Electromagnetic Induction (Autosaved) (CHECKPOINT) 1-16

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Definition of Electromagnetic Induction :

 The phenomenon in which an emf and electric current is generated by varying magnetic field is appropriately
called electromagnetic induction.
 The emf so produced in called induced emf and the current is called induced current.
The experiment of Faraday and Henry :
Experiment -1
 When the bar magnet is pushed towards or pulled away from the
coil, the pointer in the galvanometer defects, indicating the presence
of electric current in the coil.
 Further, the deflection is found to be larger when the magnet is
pushed towards or pulled away from the coil faster.
 Instead, when the bar magnet is held fixed and the coil is moved
towards or away from the magnet, the same effects are observed.
 It shows that is the relative motion between the magnet and the coil
that is responsible for generation (induction) of electric current in
the coil.
Experimental - 2
 The bar magnet is replaced by a second coil connected to a
battery. The steady current in the coil produces a steady magnetic
field.
 As the coil is moved towards or away from the coil the
galvanometer shows deflection indicating the presence of electric
current. The deflection lasts as long as coil is in motion.
 When the coil is held fixed and is moved, the same effects are
observed.
 Again, it is the relative motion between the coils that induces the
electric current.
Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 1

Experimental -3
 Through this experiment, Faraday showed that relative motion is not
an absolute requirement.
 It is observed that the galvanometer shows a momentary deflection
when the tapping key K is pressed. The pointer in the galvanometer
returns to zero immediately.
 If the key is held pressed continuously, there is no deflection in the
galvanometer.
 When the key is released, a momentary deflection is observed again,
but in the opposite direction.
 It is also observed that the deflection increases dramatically when an iron rod is inserted into the coils along
their axis.
Magnetic Flux Passing Through A Surface
The magnetic flux through any surface placed in a magnetic field ⃗ is measured by the number of lines of force that
cut through the surface.
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
is the angle between ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb)
1 Wb = 1
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.
FARADAY’S LAWS OF INDUCTION

On the base of experimental results, Faraday gave two laws
(i) Whenever the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil.
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf is equal to rate of change of flux linked with the coil.
If d be the change in magnetic flux during the time dt, then induced emf
The negative sign represents the opposing action of induced current to its cause, and K is constant of proportionality
whose value depends upon the system of units chosen. In SI units k = 1 , and one can have
If the loop has N turns, then
If the flux changes uniformly from to in time t then
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Illustration 1. A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 0.5Ω is placed vertically in the east-west plane. A uniform
magnetic field of 0.10 T is set up across the plane in the north-east direction. The magnetic field is decreased to zero
in 0.70 s at a steady rate. Determine the magnitudes of induced emf and current during this time-interval.
Solution. The angle made by the area vector of the loop with the magnetic field is the initial magnetic flux is Φ
= BA
Final flux, Φ
The change in flux is brought about in 0.70 s. the magnitude of the induced emf is given by
| | | |
√
And the magnitude of the current is
Note that the earth’s magnetic field also produces a flux through the loop. But it is a steady field (which does not
change within the time span of the experiment) and hence does not induce any emf.
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Illustration 2. A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and resistance 2 Ω is placed with its plane perpendicular to
the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field. It is rotated about its vertical diameter through in 0.25s.
Estimate the magnitudes of the emf and current induced in the coil. Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic
field at the place is 3.0 × T.
Solution. Initial flux through the coil.

Final flux after the rotation,
Therefore, estimated value of the induced emf is,
Note that the magnitudes of and I are the estimated values. Their instantaneous values are different and depend upon
the speed of rotation at the particular instant.
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Illustration 3. The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane is varying according to the relation.
[ ] .
Calculating the induced current through the coil at t = 2 s, if the resistance of the coil is 3.1 𝛀.
Solution. | | [ ]
At ,| |
Induced current
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Illustration 4. The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane is varying according to the relation
( ) weber. Calculate the induced current through the coil at t = 2 second. The resistance of
the coil is 5 Ω.
Solution. | | [ ]
At ,| |
Induced current .
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Lenz’s Law
It states that when an induced emf is set up, the direction of induced current is such that it always opposes the cause
producing it.
Lenz’s law as a Consequence of Conservation of Energy:
 According to Lenz’s law, if the north pole of the magnet is moved towards the coil, the current will flow in the
anticlockwise direction in the coil with respect to an observer situated on the side of the magnet and hence the
coil will develop north polarity. So work has to be done in moving the magnet closer to the coil against this
force of repulsion.
 Similarly, if the north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, then the coil will develop south
polarity. So, work has to be done in moving the magnet away from the coil against this force of attraction.
 It is the work done against the force of attraction or repulsion that appears as electric energy in the form of
induced current.
Methods Of Producing Induced Emf

We know that an induced emf is produced in a coil whenever there is change in flux. Now the flux passing through a
coil is given by
Where B is the intensity of the magnetic field, A the area of coil, is the angle which the normal to the plane of the
coil makes with the magnetic field. The flux through the coil can be changed by changing
(i) Magnetic field linked with the coil

(ii) Area of the coil
(iii) Orientation of the coil relative to the field.
(i) By changing the magnetic field linked with the coil: The magnetic field linked with the coil can be
changed by the relative motion between the coil and the magnet or by changing the current in one of two
coils placed close to each other.

(ii) By changing the area of the coil: When the area of the coil in a magnetic field increases in magnitude,
the magnetic flux linked with the coil increases and vice versa.
(iii) By changing the orientation of the coil: When the orientation of the coil changes, the angle between B
and A also changes because of which changes.
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Illustration 5. Figure. Shows planar loops of different shapes moving out of or into a region of a magnetic field which
is directed normal to the plane of the loop away from the reader. Determine the direction of induced current in each
loop using Lenz’s law.
Solution.
(i) The magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abcd increases, due to
the motion of the loop into the region of magnetic field. The induced
current must flow along the path bcdab so that it opposes the
increasing flux.
(ii) Due to the outward motion, magnetic flux through the rectangular
loop abc decreases due to which the induced current flows along bacb,
so as to oppose the change in flux.
(iii) As the magnetic flux decreases due to the motion of the irregular
shaped loop abcd out of the region of magnetic field, the induced
current flows along cdabc, so as to oppose change in flux.
Note that there are no induced current as long as the loops are
completely inside or outside the region of the magnetic field.
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Illustration 6.
(a) A closed loop is held stationary in the magnetic field between the north and south poles of two permanent
magnets held fixed. Can we hope to generate current in the loop by using very strong magnets?
(b) A closed loop moves normal to the constant electric field between the plates of a large capacitor. Is a current
induced in the loop.
(i) When it is wholly inside the region between the capacitor plates
(ii) When it is partially outside the plates of the capacitor? The electric field is normal to the plane of the loop.
(c) A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region (Fig) to a field-free
region with a constant velocity v. In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be constant during the
passage out of the field region? The field is normal to the loops.

(d) Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described by Fig.
Solution.
(a) No. However strong the magnet may be, current can be induced only by changing the magnetic flux through
the loop.
(b) No current is induced in either case. Current can not be induced by changing the electric flux.
(c) The induced emf is expected to be constant only in the case of the rectangular loop. In the case of circular
loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its passage out of the field region is not constant, hence
induced emf will vary accordingly.
(d) The polarity of plate ‘A’ will be positive with respect of the plate ‘B’ in the capacitor.
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Motion EMF:
Let us consider a straight conductor PQ moving towards the left with a constant velocity v in a uniform magnetic field.
Assume that there is no loss of energy due to friction.
If the length RQ = x and RS = l, the magnetic flux enclosed by the

loop PQRS will be:
Since x is changing with time, the rate of change of flux will induce
an emf given by :
( )
The induced emf Blv is called motional emf,

Thus, an emf is induced by changing the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit.
Explanation of Motional Emf expression by invoking the Lorentz force acting on free charge carriers of
conductor PQ.
 Consider any arbitrary charge q in the conductor PQ.

 When the rod moves with speed v, the charge will also be moving with speed v in the magnetic field B.

 The Lorentz force F = qvB in magnitude and its direction is towards Q. all charges experience the same force,
in magnitude and direction, irrespective of their position in the rod PQ.
 The work done in moving the charge from P to Q is,

W = (qvB).l
 Since emf is the work done per unit charge.
This emf induced across the rod PQ is identical to the previous one.
Energy Consideration :
 Let the resistance of movable arm PQ be r and that of the remaining arms QR, RS and SP be negligible as
compared to r. So, the overall resistance of rectangular loop is r.
 The current I is the loop is
 One account of the presence of the magnetic field, there will be a force on the arm PQ. This force is
directed outwards in the direction opposite to the velocity of the rod.
The magnitude of this force is,
 The power required to push the arm PQ with constant speed v is,
 The agent that does this work is mechanical and this mechanical energy is dissipated as Joule heat given by
J
( )
 Thus, mechanical energy which was needed to more the arm PQ is converted into electrical energy (the
induced emf) and then to thermal energy.

Relationship Between the charge flow through the circuit and the change in the magnetic flux:
| | ……….. (i)
And | | ( ) ………. (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii) ( )
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Fleming’s right hand rule is stated as follows: Stretch the forefinger,
the central finger and the thumb of the right hand at right angles to
each other. Now orient your hand such that the fore finger points in
the direction of the field, and thumb in the direction of motion, the
central finger will then point in the direction of induced current or
emf (Fig)
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Illustration 7. A rectangular loop of sides m and m which a small cut is moving out of a
region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the voltage developed
across the cut if the velocity of the loop is in a direction normal to the (i) longer side, (ii) shorter side
of the loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each case?
Solution. (i) When the velocity is normal to longer side.
Area swept out per second .
Change of magnetic flux per second .
Magnetic of induced emf is 2.4× volt, or 0.24 millivolt.
This induced emf will last only so long as the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changing. And the magnetic
flux will change only for the time taken by the loop to cover a distance of 2 cm.
Time taken =

(ii) When the velocity is normal to shorter side.
Area swept out per second
Change of magnetic flux per second .
Magnitude of induced emf is 0.6 × volt, or 60 microvolt (𝛍V).
Require time
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Illustration 8. Fig. shows a conducting rod PQ in contact with metal rails RP and SQ, which are 0.25 m apart in a
uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.4 T acting perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Ends R and S are
connected through a 5 Ω resistance. What is the emf when the rod moves to the right with a velocity of 5 m ?
What is the magnitude and direction of the current through the 5Ω resistance? If the rod
PQ moves to the left with the same speed, what will be the new current and its direction?
Solution. | |
| |
Current A
Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, the current in the rod shall flow from Q to P.
If the rod PQ moves to the left with the same speed, then the current of 0.1 A will flow
in the rod PQ from P to Q.
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Illustration 9. A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 1Ω is moved towards right with a constant velocity as
shown in Fig. The left arm of the loop is in a uniform magnetic field of 2T. The field is perpendicular to the plane
of the drawing and is going into it. The loop is connected to a network of resistors each of value 3Ω. With what
speed should the loop be moved so that a steady current of 1 mA flows in the loop.
Solution. The equivalent resistance of the network of the resistors, between P and Q will be 3Ω h
i f h i i i Ω Ω Ω
The emf induced in the loop is
The current in the loop will be i
Or,
( )
Giving .
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Induced emf developed across a rotating rod perpendicular to uniform magnetic field:
A copper rod of length rotates at angular velocity in a uniform magnetic field ⃗ (Fig)
Consider a small portion of this rod of length d at a distance from center O. Its velocity
The infinitesimal amount of induced emf developed across is
de
The induced emf produced across the rod is
* +
According to Fleming’s right hand rule the direction of current is from A to O, i.e., the flow of electrons is from O to
A. This makes end A negative and end O positive. Also note that
Illustration 10. A metallic rod of 1m length is rotated with a frequency of 50 rev/s, with one end hinged at the centre
and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius 1 m. about an axis passing through the
centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring (Fig). A constant and uniform magnetic field of 1 T parallel to the
axis is present everywhere. What is the emf between the centre and the metallic ring?
Solution.
Method I
As the rod is rotated, free electrons in the rod move towards the outer end due to Lorentz force and get distributed over
the ring. Thus, the resulting separation of charges produces an emf across the ends of the rod. At a certain value of
emf, there is no more flow of electrons and a steady state is reached. The magnitude of the emf generated across a
length dr of the rod as it moves at right angles to the magnetic field is given by
Hence,
Note that we have used . This gives.

Method II
To calculate the emf, we can imagine a closed loop OP𝒬 in which point O and P are connected with a resistor R and
O𝒬 is the rotating rod. The potential difference across the resistor is then equal to the induced emf and equal
B× (rate of change of area of l f i h g h h i f h i i ,
the area of the sector OP𝒬 is given by.
Where R is the radius of the circle. Hence, the induced emf is
* +
* +
This expression is identical to the expression obtained by Method I and we get the same value of .
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Illustration 11. Fig. (a) The arm P𝒬 of the rectangular conductor is moved from x = 0, outwards. The uniform
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane and extends from x = 0 to x = b and is zero for x > b. Only the arm P𝒬
possesses substantial resistance r. Consider the situation when the arm P𝒬 is pulled outwards from x = 0 to ,
and is then moved back to with constant speed v. Obtain expressions for the flux, the induced emf, the force
necessary to pull the arm and the power dissipated as joule heat. Sketch the variation of these quantities with distance.
Solution. Let us first consider the forward motion from to
The flux Φ linked with the circuit SP𝒬RS is
The induced emf is,

When the induced emf is non-zero, the current I is (in magnitude)
The force required to keep the arm P𝒬 in constant motion is I . Its direction
is to the left. In magnitude.
The Joule heating loss is
One obtains similar expressions for the inward motion from to .

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PRACTICE SHEET
1. As shown in the figure below, a magnet brought near a coil placed in a horizontal plane, the direction of
current induced, if any, if we look from the side of the magnet towards the coil, is
(a) No current is produced, so there is no direction
(b) Anticlockwise
(c) Clockwise
(d) None of the above.
2. A magnet is allowed to fall through a metal ring. During the fall, its acceleration is
(a) Equal to g (b) greater than g (c) less than g (d) equal to the
product of its radius and g.
3. In which of the following cases, the flux linked to a coil of area A is given as ? The loop in all the
cases is placed in a uniform horizontal magnetic field directed from left to right.

4. The induced emf produced when a magnet is inserted into a coil, does not depend upon
(a) The number of turns in the coil

(b) The resistance of the coil
(c) The magnetic moment of the magnet
(d) The speed of approach of the magnet
5. According to Faraday’s law, the total charge induced in a conductor that is moved in a magnetic field depends
upon
(a) Initial magnetic flux

(b) Final magnetic flux
(c) Rate of change of magnetic flux
(d) Change in magnetic flux.
6. Flux (in weber) in a closed circuit of resistance 10 ohm varies with time t (in second) according to the
equation
What is the magnitude of the induced current at ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7. A conducting ring R is placed on the axis of a bar magnet M. The plane of R is perpendicular to this axis. M
can move along this axis.
(a) M will repel R when it is moving towards R.

(b) M will attract R when it is moving towards R.
(c) M will repel R when moving towards as well as away from R.
(d) M will attract R when moving towards as well as away from R.
8. The magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at a place is and the angle of dip is δ. A horizontal conductor
of length ,lying north-south, moves eastwards with a velocity v. The emf induced across the rod is
(a) Zero (b) (c) i δ (d) δ
9. In the previous question, if the conductor lies east-west and moves vertically up with a speed , the induced
emf is
(a) Zero (b) (c) i δ (d) δ
10. A conducting square loop of side L and resistance R moves in its plane with a uniform velocity v
perpendicular to one of its sides. A magnetic induction B constant in time and space, pointing perpendicular
and into the plane of the loop exists everywhere. The current induced in the loop is
(a) i (b) i i (c) i (d) Zero.

Eddy Current
The induced currents developed in bulk pieces of conductors when magnetic flux linked
with them changes, are called eddy currents. Eddy currents arise when the flux through
a conductor changes because of its motion
To Reduce the setting up Eddy Current
To minimise the heating and braking effect of the eddy currents the desired iron or
metal part to be used in the appliance is taken in the form of thin sheets, each one of
which is electrically insulated from the other. Such laminations serve to interrupt the
conducting paths and reduced the conversion of electrical energy to thermal energy
due to heating because of eddy current.
Applications of Eddy Currents

1. Induction furnace: Heating effect to eddy currents is used in induction
furnaces, in which the substance to be heated is placed in a rapidly changing magnetic field.
2. Electromagnetic damping: The coil of a moving coil galvanometer is wound on a light metallic frame.
When the coil and frame rotate in the field of a permanent magnet, the eddy currents are setup in the frame.
These currents produce a force which opposes the motion of the frame. The motion of the frame is, thus,
damped. This damping is known as electromagnetic damping.
3. Induction motor: A metallic cylinder is placed in a rotating magnetic field. Eddy currents are produced in the
cylinders which try to decrease the relative motion between the rotating magnetic field and cylinder.
4. Magnetic braking trains: When a strong magnetic field is suddenly applied to a rotating conducting drum,
the eddy currents setup in the drum exerts a torque which stops the motion of the drum
EXERCISE (I)
1. Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current in the situations described by Fig.
(a) A wire of irregular shape turning into a circular shape;
(b) A circular loop being deformed into a narrow straight wire.

2. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 placed inside the solenoid normal to its
axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced
emf in the loop while the current is changing?
3. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop is what is the emf developed across the cut if
the velocity of the loop is 1 cm in a direction normal to the (a) longer side, (b) shorter side of the loop?
For how long does the induced voltage last in each case?
4. A 1.0 m long metallic rod is rotated with an angular frequency of 400 rad about an axis normal to the rod
passing through its one end. The other end of the rod is in contact with a circular metallic ring. A constant and
uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists everywhere. Calculate the emf developed between
the centre and the ring.
5. Determine the direction of the induced current in the loop given below:
6. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the figure below:
7. Wires of equal length are connected in the form of a skeleton cube which is moving
with a velocity ⃗ in the direction of a magnetic field ⃗ . Find the emf in each arm of
the cube.
8. Wires of equal length are connected to form a skeleton cube which moves with a
velocity ⃗ perpendicular to the magnetic field ⃗ . What will be the induced emf in
each arm of the cube?

Inductance :
The electric current can be induced in a coil by flux change produced by another coil in its vicinity or flux change
produced by the same coil. However, in both the cases, the flux through a coil is proportional to the current. i.e.,
The constant of proportionality is called inductance.
Self Inductance
The phenomenon of production of induced emf in the coil when the current though it changes is known as self-
inductance and the induced emf as self-induced emf.
Coefficient of Self-inductance
If is the strength of current and the magnetic flux linked with circuit, at any instant then
L = Self inductance of the coil or coefficient of self induction.
The self-inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit current is
flowing in it.
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If i
Then | |
Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the emf induced in the coil when the rate of change of current
through it is unity.
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Unit of Self-inductance
L
Unit of h i

Self inductance of a coil is said to be 1 Henry when emf of 1 volt is induced in the coil when rate of change of
current through it is unity.
Calculation of Self-Inductance
1. Long solenoid: Consider a long solenoid
N = Total no of turns of solenoid

A = Area of crossection
l = length of solenoid.
n = no of turns per unit length
= flux through each turn.
L = coefficient of self inductance.
I = current in solenoid.
B = Magnetic field on the axis.
f h gh h
Total flux
( )
Acc to definition of self induction
Total flux = LI
If we fill the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability . then
𝛍 𝛍

Factors affecting the self inductance of the coil
(i) Geometry of the coil

(ii) Permeability of the medium.
The self-inductance emf is also called the back emf as it opposes any change in the current in a circuit. Physically, the
self-inductance plays the role of inertia.
Energy Stored In a Coil

Suppose the current through the coil at the time of growth is increasing at the rate of
Then back emf | |
Work done per second = e = L The
total work done in increasing the current zero to its maximum value is given by
This work done gets stored as the energy of the coil.
Therefore
Illustration 12. (a) Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in a solenoid in terms of magnetic field B,
area A and length l of the solenoid. (b) How does this magnetic energy compare with the electrostatic energy stored in
a capacitor?
Solution.
(a) The magnetic energy is
( ) (since B = , for a solenoid)
( )
(b) The magnetic energy per unit volume is,
h i h i f
………… (i)

We have already obtained the relation for the electrostatic energy stored per unit volume in a parallel plate
capacitor eqn. (ii)
……… (ii)
In both the cases energy is proportional to the square of the field strength. Eqn. (i) and (ii) have been derived for
special cases: a solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor, respectively. But they are general and valid for any region of
space in which a magnetic field or/and an electric field exist.
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Mutual Induction
It is the property of two coils by virtue of which each opposes any change in the strength of current flowing through
the other by developing an induced emf.
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Expression for Mutual Inductance of 2 solenoids.

Consider two long co-axial solenoids each of length l.
Solenoids Solenoid
i fi i i f i
f i gh f f i gh f
f f f f
Let be current in . Due to this current there will be flux through
f h gh h f
Total flux through .
Total flux
( )
Total flux =
with respect to solenoid .

Note. In deriving we neglected edge effects and considered magnetic field ( ) to be uniform through out.
Consider the reverse case.
Let be current set i .
f h gh h f .
Total flux through
( )
Note. 𝛍 is the magnetic field on the axis due to and .
Acc to definition of mutual inductance.
Total flux =
Clearly .
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Mutual inductance of 2 coils in numerically equal to the amt. of magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit current
flows through the neighbouring coil.
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( )
Mutual inductance of 2 coils is numerically equal to the emf induced in one coil when rate of change of current
through the neighbouring coil is unity.
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Mutual inductance is said to be 1 Henry when emf of 1 volt is induced in the given coil when rate of change of
current in the neighbouring coil is unity.
Illustration 13. Two concentric circular coils, one of small radius and the other of large radius , such
that ≪ , are placed co-axially with centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual inductance of the
arrangement.
Solution. Let a current flow through the outer circular coil. The field at the centre of the coil is .
Since the other co-axially placed coil has a very small radius, may be considered constant over its cross-sectional
area. Hence,
Also
Thus,
Factors affecting Mutual inductance of a pair of coils.
(i) Magnetic permeability of the material on which the coils are would.
(ii) Separation between the coils and their orientation with respect to each other.
(iii) Geometry of the two coils such as their size, shape and number of turns in each.
Note.
(i) Consider the general case of currents flowing simultaneously in two nearby coils, The flux linked with one
coil will be the sum of two fluxes which exist independently.
Φ
Φ ( ) ( )
AC GENERATOR:
Definition. : It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle : It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When a coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the flux through the coil changes and an emf is induced given by faraday’s
law :

Construction.
(i) The AC generator consists of rectangular coil PQRS (called armature) mounted on a rotor shaft rotating in a
uniform magnetic field ⃗ .
(ii) The axis of rotation of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
(iii)The ends of the coil are connected to an external circuit by means of slip rings and brushes
Working:
When an armature coil of N turns is rotated with a constant angular

speed , the angle between the magnetic field vector ⃗⃗ and the area
vector ⃗ of the coil at any instant t is given by :
The flux is given by
⃗ ⃗
From faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is:
i .
i As
If f is the frequency of revolution of the generator’s coil, f
f and i f

Applications :
(i) Hydroelectric power station

(ii) Thermal power station.
Illustration 14. Kamla peddles a stationary bicycle the pedals of the bicycle are attached to a 100 turn coil of area
. The coil rotates at half a revolution per second and it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.01 T
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. What is the maximum voltage generated in the coil?
Solution. Here f , . Employing.
.
The maximum voltage is 0.314 V.
We urge you to explore such alternative possibilities for power generation.
EXERCISE II
1. A horizontal straight wire 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed of 5.0 m , at right
angles to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, .
(a) What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?
(b) What is the direction of the emf?
(c) Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential?
2. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 200 V induced, give an estimate of
the self-inductance of the circuit.
3. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in
0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
4. A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the voltage difference developed
between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the Earth’s magnetic field at the location has a
magnitude of 5 T and the dip angle is .
5. (a) Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance between a long straight wire and a square loop of side a as
shown in Fig.
(b) . Now assume that the straight wire carries a current of 50 A and the loop is
moved to the right with a constant velocity, . Calculate the induced
emf in the loop at the instant when .
Take m and assume that the loop has a large resistance.

SUMMARY
1. The magnetic flux through a surface of area A placed in a uniform magnetic field B is defined as,
Φ
Where is the angle between B and A.
2. Faraday’s laws of induction imply that the emf induced in a coil of N turns is directly related to the rate of
change of flux through it,
Here Φ is the flux linked with one turn of the coil. If the circuit is closed, a current I = / R is set up in it,
where R is the resistance of the circuit.
3. Lenz’s law states that the polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes
the change in magnetic flux that produces it. The negative sign in the expression for Faraday’s law indicates
this fact.
4. When a metal rod of length l is placed normal to a uniform magnetic field B and moved with a velocity v
perpendicular to the field, the induced emf (called motional emf) across its ends is.
5. Changing magnetic fields can set up current loops in nearby metal (any conductor) bodies. They dissipate
electrical energy as heat. Such currents are called eddy currents.
6. Inductance is the ratio of the flux-linkage to current. It is equal to Φ .
7. A changing current in a coil (coil 2) can induce an emf in a nearby coil (coil 1). This relation is given by.
The quantity is called mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2. One can similarly define .
Therefore, exists a general equality,
8. When a current in a coil changes, it induces a back emf in the same coil. The self – inductance emf is given
by.
L is the self – inductance of the coil. It is a measure of the inertia of the coil against the change of current
through it.
9. The self-inductance of a long solenoid, the core of which consists of a magnetic material of permeability is
given by
Where A is the area of cross-section of the solenoid, l its length and n the number of turns per unit length.
10. In an ac generator, mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy by virtue of electromagnetic induction.
If coil of N turn and area A is rotated at v revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic field B, then the
motional emf produced is
i
Where we have assumed that at time s, the coil is perpendicular to the field.
Quantity Symbol Units Dimensions Equations

Magnetic flux Φ Wb (weber) [ ] Φ
EMF V (volt) [ ]
Mutual inductance M H (henry) [ ]
Self inductance L H (henry) [ ]

CHECKPOINT 1: The graph gives the magnitude B (t) of a uniform magnetic field that exists throughout a
conducting loop, perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Rank the five regions of the graph according to the
magnitude of the emf induced in the loop, greatest first.
CHECKPOINT 2: The figure shows three situations in which identical circular conducting loops are in
uniform magnetic fields that are either increasing (Inc) or decreasing (Dec) in magnitude at identical rates.
In each, the dashed line coincides with a diameter. Rank the situations according to the magnitude of the
current induced in the loops, greatest first.
CHECKPOINT 3: The figure shows four wire loops, with edge lengths of either L or 2L. All four loops
will move through a region of uniform magnetic field ⃗ (directed out of the page) at the same constant
velocity. Rank the four loops according to the maximum magnitude of the emf induced as they move
through the field, greatest first.
CHECKPOINT 4: The figures shows five lettered regions in which a

uniform magnetic field extends either directly out of the page (as in
region a) or into the page. The field is increasing in magnitude at the
same steady rate in all five regions; the regions are identical in area.
Also shown are four numbered paths along which ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ has the
magnitudes given below in terms of a quantity mag. Determine whether
the magnetic fields in regions b through e are directed into or out of the
page.
Path : 1 2 3 4
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ : mag 2(mag) 0
CHECKPOINT 5: The figure shows an emf induced in a coil. Which of the following can describe

the current through the coil: (a) constant and rightward, (b) constant and leftward, (c) increasing and
rightward, (d) decreasing and rightward, (e) increasing and leftward, (f) decreasing and leftward?
CHECKPOINT 6: The figure shows three circuits with identical batteries, inductors, and resistor. Rank the
circuits according to the current through the battery (a) just after the switch is closed and (b) a long time
later, greatest first.
CHECKPOINT 7: The table lists the number of turns per unit length, current, and cross-sectional area for
three solenoids. Rank the solenoids according to the magnetic energy density within them, greatest first.
Mutual Inductance of Two Solenoids

Consider two concentric solenoids, PP(primary) and SS (Secondary)
closely wound upon each other, as shown in (fig)
length of the primary solenoid
number of turns in the primary solenoid
number of turns in the secondary solenoid
area of cross-section of the primary or secondary coil
When current is flown through the primary coil, then magnetic flux
density at any point inside the primary coil is
Assuming that there is no leakage of magnetic flux, the magnetic flux

linked with each turn of the secondary

The total flux linked with the secondary is
But
Therefore M =
Hence, induced emf in the secondary coil is
Or
Where Mutual inductance of secondary

If the length of primary coil and secondary coil is same and
and
then
Ideal Inductance
An inductance is said to be ideal if it has no resistance. In practice due to the finite resistance of conductors
an inductance always has a resistance i.e., one cannot have inductance without having resistance. However,
converse may or may not be true, i.e., one can have a resistance with or without having inductance. A
resistance without inductance is called non-inductance resistance.
Coefficient of Coupling
The mutual inductance M of two coils having self-inductance and is given

by √
Where k is a constant called ‘’coefficient of coupling’’. If the two coils are
wound over each other, the coupling is said to be tight otherwise ‘loose’. For
tight coupling K = 1, and so M = √ while for loose coupling 0 < K < 1 and
hence, M < √
If L = 0, M will be zero. i.e., a system cannot have mutual inductance without
having self-inductance. However converse may or may not be true, i.e., if mutual
inductance of a system is zero, it may or may not have self-inductance as M = 0 can be satisfied either by
setting K = 0 or L = 0
Coils In Series And Parallel

1. Coils in series: Suppose two coils of inductances and are connected in
series so that there is no interaction through mutual inductance (Fig) i.e.,
K = 0. Then in series potential divides but current remains the same, i.e.,
And
* +

2. Coils in parallel: In case of parallel combination (Fig) the current divides
but potential remains the same
Using the relation for parallel combination

And and for individual
Coils, we get
Illustration 1. Wheel with 10 metallic spokes, each 0.50 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/ minute
in a plane normal to the earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude of the field is 0.40 gauss, what
is the induced emf between the axle and rim of the wheel?
Solution. Radius of wheel = 0.50 m
Angular frequency of rotation of wheel
= rps = 2 rps
Earth’s magnetic field
B = 0.40 G = 0.40
Let e be the induced emf across the end of a spoke due to its motion in the magnetic field.
Area swept by the spoke in one second =
Rate of change of flux
NOTE. The spokes are connected with their one end at the rim and the other end at the axle. So the
spokes are connected in parallel. Thus, the emf developed across the ten spokes would be the same as
the emf developed across a single spoke.
we know that
B( . = 6.284
Illustration 2. A circular copper disc 10 cm in radius rotates at 20 rad about an axis though its centre
and perpendicular to the disc. A uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acts perpendicular to the disc.
(i) Calculate the potential difference develop between the axis of the disc and the rim.
(ii) What is the induced current if the resistance of the disc is 2 ?

Solution. Area of disc =
= 100
= 100
Frequency =
Area swept in one second = ( )
Rate of change of magnetic flux =
| |
| |
Induced current =
Alternatively
Illustration 3. The arm PQ of the rectangular conductor is moved from outwards. The uniform
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane and extends form = 0 to = b and is zero for x > b. Only the
arm PQ possesses substantial resistance r. Consider the situation when the arm PQ is pulled outwards from x
= 0 to x = 2b and is then moved back to x = 0 with constant speed v. Obtain expressions for the flux, the
induced emf, the force necessary to pull the arm and the power dissipated as joule heat. Sketch the variation
of these quantities with distance.
Solution: While PQ moved outwards
(i) 0
F
P
(ii) b
While PQ is moved inwards

(i) 2b

(ii) b
Illustration 4. A metallic square loop ABCD of size 15cm and finite resistance 1 is moved at a uniform
velocity of in a uniform magnetic field of 2 T, the field lines being normal to the plane of paper. The
loop is connected to an electrical network of resistors, each of resistance of 2 . Calculate the speed of the
loop, for which 2 m A. current flows in the loop.
Solution: The network of resistors is a balanced Wheatstone bridge with

equivalent resistance
The resistance of metallic loop ABCD is 1 . Therefore, total resistance in

the circuit = 3
Now, the induced current
Or
Illustration 5. Twelve wires of equal length are connected to form a skeleton cube which moves with a
velocity ⃗ perpendicular to the magnetic field ⃗ What is the induced emf in each arm of cube?
Solution:
There will be no induced emf across EF, HG, AB, DC and AE, BF, DH and CG because these wires do not
cut magnetic field lines.
The induced emf across AD, BC, EH and FG is where is the length of the wire.
Illustration 6. A bar magnet M is dropped so that it falls
Vertically though the coil C. The graph Obtained for voltage produced across the coil
versus time is shown (Fig)
(a) Explain the shape of the graph.

(b) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak (Fig)
Solutions:

(a) When the magnet is dropped, its initial speed is low and therefore, the change of flux linked with the coil
is small. As the speed increases with time, the change in flux increases and reaches a peak value. When
the magnet is inside the coil there is no change in the flux through the coil momentarily and the emf is
zero. Now when the magnet comes out, the magnet flux again changes in the opposite direction and
therefore, the direction of emf also becomes opposite, When the magnet moves away from the coil,
initially the rate of change of flux increase and the decreases to become zero. The same nature is
followed by the emf.
(b) The negative peak is longer than the positive peak because with the increasing speed of magnet the
rate of change of flux in the coil is quicker.
Illustration 7. (Fig) show an inductor L and resistance R connected in parallel to a battery through a switch
the resistance of R is the same as that of the coil that makes. L. Two identical bulbs are put in each arm of
the circuit.
(i) Which of the light up earlier when S is closed?
(ii) Will the bulbs be equally bright after sometime?
Solution:
(i) As the switch is closed, bulb lights up earlier. This is because an induced emf (back emf)
is developed in L which delays the rise in potential across There is no such back emf
across the resistors.
(ii) After sometime the two bulbs will be equally bright. This is because the back emf across L
remains only till the current is transient. As it becomes stable, the back emf disappears.
Illustration 8. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the voltage develop across
the cut if the velocity of the loop is 1 in a direction normal to the (a) longer side (b) shorter side of
the loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each case?
Solution:
Length of loop
Breadth of the loop
Magnetic field
Velocity of the loop
(i) Let e be the induced emf developed across the cut in the loop.
Change of magnetic flux per second
area Swept out per second
The induced emf will last only so long as the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changing. And the
Magnetic flux will change only for the time taken by the loop to cover a distance of 2 cm.
Time is taken

(ii) When the velocity is normal to shorter side,
Change of magnetic flux per second
Required time s.
Illustration 9. (a) Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance between a long straight wire and a square
loop of side a as shown in (Figure) given below.
(b) Now assume that the straight wire carries a current of 50 A and the loop is moved to the right with a
constant velocity, Calculate the induced emf in the loop at the instant when Take
a and assume that the loop has a large resistance.
Solution: (a) The magnetic field due to current ( ) in long straight wire at a distance from it is
The flux linked with the strip (shown by the dotted region inside the square loop)
The total flux linked with the square loop is
[ g ]
[ g g ]
* g +

But
* g +
g ( )
(b) Given , ,
* +
* +
Illustration 10. Consider experiment (a) What would you do to obtain a large deflection of the
galvanometer? (b) How would you demonstrate the presence of an induced current in the absence of a
galvanometer?
Solution.
(a) To obtain a large deflection, one or more of the following steps can to taken: (i) Use a rod made of
soft iron inside the coil , (ii) Connect the coil to a powerful battery, and (iii) Move the
arrangement rapidly towards the test coil .
(b) Replace the galvanometer by a small bulb, the kind one fields in a small torch light. The relative
motion between the two coils will cause the bulb to glow and thus demonstrate the presence of an
induced current,
In experimental physics one must learn to innovate. Michael Faraday who is ranked as one of the
best experimentalist ever, was legendary for his innovative skills.
Illustration 11. A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 0.5 Ω is placed vertically in the east-west plane.
A uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T is set up across the plane in the north-east direction. The magnetic field
is decreased to zero in 0.70 s at a steady rate. Determine the magnitudes of induced emf and current during
this time-interval.
Solution. The angle made by the area vector of the loop with the magnetic field is . From eqn. the
initial magnetic flux is
Final flux, Φ
The change in flux is brought about in 0.70 s. From Eq. the magnitude of the induced emf is given by
| | | |
√
And the magnitude of the current is

Note that the earth’s magnetic field also produces a flux through the loop. But it is a steady field (which
does not change within the time span of the experiment) and hence does not induce any emf.
Illustration 12. A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and resistance 2Ω is placed with its plane
perpendicular to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field. It is rotated about its vertical
diameter through in 0.25 s. Estimate the magnitudes of the emf and current induced in the coil.
Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at the place is 3.0 × T.
Solution. Initial flux through the coil.
Final flux after the rotation,
Therefore, estimated value of the induced emf is,
Note. That the magnitudes of and I are the estimated values. Their instantaneous values are different and
depend upon the speed of rotation at the particular instant.
Illustration 13. Figure shows planar loops of different shapes moving out of or into a region of a magnetic
field which is directed normal to the plane of the loop away from the reader. Determine the direction of
induced current in each loop using Lenz’s law.
Solution.

(i) The magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abcd increases, due to the motion of the loop into
the region of magnetic field, The induced current must flow along the path bcdab so that it opposes
the increasing flux.
(ii) Due to the outward motion, magnetic flux through the triangular loop abc decreases due to which
the induced current flows along bacb, so as to oppose the change in flux.
(iii) As the magnetic flux decreases due to motion of the irregular shaped loop abcd out of the region of
magnetic field, the induced current flows along cdabc, so as to oppose change in flux.
Note. That there are no induce current as long as the loops are completely inside or outside the region of
the magnetic field.
Illustration 14.
(a) A closed loop is held stationary in the magnetic field between the north and south poles of two
permanent magnets held fixed. Can we hope to generate current in the loop by using very strong
magnets?
(b) A closed loop moves normal to the constant electric field between the plates of a large capacitor. Is a
current induced in the loop
(i) When it is wholly inside the region between the capacitor Plates.
(ii) When it is partially outside the plates of the capacitor? The electric field is normal to the plane
of the loop.
(c) A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region (Fig) to a
field-free region with a constant velocity. In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be
constant during the passage out the field region? The field is normal to the loops.
(d) Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described by Fig.
Solution.
(a) No. However strong the magnet may be, current can be induced only by changing the magnetic flux
through the loop.
(b) No current is induced in either case. Current can not be induced by changing the electric flux.
(c) The induced emf is expected to be constant only in the case of the rectangular loop. In the case of
circular loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its passage out of the field. Region is not
constant, hence induced emf will vary accordingly.
(d) The polarity of plate ‘A’ will be positive with respect to plate ‘B’ in the capacitor.
Illustration 15. A metallic rod of 1 m length is rotated with a frequency of 50 rev/s, with one end hinged at
the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius 1 m, about an axis
passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring (Fig). A constant and uniform magnetic
field of 1 T parallel to the axis is present everywhere. What is the emf between the centre and the metallic
ring?

Solution.
Method I
As the rod is rotated, free electrons in the rod move towards the outer end due to Lorentz force and get
distributed over the ring. Thus, the resulting separation of charges produces an emf across the ends of the
rod. At a certain value of emf, there is no more flow of electrons and a steady state is reached. Using Eq. the
magnitude of the emf generated across a length dr of the rod as it moves at right angles to the magnetic field
is given by
. Hence,
Note that we have used v = 𝜔r. This give
Method II
To calculate the emf, we can imagine a closed loop OPQ in which point O and P are connected with a
resistor R and OQ is the rotating rod. The potential difference across the resistor is then equal to the induced
emf and equals B× (rate of change of area of loop). If is the angle between the rod and the radius of the
circle at P at time t, the area of the sector OPQ is given by
where R is the radius of the circle. Hence, the induced emf is
* +
[Note: ]
This expression is identical to the expression obtained by Method I and we get the same value of .
Illustration 16. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a
plane normal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place. If at the place,
what is the induced emf between the axis and the rim of the wheel? Note that 1 G = T.

Solution.
Induced f
The number of spokes is immaterial because the emf’s across the spokes are in parallel.
Illustration 17. Two concentric circular coils one of small radius and the other of large radius , such
that ≪ . Are placed co-axially with centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual inductance of the
arrangement.
Solution. Let a current flow through the outer circular coil. The field at the centre of the coil is
. Since the other co-axially placed coil has a very small radius, may be considered
constant over its cross-sectional area. Hence ,
Thus,
Note. That we calculated from an approximate value of Φ , assuming the magnetic field to be
uniform over the area . However, we can accept this value because ≪ .

NCERT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Illustration 1.Consider experiment (a) What would you do to obtain a large deflection of the galvanometer?
(b) How would you demonstrate the presence of an induced current in the absence of a galvanometer?
Solution.
(a) To obtain a large deflection, one or more of the following steps can be taken: (i) Use a rod made of
soft iron inside the coil , (ii) Connect the coil to a powerful battery, and (iii) Move the
arrangement rapidly towards the test coil .
(b) Replace the galvanometer by a small bulb, the kind one finds in a small torch light. The relative
motion between the two coils will cause the bulb to glow and thus demonstrate the presence of an
induced current.
In experiment physics one must learn to innovate. Michael Faraday who is ranked as one of the best
experimentalists ever, was legendary for his innovative skills.
Illustration 7. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a
plane normal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place. If at the place,
what is the induced emf between the axle and the rim of the wheel? Note that 1 G = T.
Solution.
Induced emf
.
The number of spokes is immaterial because the emf’s across the spokes are in parallel.
CHAPTER TEST
1. Give the direction in which the induced current flows in the wire loop when the magnet moves
towards it.
2. A closed loop is held stationary in a magnetic field between the north and south poles of two
permanent magnets held fixed. Can we hope to generate current in the loop by using very strong
magnets?
3. In (Figure) movable wire is moved to the left, causing an induced current as shown. What is the
direction of B in the region A?

4. A conducting loop is held above a current-carrying wire PQ as shown (Figure) . What will be the
direction of the induced current in the loop if the current in the wire PQ is constantly increased?
5. A coil A is connected to an a.c. ammeter and another coil B to a source of alternating emf. How will
the reading be affected if a copper plate C is introduced between the coils?
6. The loops in (Fig) move into or out of the field along the inward normal to the plane of the paper.
indicate the direction of current in loops 1, 2, 3, 4.
7. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region to a field-
free region with a constant velocity . In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be constant
during the passage out of the field region? The field is normal to the loops.
8. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coil change when

(i) The distance between the coil is increased?
(ii) The number of turns in each coil is decreased? Justify your answer in each case.
9. Twelve wire of equal length are connected to form a skeleton cube which moves with a velocity ⃗
perpendicular to the magnetic field ⃗ . What is the induced emf in each arm of the cube?

10. Write down three factors on which the mutual inductance between a pair of coils depends.
CHAPTER ANSWER
1. When the observer looks at the loop from the magnet side, he will find the current in the
clockwise direction
2. No. As the loop and magnets are fixed, even if the magnets are very strong, the number of
magnetic field lines linked with the coil is not changing.
3. According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of
paper directed in wards.
4. As the current increase from P to Q, the magnetic flux linked with the loop increase. This
magnetic flux is perpendicular to the plane of the paper directed outwards. According to
Lenz’s law, to oppose this change, induced current in the loop is in clockwise direction (Fig).
5. When copper plate is absent, the change in magnetic flux linked with B is also linked with A
and therefore, induced emf and induced current is produced in A.
When a copper plate is introduced between A and B as shown, eddy currents are set up in the
plate opposite in direction to the direction of current in B. Now A has two opposing induced
currents, one due to coil B and other due to eddy currents in C. Therefore, the induced current
in A decreases.
6. When the loop moves into the field, the magnetic flux linked with it in the downward direction
decreases. According to lenz’s law, the current will flow in anticlockwise direction. This is the
case of loop 4.
When the loop moves out of the filed, the magnetic flux linked with it in the downward
direction decreases. According to lenz’s law the current will flow in clockwise direction. This is
the case of loops 1, 2 and 3.

7. In rectangular loop because
Now is constant for rectangular loop and variable for circular loop
8. (i) M = K √
When the distance between the coils increase, the value of K decreases and therefore, mutual
inductance decreases.
𝛍
(ii). M =
When and decrease, the value of M decreases.
9. There will be no induced emf across EF, HG, AB, DC and AE, BF, DH and CG because these
wires do not cut magnetic field lines.
The induced emf across AD, BC, EH and FG is blv where l is the length of the wire.
10. Mutual inductance between the pair of coils depends on :
(a) The number of turns per unit length of primary.

(b) The number of turns per unit length of secondary.
(c) The orientation of the two coils in space.

SUMMARY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION CONCEPT CLASESS (XII) PHYSICS
 Magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area dS is the product of the magnitude of magnetic field present
at the area and the component of dS in the direction of magnetic field.
⃗
⃗
 When the surface is planar and the magnetic field uniform then the magnetic flux through the surface is
⃗
 Flux crossing is maximum when , , when ⃗ and are parallel. In other words the plane of
the surface is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
 Flux crossing is minimum when , , when ⃗ and are normal. In other words the plane of
the surface is along the magnetic field.
 When magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil. This phenomenon is
known as electromagnetic induction. The magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of
flux linked with the coil.
 According to Lenz’s law, when an induced emf is set up, the direction of induced current is such that it
always opposes the cause producing it.
 ⃗ ⃗


 When a conductor is placed in a region of changing magnetic field, induced currents are set up in the
conductor. These currents are called eddy currents.
 The phenomenon of production of induced emf in the coil when the current through it changes is known
as self-inductance
;
 Energy stored in an inductor when current I flows through it is
 Whenever current passing through primary coil changes, magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil
will also change, thereby, producing an induced emf in the secondary coil.
Where


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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Definition of Electromagnetic Induction :

The experiment of Faraday and Henry :

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 1

Magnetic Flux Passing Through A Surface

is the angle between ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗

The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb)

Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.

FARADAY’S LAWS OF INDUCTION

If the flux changes uniformly from to in time t then

And the magnitude of the current is

Solution. Initial flux through the coil.

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 3

Therefore, estimated value of the induced emf is,

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 4

Lenz’s law as a Consequence of Conservation of Energy:

Methods Of Producing Induced Emf

(i) Magnetic field linked with the coil

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 5

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 6

If the length RQ = x and RS = l, the magnetic flux enclosed by the

The induced emf Blv is called motional emf,

 Consider any arbitrary charge q in the conductor PQ.

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 7

 The work done in moving the charge from P to Q is,

 Since emf is the work done per unit charge.

 The current I is the loop is

The magnitude of this force is,

Concept Classes 3/5 East Punjabi Bagh, 9811741187 Page 8

And | | ( ) ………. (ii)

Equating (i) and (ii) ( )

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Solution. (i) When the velocity is normal to longer side.

Area swept out per second .

Change of magnetic flux per second .

Magnetic of induced emf is 2.4× volt, or 0.24 millivolt.

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Area swept out per second

Change of magnetic flux per second .

Magnitude of induced emf is 0.6 × volt, or 60 microvolt (𝛍V).

The emf induced in the loop is

The current in the loop will be i

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The induced emf produced across the rod is

Note that we have used . This gives.

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Where R is the radius of the circle. Hence, the induced emf is

Solution. Let us first consider the forward motion from to

The flux Φ linked with the circuit SP𝒬RS is

The induced emf is,

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The Joule heating loss is

One obtains similar expressions for the inward motion from to .

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(a) The number of turns in the coil

(a) Initial magnetic flux

What is the magnitude of the induced current at ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) M will repel R when it is moving towards R.

(a) Zero (b) (c) i δ (d) δ

(a) Zero (b) (c) i δ (d) δ

(a) i (b) i i (c) i (d) Zero.

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To Reduce the setting up Eddy Current