convention through proclamation No. 14/1970. The mandate to implement the convention at federal
is the responsibility of the Ethiopia wildlife protection and development organization.

4.4. Institutional and Administrative Framework

4.4.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation of Oromia Regional State

Proclamation No 176/2012 issued in 2012 aims primarily at making environmental impact

assessment (EIA) mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the
Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority whether such project belong to public or
private bodies. The proclamation indicates that environmental impact assessment is used to identify,
predict and manage the environmental effects which a proposed development activity or project as a
result of its design and location, construction or its modification or termination entails and thus
helps to bring about intended development. Whereas it is necessary to adopt laws enacted regarding
environmental impact assessment as a country to regional context. In accordance with Article 7 of
this proclamation, no person shall commence implementation of a project that requires
environmental impact assessment without authorization from bureau.
The proclamation requires, among other things:
 Specified categories of the project to be subjected to bureau and receive an authorization
from the bureau prior to commencing implementation of the project.
 To ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to issuing an
investment permit or a trade or an operating license or a work permit to a business
organization.
 Issue an exemption from carrying out an ESIA in projects with an insignificant
environmental impact.
 May suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued where the bureau suspends or
cancels environmental authorization.
Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact
assessment are described in the proclamation. Thus, a project proponent is expected to act as
follows:
 Undertake environmental impact assessment, identifying and predicting the likely adverse
impacts of the project, includes the means of impact prevention or containment into an
environment impact assessment report and submit to the bureau.
 Ensure that the consultant in charge of conducting an environmental impact assessment
must fulfill the criteria and requirements the bureau.
 Undertake environmental impact assessment with due care and responsibility,
environmental impact assessment study shall be conducted by a consultant.

4.4.2. The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed
strategies and action plans as well as the institutional arrangements required for the implementation
of sectoral as well as cross-sectoral interventions for the management of Ethiopia’s natural, man-
made and cultural resources. The CSE provides a strategic framework detailing principles,
guidelines and strategies for the effective management of the environment.
The most important areas that are considered in the document include the following:
 Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural
production.
 Management of forest and woodland resources.
 Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply.
 Rangeland management and pastoral development.
 Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial
and cultural resource, and environmental protection.
 Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
 Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and
environmental management.
 Development of environmental education, public awareness and human resources.
 4.4.3. Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIA) in Ethiopia

Environment is defined as the physical, biological, social, economic, cultural, historical and
political factors that surround human beings. It includes both the natural and built environments. It
also includes human health and welfare. Environmental assessment is the methodology of
identifying and evaluating in advance, any impact, positive or negative, which results from the
implementation of a proposed action (EPA, 2000). In the past the environment was not given
particular attention in the developing endeavors of the country, since project evaluation and
decision-making mechanisms were unwarrantedly made to focus on short-term technical feasibility
and economic benefits. For this reason, past development practices fell short of anticipating,
eliminating or mitigating potential environmental problems early in the planning process. In order
to ensure sustainable development, it is essential to integrate environmental concerns into
development activities, programs, policies, etc.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), as one of the environmental management
tools, facilitates the inclusion of principles of sustainable development aspiration in advance (EPA,
2003). The key objectives of the Ethiopian ESIA process include: integration of environmental and
social considerations in development planning processes, in order to make use of natural resources
in a responsible manner and protection and enhancement of the quality of all life forms.

The concept of sustainable development and environmental rights are entrenched in the rights of the
peoples of Ethiopia through Article 43 (the right to development) and Article 44 (environmental
rights) of the constitution. The main components of the EIA process in Ethiopia include:
application, screening (to decide whether a project requires assessment), scoping (to identify and
narrow down potential major environmental impacts upon which a detail impact assessment will be
conducted), environmental assessment of identified issues and finally the decision process to accept
or reject a project. If a project is not on a mandatory or exclusion list, it must be considered on a
case-by-case basis as to whether the project is likely to have significant effect on the environment.
The permitting process in Ethiopia for coal mining development is under the mining and energy
sector. There are a number of potential role players in an EIA, including: competent agency,
developer, consultant and interested and affected parties

4.4.4. Federal Environmental Protection Authority EPA/EFCCC

The Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA is now upgraded and recently reorganized as
the Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission) was re-established under Proclamation
No. 295/2002 as an autonomous public institution of the Federal Government of Ethiopia entrusted
with the protection and conservation of natural resources in the country. The Commission for
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (EFCCC) is the competent environmental agency at the
Federal level in Ethiopia with one of its objectives, stipulated in Article 5 of Proc. No. 295/2002,
indicating that the Commission is established “to ensure that all matters pertaining to the country’s
social and economic activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human
beings as well as sustainably protects, develops and utilizes the resources base on which they
depend for survival.”

The federal EFCCC is the key national level environmental agency, with a mandate to address
environmental issues. The environmental legislation gives the EFCCC powers to fulfil its role,
support all federal agencies in establishing environmental units, and develop skills in strategic
environmental analysis of policies and public instruments. The EFCCC is involved in the
development of environmental policy and legislation, setting environmental quality standards for
air, water and soils, monitoring pollution, establishing ESIA procedures and an environmental
information system, and undertaking capacity development in relevant agencies to ensure the
integration of environmental management in policy development and decision making. The
responsibilities of EFCCC with respect to ESIA process are:

 Establishment of a system for environmental assessment of public and private sector

projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, and
programs of federal level functions.
 Review, decision-making and follow-up implementation of environmental impact study
reports for projects, as well as social and economic development programs or plans where
they are subject to federal licensing, execution or supervision; also proposed activities
 subject to execution by a federal agency, likely to entail inter- or trans-regional and
international impacts.
 Notification of its decision to the concerned licensing agency at or before the time specified
in the appropriate law or directives.
 Ensure that the proponent complies with requirements of the ESIA process.
 Auditing and regulation of implementation of the conditions attached to the decision.
 Provision of advice and technical support to the regional environmental agencies, sectoral
institutions and proponents.
 Making its decisions and the ESIA report available to the public.
 Resolution of complaints and grievances in good faith and at the appropriate time.
 Development of incentives or disincentive structures required for compliance with regional
environmental agency requirements.

4.4.5. Ethiopian Investment Strategy

There had been a number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by successive
government as the country started to move away from ‘centralized economic’ to mixed economy
(since 1992). These policy issues influence the project in different aspects.
 Proclamation No.37/1996: investment proclamation of the federal democratic Republic of
Ethiopia,
 Proclamation of ministers’ regulation No. 7/1996: council of Ministers regulation to provide
for investment Incentives.
According to the investment proclamation No.37/1996, the objective of the investment policy of the
federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) are designed to improve the living standard of the
peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable economic and social development. Article
13 of the proclamation specifies the required information for submitting an application for
investment permit. The first sub article under article 14, prescribes the procedure for issuance of
investment permit, stating the following:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit in full compliance with the provisions of
article 13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 110 days that the included investment
activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and that, in particular, it
complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws, the appropriate investment
organ shall issue an investment permit to the applicant.
The council of ministers’ regulation No. 7/1996 provides the terms and conditions under which
investment incentives provided for investors. The investment incentive is divided into the following
two categories: exemption from income tax and exemption from customs duty on imported
machinery and equipment. The exemption from income tax is based on the following two criteria.
The first criterion is the class of the investment as pioneer investment, promoted investment, or
expansion and upgrading of existing investment. The second criterion is the location of the
investment with respect to its potential contribution to equitable distribution of regional
development.
In 1998, the government of FDRE issued the following proclamation and regulations with the
objective of amending the investment proclamation and regulation issued in 1996. Regulation No.
116/1998: A proclamation to amend the investment proclamation, proclamation No. 35/1998:
council of Ministers Regulations on Investment Areas Reserve for Domestic Investors, and
Regulation No. 36/1998: council of Ministers Regulation to Amend the investment incentives
regulations.

4.4.6. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document

The guide to EIA document that was prepared by EPA provides a background to EIA and
environmental management in Ethiopia. In effect the document aims at being a reference material to
ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all parties who
engage in the process. The basic objectives of the guide are:
 Providing all interested parties with a consistent approach EIA;
 Providing background information for the context of EIA in Ethiopia;
 Assisting proponents in identifying their EIA responsibility;
 Assisting communities and NGO groups in realizing their environmental rights with
regard to EIA;
 Assisting the authority in determining their roles and responsibility as decision makers
in the EIA process: and
 Assisting in decision-making with regard to cost and benefits of proposed development
project;
  The right to acquire property thereon, by labor or capital, and to sell, exchange and
bequeath the same.

5. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

5.1. Potential positive Impacts

The coal mining project is expected to have both positive and negative impacts on the physical and
socio-economic environment of the project area. The anticipated positive impacts include:
 Job Creation: During mobilization, movement of goods, personnel and equipment will create
unskilled job opportunities (offloading, storing, security-related, etc.). The local citizens would
be employed for the majority of these non-skilled jobs as much as possible. During the site
preparation and construction of Dereje Abdisa coalfield mining project, community members
and a few other nationals will benefit from land clearance and ground preparation jobs. During
actual construction, operation and maintenance phases local citizens and other nationals will be
engaged for most of the skilled and non-skilled job positions.

 Business Opportunities/Economic Enhancement: Movement of the workforce during the

mobilization phase will trigger an increase in local economic activity especially for food
vendors, retailers, landlords, transporters, etc. This activity will promote economic
empowerment of the local populace. The local economy will enjoy a “boom” that is expected
to last throughout construction phase and even slightly beyond. Employment opportunities will
increase with the establishment of project related processing plants and industries. The
presence of new neighbors with obviously higher purchasing power in the project area will
provide an opportunity for farmers, hunters and fishermen to sell their items at a higher price
than they ordinarily would.
 Improved Infrastructure: The presence and the operation of the project will potentially bring
about the improvement of existing infrastructure and introduction of new infrastructure. For
example, the provision of health facility and good access roads for the project’s use will benefit
the immediate and the surrounding communities.
 Skills Acquisition: The construction, operation and management of this Misgana Isata
coalfield mining project have the potential employment opportunities for qualified community
indigenes (who may be employed in the project), new skills in building, construction and
overall project development and management will be provided.
 Increased Potential for Sustainable Rural-to-Urban Community Transformation: This
project has the potential to increase the amenities in the area. Some workers attracted during
the construction phase will not all depart even after demobilization of workers at the end of the
construction phase. Through the process of natural increase (and further influx of people over
time), the population of the community will be on the increase. Other types of need would
 evolve providing business economic opportunities, and this occurrence will increase demand
and supply for essential infrastructure and services, features of urban communities.
 Increased Potential for Corporate and Community Understanding: By encouraging the
fostering of local institutional responsibilities, adopting a participatory approach and sustained
dialogue, this project offers an opportunity for improved corporate relations between project
construction workers and the host communities.

5.2. Significant Negative Impacts at Various Stages of Project Implementation

 Increased potential for road traffic volume and risk of accidents/injuries: It is anticipated
that road traffic will increase during mobilization of personnel and equipment to site.
Throughout the construction and operation phase, traffic is also expected to increase because
 more people and vehicles will be expected at the project area. Increase in the volume of traffic
has the potential to increase the risk of accidents.

 Influx of People-related Impacts: These will include (a) alteration of age-sex dynamics; (b)
increased pressure on infrastructure; (c) increase in communicable diseases; (d) increase in cost
of living; (e) increase in social vices: (f) increased stress on security infrastructure; (g) shift in
local occupation; (h) increase in community unrest, among others
 Alteration of the age-sex distribution: During various phases of the project especially
during mobilization and construction, influx of workers at the peak construction period,
will consist mostly of young males and a small number of females. This could serve to
alter the age ratio, loading more people in the 20-44 age groups and thus further
increasing the noted concentration in this age bracket. Similarly, since the immigrants
will be mostly males the sex ratio will be altered in favor of males.
 Increased pressure on existing infrastructure: Influx of people mostly during the
mobilization and construction phases will put more pressure on the already deficient
physical, social and economic institutional infrastructure.
 Increase in Communicable Diseases (including STIs): The influx of a largely
youthful, sexually active people, many of who are likely to be single and without their
families is anticipated to increase the potential for casual sex and the transmission of
STIs. The workforce from outside the area (both national and expatriate) and their camp
followers may also import some communicable diseases such as tuberculosis. Many
camp followers are expected to live in poor housing conditions with overcrowding and
inadequate sanitation. These conditions are favorable for the spread of communicable
diseases.
 Increase in cost of living/Inflation: Any significant increase in movement of people to
an area, especially those expected to be economically stronger than the local population
usually triggers an increase in cost of living, and therefore inflation. This situation is due
to the increased demand for accommodation, basic daily needs, food items and services.
Inflation is likely to commence during the mobilization phase as people and equipment
begin to move in. It will reach a peak during the construction phase, when there will be
more intense site activity over a relatively prolonged period of time, during which many
 of the workers will be resident in the project area. The inflation rate is expected to drop
off during the operations phase, when the bulk of the construction workers would have
been potentially demobilized and moved out of the project area.
 Increase in Social Vices: The influx of people into the area (both the workforce and the
followers), starting from the mobilization phase, will mean that mainly young men of
different lifestyles will migrate into the area. The presence of such people could lead to
various social pathological conditions such as increase in crime rate, fraud, prostitution,
drug and alcohol abuse, etc. As is the case elsewhere in Ethiopia, where construction
work is going on, it is expected that there will be a significant influx of commercial sex
workers (CSWs) to take advantage of construction workers, many of who will come
without their families. Although this trend will begin to be noticeable during the
mobilization phase, it is during the construction phase that it will attain its peak,
dropping off during the dismantling and decommissioning phases.
 Stress on Existing Security Structures: An influx of people into the area could cause
an increase in crime levels and other social vices. Also, the project may increase the
risks of community unrest, sabotage actions and violent protests. These will further
stress the existing security structures.
 Shift from Traditional Occupation: During the mobilization and construction phases,
when it is expected that a considerable number of local citizens will be needed for non-
skilled jobs, there is the potential for a shift from the traditional primary activities of
farming and trading to other economic activities.
 Increase in Community Unrest: During all project phases, there would be an influx of
people (job seekers, business persons, CSWs, etc). If the local citizens perceive that the
immigrants would deprive them of job and/or business opportunities, it could lead to
community unrest. During operations, the disparity in payments and conditions of
service among workers may give rise to resentment that could lead to community
agitation. Dereje Abdisa coalfield mining project would normally undertake some
community development projects. Failure to meet up to the community’s expectations
could lead to a strained relationship with the host community.
 Potential for Erosion on and off the site: Activities associated with construction (including
land clearance, excavation and grading) in the proposed area would increase the potential for
erosion. Once a catchment area has been leveled, the runoff (as a proportion of rainfall) is vastly
increased. Therefore, during periods of heavy rainfall the volume of water carried by drains in
leveled areas can be massive. The resulting rise in water levels can cause flooding and erosion.
After construction and during operation and maintenance of Dereje Abdisa coalfield mining
project site, there will be increase in the number of impervious surfaces around the construction
site. This exposed area is likely to increase the potential for erosion off the site. Extensive
erosion could result in a change in the land use pattern of affected areas.

 Soil Degradation and Soil/Groundwater Contamination: Construction equipment generates

some volumes of waste oil. If fuelling, maintenance and servicing protocols for construction
machinery at the worksite are not controlled, there is potential for impact due to leakage and/or
spill. Improper discharge and/or storage, and leakage can result in the contamination of soils,
surface water and groundwater.

 Reduction in Air Quality: Project activities like vegetation clearing, excavation etc. will
impact on the air quality due to generation of dust and gaseous emissions from movement of
heavy machineries. The particulate matter that would be released into the air could reduce
visibility. The particles may settle on leaf surfaces thereby blocking stomata pores through
which gaseous exchange occur during respiratory/photosynthetic activities. These impacts are,
however, reversible and of short duration. Exhaust fumes from heavy machinery may contain
gaseous hydrocarbons and noxious oxides like CO2, NO2 and SO2. Gaseous discharges and
dust particles from vegetation clearing, excavation and heavy machinery and vehicles during
construction, if not controlled, could affect lung functions and may lead to aggravate respiratory
disorders such as bronchitis and asthma. These impacts are direct and long-term.

 Loss of Employment after Decommissioning: At the decommissioning phase of the facility, it

is likely that workers and users of Dereje Abdisa coalfield mining project will lose their jobs
and source of income and employment facility. This event could result in considerable hardship
for the affected families. There is a potential for other types of economic activities to emerge.
 5.3. Mitigation Measures
In addition to enhancing the positive impacts, Dereje Abdisa, the project promoter has designed
mitigation measures and options for all the potential and associated negative impacts identified with
the project implementation to either completely eliminate or minimize their effects. The mitigation
measures proposed for the predicted medium and high-ranking impacts arising from this proposed
coalmining project would recognize the following:
a) environmental laws in Ethiopia, with emphasis on permissible limits for Solid waste
management proclamation No.513/2007;
b) best available technology for sustainable development;
c) feasibility of application of the measures in the country;
d) Concerns of stakeholders during consultation meetings and focus group discussions with the
socio economic/health teams.
In general, the proposed impact mitigation measures focused on:
i. avoiding the impacts altogether by not taking a certain action or parts of an action;
ii. minimizing the impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its
implementation;
iii. rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating or restoring the affected
environment; and
iv. Compensating for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources. For
each of the identified negative impacts, the measures include:
 Community Displacement Due to Land Acquisition: Resettlement of the community,
guided by the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) developed for the Coal-field Plant shall be
undertaken in concert with the people of the community
 Increase in Road Traffic Volume and Risk of Accidents/Injury: Effective journey
management plan shall be ensured and pre-mobilization inspection of all vehicles shall be
ensured. In addition, visible warning signs shall be placed on roads and speed breakers
installed at sections of the road traversing communities.
 Increase in Noise Nuisance: The mining project Management shall ensure that all
construction equipment is in proper operating condition and fitted with factory-standard
silencing features, if required. A haul route which designates short haul distances to
construction site and as far as possible from sensitive receptors will be constructed. No
 night-driving policy shall be enforced by all the contractors. Contractors shall plan activities
such that World Bank noise limit shall not be exceeded around the communities, especially
at night. In addition, communities shall be consulted prior to periods of expected peak noise
levels.
 Reduction in Air Quality: Water will be sprayed to reduce dust in air during construction
in the dry season. Operators of construction equipment must wear appropriate PPE e.g. nose
masks during dusty operations. The mining project Management shall ensure that all mobile
and stationary combustion engines are properly maintained.
 Soil Degradation and Soil/Groundwater Contamination: The mining project
Management shall ensure contractor provides containment for any chemicals and liquid
discharges. The company’s waste management policy shall be enforced in cases of domestic
waste, scrap metals, non-plastic combustible packaging materials, plastic packing materials,
drums and containers as well as medical wastes. A controlled fuelling, maintenance and
servicing protocol for construction machinery at worksite would be established and
followed.
 Potential for Erosion on and off the Site: Land clearing would be done during dry season
so as to put in place appropriate erosion-control facilities before heavy rainfall begins. A
storm water pollution prevention plan for erosion control shall be put in place, during
construction.
 Increases in Runoff Water/Decreased Quality: To reduce potential increase in water
runoff, the mining shall ensure that the impervious area is minimized. Runoff water shall be
captured at the point of impact. The mining project Management shall ensure that any non-
paved area is re-vegetated. Vegetated areas are essential to filter the water before it enters
the watershed.
 Change in Type and Increase in the Rate of Waste Generation: The mining waste
management policy for this project shall be enforced. Health awareness campaigns within
the workforce to improve hygiene and good housekeeping shall be encouraged.
 Increase in Community Unrest: Established channels of communication with
communities shall be maintained. The project management shall take the needs of the host
communities into account with a view to assisting whenever possible, and a Community
Relations Officer (CLO) shall be appointed, to liaise with the host communities on issues of
 concern. The coalfield mining project Management shall abide by all agreements reached
with the communities such as:
(a) Giving preference to and recruiting unskilled labor from the community and
(b) promoting recreational activities and maintaining regular dialogue with the
communities.
 Pressure on Existing Infrastructure e.g. Roads: Appropriate maintenance of the roads
with a view to improving its functionality, shall be ensured, as well as functional
telecommunication network, electricity, water facilities etc. Sustainable community
development projects during project execution shall be undertaken.
 Increase in Local Population and Alteration in Age-Sex Distribution: Contractor shall
make available a detailed housing plan for contract staff to the mining project Manager prior
to mobilization. Prior to commencement of the construction phase, available construction
jobs will be advertised, to discourage unqualified personnel from moving into the project
area, thus reducing the rate at which population will grow. Qualified members of the host
communities, particularly women, will be employed as much as possible.
 Change in Employment and Income Levels: The mining project Management shall assist
local communities as appropriate. Where job loses occur, contractors shall provide
severance package in line with conditions of service and Nigerian labor laws. The mining
project Management shall investigate the possibility of some staff retention by new
operator(s) in handover agreement, as well as encourage contractors to provide counseling
for staff in preparation for the disengagement.
 Increase in Cost of Living/Inflation: Skill development and enhancement programmes
shall be supported in the +communities. Contractors shall submit a catering plan to the
mining project Management Manager for approval prior to mobilization.
 Increase in Social Vices: Intensive enlightenment campaign and health education for the
abatement of abuse of drugs and alcohol shall be carried out in the communities and among
workers throughout the life of the project. Alcohol and drug policy for staff will be
enforced. The mining project Management shall support public health lectures with
emphasis on common communicable diseases such as malaria, TB, STIs including
HIV/AIDS. Condoms will be provided for construction workers. Social and health
awareness programs for all workers at induction and on a continuous basis throughout the
 life of the project shall be conducted. Sporting activities will be supported, and the mining
project Management shall engage and support local security systems

 Increase in Communicable Diseases: The mining project Management, in collaboration

with regional and local Health office, shall support immunization. Training of health
practitioners and community health workers to strengthen primary health care in the project
area shall be undertaken, including community-based training on the prevention of common
communicable diseases, water protection/purification techniques and basic sanitation.
 Increase in Respiratory Diseases: Nose masks shall be worn by site workers during
(dusty) operations. Water shall be sprayed on construction site to reduce dust levels
especially during dry season. Inspections and regular maintenance of equipment shall be
conducted, while the mining Management’s guidelines for health shall be implemented.
Construction workers shall be compelled to wear PPEs.
 Injury/Fatalities in Workforce/Communities: Ensure adherence to safe work practices
and provide appropriate training to appropriate personnel. To prevent electricity-related
injuries, the management shall ensure that electrical connections are inspected and tested
before use. It will also ensure insulated hand gloves are used by personnel during welding
activity, and ensure regular maintenance of tools and equipments. There will be compulsory
medical fitness test for the mining project Management and contractor personnel shall be
enforced. There will be First Aid training of workforce. Emergency response procedures
shall be put in place and enforced, while safety awareness training for workforce and
representatives of host communities will be undertaken.
 Stress on Existing Security Structures: A high level of security consciousness both
within and outside the work area shall be developed. Security reports shall be reviewed by
the mining project Management Project Manager. Special security force shall be established
and deployed for the project. This shall include deploying some of the mining project
Management security personnel to strengthen security in the area. The mining project
Management shall establish a liaison to foster partnership with the community so as to
guarantee security for the project. Safety workshops shall be organized, as required,
identifying, evaluating and recommending contingency plans for all security risks.
  Introduction of Impacts not Assessed/Mitigated: All major facilities or industries to be
established by any investor, even if it be the proponent of mining, shall statutorily have its
impacts assessed and mitigated and an EMP developed in concert with the preparers of this
ESIA Report which shall be the basis of such additional EIAs.
Part of the financial resources already committed to mitigation measures for its Coalmining project
will be used to address various mitigation measures to ensure environmentally friendly operations.
In addition, the promoter will be in position to finance the cost of rehabilitating the site at an
estimated cost of about birr 289,000.00 spread across the following activities in table below:
Table 5.1. Estimated cost fund of the project

Domain Component Estimated cost

(ETB)

Site infrastructure Decommissioning of site infrastructure such as:

 On-site coal processing facilities,
 On-site storage facilities,
 Site camp (admin offices, accommodation and 130,000.00
support structures),
 Auxiliary facilities (power plant, water supply,
maintenance yard, etc),
 Development, exploitation/mining, processing
Extractive workings  Backfilling of excavated mine pits,
and mine pits
 Bunding/fencing of excavated areas to restrict 85,000.00
access
Water supply and  Management of water ponds/pits
ponds
Overburden stockpile  Landscaping
 Stabilizing overburden stockpiles
Re-vegetation/wildlife  Soil conditioning,
74,000.00
Establishment  Mulching,
   Planting/nurturing,
   Monitoring plant growth/wildlife re- establishment
Access and haul road  Rehabilitating access/haul roads
  Total 289,000.00
Summary of Environmental Impacts and Possible Mitigating Measures
Table 5.2 Summaries of environmental impacts and the possible mitigating measures in coal mining prospect
Activities Impacts Possible mitigating measures
Exploration Surface disturbance; Vegetation removal; Land use  Area of natural vegetation cleared should be
phase conflict; Emissions to the air; Health effects on workers minimal
(risk of well blow outs); Competition for recreation uses;  Community participation
Lack of housing and utilities; Water use; Water quality;  Planning by concerned authorities
Visual quality; Population increases
Construction Surface disturbance; Loss of vegetation; Effect on fauna;  Re-vegetation and minimizing the affected area
phase  Detailed site planning and engineering;

Operation Surface disturbance; Loss of vegetation; Effect on fauna;  minimizing the affected area;
Phase Emissions of CO2, NOx and H2S, (worker safety, public  Monitoring of gasses and H2S removal;
nuisance odor); Effects on nearby recreation uses;  Detailed site planning and engineering;
Population increases; Physical effects of fluid withdrawal  Community planning and putting standards on
(subsidence and induced seismicity); Noise; Heat effects noise levels and emissions
and discharge of chemicals; Water quality and usage;  Appropriate safety clothing is required when
Visual and aesthetic pollution; Increased traffic and dust. working
 6. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

A mining plan with a number of checks to minimize disaster occurrence has been developed for
the mine. The mining plan selected by Dereje Abdisa coalmining is based on the utilization of
Shovels, trucks, dozers, and scrapers to strip the overburden from the coal seam. Initially,
scrapers or dozers, and the sub-soil generally remove the topsoil by dozers, and then the rock
overburden will be drilled and blasted before loading with shovels. In this mining plan, all of the
rock overburden is considered to be blasted before being loaded by shovels, because stripping
shovels are designed to load fragmented rocks, and not to dig unblasted rock.

The stripping and mining will be done in a series of long 50-meter-wide parallel panels.
Stripping begins with an initial box cut that will provide access to begin a parallel panel
sequence. It is located where the overburden is thin and the coal is thick, thus lower mining costs
to improve cash flow when mining is initiated. Final reclamation will involve backfilling the
previously mined areas to eliminate the high wall and generally return the area to the original
topographic relief (Return-To-The-Original-Contour-Reclamation). The prevention of workplace
accidents and incidents during the construction and operation of the proposed project shall be
achieved using a good hazard analysis procedure.

Contingency plans that shall address emergency situations, including, but not limited to serious
injury or illness, mining and weather-related disasters, as well as land vehicle mishaps will be
developed and implemented for the coal mine Management and contractors.
 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1. Conclusion
Dereje Abdisa Coal Mineral Mining Project is environmentally friendly, its impacts are
predictable, and mostly it is mitigated with the most appropriate technology. The potential
environmental impacts for this coal-mining project have been identified. Magnitudes
(significance) were analyzed and mitigating measures proposed. The results indicate that
operation phase of the project has more impact on the environment than construction phase. This
is because operation of the coal mining plant is a long-term process and its impacts accumulate
with time. The likely impacts of construction phase were found to be temporary and can
presumably be mitigated to insignificant levels. Wells should be monitored during operation.

This study has identified impacts on flora and fauna, water quality and hydrology, air quality,
utilities, visual and aesthetic qualities, and public health and safety. Therefore, they should be
considered for further assessment and detailed investigations. Implementation of mitigating
measures may still not prevent some negative impacts. Impacts like subsidence, induced
considered further during the detailed environmental impact assessment.

Because EIA is a tool for environmentally sound planning, it should be a continuous process and
seismicity, and landslides can have serious and possibly disastrous consequences and thus
warrant the serious attention of the proponent and the stakeholders. Operation, therefore, must
utilize measures to minimize the impacts to acceptable levels. Other likely impacts on geology,
landscape, land use, population, housing and employment, transportation and traffic, public
services, energy, and culture, are considered to be of critical importance and, they should be
must be integrated into all levels of policy and project planning and development. This calls for
full participation of all agencies, institutions and the general public. EIA is mandatory for the
proposed project; therefore, the screening stage was omitted. According to the guidelines, the
environmental impact study (Phase II) is divided into two parts: scoping and detailed impact
assessment. The study was centered on the scoping stage and laid a foundation for the detailed
assessment as recommended below.
 7.2. Recommendations

From the results of this study a detailed ESIA should carried out before the commencement of
the project , as required by the Federal and regional laws on the environment. The following
should be put under consideration:

 The environmental and social impact of mining of coal minerals needs to be investigated

 Detailed EIA should address the general characteristics of the existing fauna and flora, their
populations and habitats, i.e. lakes, rivers, forests and bushes. The possible effects of the
proposed development on the different species, primary and secondary impacts, temporary
and long-term, unavoidable impacts and risks, synergism, and possible irreversible changes
should be clearly investigated.

 Based on this study, there is further need to investigate the quality of water and the general
hydrology of the area before any development kicks off. This will involve addressing the
aspects related to groundwater and surface water contamination as well as water resource
availability. Therefore, characteristics of the water resources at risk (rivers, lakes, streams,
aquifers and aquifer recharge areas), topography and ecological characteristics, seasonal and
annual flows, rainfall and runoff should all be considered. Detailed evaluation of all sources
of effluents from the coal mining , their impacts on the environment affected and possible
mitigating measures should be provided.

 In relation to public health and safety, there is need for the evaluation of infrastructure
requirements necessary to meet the demands of an increased labour force. These should
include housing, clinics and hospitals, water usage and demand and transportation. This will
help reduce potential increases in conflicts and will help in the identification of both direct
and indirect benefits which will be derived from the proposed development. There should be
a plan for safety and risk management which should include training and education,
publishing protocols and perhaps construction. All the above should be monitored to ensure
that developmental protocols are being followed.
 8. REFERENCE

EPA – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY – State of Environment Report for

Ethiopia – Addis Ababa - 2003

FDRE – THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA– June, 1997 – Country

Environmental Profile

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA - August 24, 1995 -

Proclamation N° 9: “Environmental Protection Authority Establishment Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – October 31, 2002 -

Proclamation N° 295: “Environmental Organs Establishment Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – December 3, 2002 -

Proclamation N° 299: “Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – December 3, 2002 -

Proclamation N° 300: “Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – February 7, 2007 -

Proclamation N° 513: “Solid Waste Management Proclamation”

ONRS – THE OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE- November 30, 2012- Proclamation
N° 176: “Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation”

Oromia National Regional State, Land and Environmental Protection Bureau, General
Environmental impact Assessment Guide line (Finfinne, 2011