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Board Notes | Electromagnetic Induction

Quantity Symbol Units Dimensions Equations

Magnetic Flux B Wb (weber) [ M L2 T –2 A–1] B = B  A
2 –3 –1
EMF  V (volt) [ML T A ]  = –d(NB) /dt
2 –2 –2
Mutual Inductance M H (henry) [M L T A ] 1 = – M12(dI2/dt)
2 –2 –2
Self Inductance L H (henry) [M L T A ]  = – L(dI/dt)

Definition of Electromagnetic Induction :

 The phenomenon in which an emf and electric current is generated by varying magnetic fields is appropriately
called electromagnetic induction.
 The emf so produced in called induced emf and the current is called induced current.

The Experiments of Faraday and Henry :

Experiment - 1
 When the bar magnet is pushed towards or pulled away
from the coil, the pointer in the galvanometer deflects,
indicating the presence of electric current in the coil.
 Further, the deflection is found to be larger when the
magnet is pushed towards or pulled away from the coil
faster.
 Instead, when the bar magnet is held fixed and the coil C1
is moved towards or away from the magnet, the same
effects are observed.
 It shows that it is the relative motion between the magnet
and the coil that is responsible for generation (induction)
of electric current in the coil.

Experiment - 2
 The bar magnet is replaced by a second coil C2 connected
to a battery. The steady current in the coil C2 produces a
steady magnetic field.
 As the coil C2 is moved towards or away from the coil C1,
the galvanometer shows deflection indicating the presence
of electric current. The deflection lasts as long as coil C2
is in motion.
 When the coil C2 is held fixed and C1 is moved, the same
effects are observed.
 Again, it is the relative motion between the coils that
induces the electric current.

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Experiment - 3

 Through this experiment, Faraday showed that relative

motion is not an absolute requirement.
 It is observed that the galvanometer shows a momentary
deflection when the tapping key K is pressed. The pointer
in the galvanometer returns to zero immediately.
 If the key is held pressed continuously, there is no
deflection in the galvanometer.
 When the key is released, a momentary deflection is
observed again, but in the opposite direction.
 It is also observed that the deflection increases
dramatically when an iron rod is inserted into the coils
along their axis.
Magnetic Flux :
 Magnetic flux through a plane of area A placed in an uniform magnetic field B is defined as the number of
magnetic field lines crossing the given surface normally.
B = B.A = BAcos
where  is the angle between B and A.
 The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb)
1 Wb = 1 Tm2
 Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction :

 From his experimental observations, Faraday concluded that an emf is induced in a coil when magnetic flux
through the coil changes with time.

Faraday’s Law :
The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
d
Mathematically, the induced emf is given by :   B
dt Flux Linkage
The negative sign indicates the direction of  and hence,
For closely wound coil of N-turns : the
the direction of current in closed loop. same magnetic flux is linked with all
More to know

For closely wound coil of N turns, the total induced emf is given by: turns. When the flux B through coil
d  N B  changes, each turn contributes to the
   where NB  " flux linkage" induced emf .  A term called ‘flux
dt
linkage’ is used which to equal to
The induced emf can be increased by increasing the number
of turns N of a closed coil. NB for a closely wound coil and in
such case : N B  I .
Refer Example 6.1 (Pg. 208 NCERT)

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Explanation of Faraday’s Experimental Observations :

For Experiment 1 and Experiment - 2

 The motion of magnet in Exp. 1 and current – carrying coil C2 in Exp. 2 towards or away from coil C1 change the
magnetic flux associated with coil C1.
 The change in magnetic flux induces emf is coil C1 and it was this induced emf which caused electric current to
flow in coil C1 and through the galvanometer.
Experiment - 3
 When the tapping key K is pressed, the current in coil C2 rises from zero to a maximum value in a short time and
consequently, the magnetic flux through the neighboursing coil C1 also increases. It is the change in magnetic
flux through coil C1 that produces an induced emf in coil C1.
 When the key is held pressed, current in coil C2 is constant. Therefore, there is no change in the magnetic flux
through coil C1 and the current in coil C1 drops to zero.
 When the key is released, the current in coil C2 and the resulting magnetic field decreases from the max. value to
zero in a short time. This results in a decrease in magnetic flux through coil C1 and hence again induces an
electric current in coil C1.
Lenz’s Law : The statement of the law is : The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current
which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

Lenz’s law as a Consequence of Conservation of Energy :

 According to Lenz’s Law, if the north pole of the magnet is moved towards the coil, the current will flow in the
anticlockwise direction in the coil with respect to an observer situated on the side of the magnet and hence the
coil will develop north polarity. So work has to be done in moving the magnet closer to the coil against this force
of repulsion.
 Similarly, if the north pole of the magnet is moved away from the coil, then the coil will develop south polarity.
So, work has to be done in moving the magnet away from the coil against this force of attraction.
 It is the work done against the force of attraction or repulsion that appears as electric energy in the form of
induced current.

Practice Question :
What will happen if an open circuit is used in place of closed loop in the above example?
Ans : In this case too, an emf is induced across the open ends of the circuit. (Direction can be found by Lenz law)

Refer Example 6.5 (Pg. 211 NCERT)

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Eddy Currents :
 Definition : The current induced in the bulk pieces of conductor when the magnetic flux linked with the
conductor change are called Eddy currents.
Eddy current show both heating and magnetic effects.

 Damping of copper plate due to eddy current: A copper plate is allowed to swing like a simple pendulum
between the pole pieces of a strong magnet. It is found that the motion is damped & in a little while the plates
come to a halt in the magnetic field. Magnetic flux associated with the plate keeps on changing as the plates
move in and out of the region between magnetic poles. The flux change induces Eddy currents in the plate [and
thus a magnetic force acts on the (eddy) current carrying conductor, opposing its direction of motion & thus
producing a damping effect].

 Applications :
(i) Magnetic Breaking in Trains : Strong electromagnets are situated above the rails in some electrically
powered trains. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose the
motion of the train. As there are no mechanical linkages, the breaking effect is smooth.
(ii) Electromagnetic Damping : Certain galvanometer have a fixed core made of non-magnetic metallic material.
When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in the core oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest
quickly.

(iii) Induction Furnace : Induction furnace can be used to produce high temperatures and can be utilized to
prepare alloys, by melting the constituent metals. A high frequency alternating current is passed through a
coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The eddy currents generated in the metals produce high
temperatures sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric Power Meters : The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter rotates due to the eddy currents.
Electric currents are induced in the disc by magnetic fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in a
coil.

Practice Question :
Take two hollow thin cylindrical pipes of equal internal diameters made of aluminium and PVC, respectively. Fix them
vertically with clamps on retort stands. Take a small cylinderical magnet having diameter slightly smaller than the inner
diameter of the pipes and drop it through each pipe in such a way that the magnet does not touch the sides of the pipes
during its fall. You will observe that the magnet dropped through the PVC pipe takes the same time to come out of the pipe
as it would take when dropped through the same height without the pipe. Note the time it takes to come out of the pipe in
each case. You will see that the magnet takes much longer time in the case of aluminium pipe. Why is it so?
Ans : It is due to the eddy currents that are generated in the aluminium pipe which oppose the change in magnetic flux,
i.e., the motion of the magnet. The retarding force due to the eddy currents inhibits the motion of the magnet. Such
phenomena are referred to as electromagnetic damping. Note that eddy currents are not generated in PVC pipe as
its material is an insulator whereas aluminium is a conductor.

 Undesirable Effects of Eddy currents :

Eddy currents are undesirable since they heat up the metallic cores of transformers, electric motors and other
such devices and dissipate electrical energy in the form of heat.

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Minimisation of Eddy Currents :

Eddy currents are minimized by using laminations of metal to make a metal core. The laminations are separated by an
insulating material like lacquer. The plane of the laminations must be arranged parallel to the magnetic field, so that
they cut across the eddy current paths. This arrangement reduces the strength of the eddy currents. Since the
dissipation of electrical energy into heat depends on the square of the strength of electric current, heat loss is
substantially reduced.

Motional EMF :
Let us consider a straight conductor PQ moving towards the left with a
constant velocity v in a uniform and time independent magnetic field.
Assume that there is no loss of energy due to friction.

If the length RQ = x and RS = l, the magnetic flux B enclosed by the

loop PQRS will be : B = B (lx)

Since, x is changing with time, the rate of change of flux B will induce
an emf given by :
d B d  dx 
    ( Blx )  Bl     Blv
dt dt  dt 
The induced emf Blv is called motional emf.
Thus, an emf is induced by changing the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit.
Explanation of Motional Emf expression by invoking the Lorentz force acting on free charge carriers of
conductor PQ.
 Consider any arbitary charge q in the conductor PQ.
 When the rod moves with speed v, the charge will also be moving with speed v in the magnetic field B.
 The lorentz force F = qvB in magnitude and its direction is towards Q. All charges experience the same force, in
magnitude and direction, irrespective of their position in the rod PQ.
 The work done in moving the charge from P to Q is,  An emf is also induced when a
conductor is stationary and the
W = (qvB).l
magnetic field is changing because
More to know

 Since emf is the work done per unit charge time varying magnetic field
generates an electric field (Non-
W ( qvB ).l
    Blv consevative).  Charges in motion
q q can produce force/torque on
This emf induced across the rod PQ is identical stationary magnet. Conversely, a
to the previous one. bar magnet in motion (or more
generally, a changing magnetic
field) can exert a force on
stationary charge.

Energy Consideration :
 Let the resistance of movable arm PQ be r and that of the remaining arms QR, RS and SP be negligible as
compared to r. So, the overall resistance of rectangular loop is r.
 Blv
 The current I is the loop is I  
r r

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 On account of the presence of the magnetic field, there will be a force on the arm PQ. This force I(l × B) is
directed outwards in the direction opposite to the velocity of the rod.
B 2 2v
The magnitude of this force is, F=IlB=
r
 Note that this force arises due to drift velocity of charges along the rod and the consequent Lorentz force acting
on them.
B 2l 2 v2
 Alternatively, the power required to push the arm PQ with constant speed v is, P = Fv =
r
 The agent that does this work is mechanical and this mechanical energy is dissipated as Joule heat given by :
PJ = I2r
2
 Blv  B2l 2v 2
=  r 
 r  r
 Thus, mechanical energy which was needed to more the arm PQ is converted into electrical energy (the induced
emf) and then to thermal energy.

Relationship Between the charge flow through the circuit and the change in the magnetic flux :
Δ B
| |  . . . .(i)
Δt
 ΔQ 
And |  |  Ir   r . . . .(ii)
 Δt 

ΔB  ΔQ  ΔB
Equating (i) and (ii)  r  ΔQ 
Δt  Δt  r

Inductance :
The electric current can be induced in a coil by flux change produced by another coil in its vicinity or flux change
produced by the same coil. However, in both the cases, the flux through a coil is proportional to the current.

i.e. B  I
The constant of proportionality is called inductance. Further : if geometry of the coil doesn’t vary with time :
d B dI

dt dt

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Factors affecting Inductance:

 Geometry of the coil.  Intrinsic material properties.

Mutual Inductance Self Inductance

It is the property of two coils by virtue of which each It is the property of the coil by virtue of which coil
opposes any change in the strength of current flowing opposes any change in the strength of current flowing
through the other by developing an induced emf. through it by inducing an emf in itself.

S1 : N1, A1, I1, B1 ,l For a coil, if  is the magnetic flux linked with it due
S2 : N2, A2, I2, B2, l to a current I in it, then

1 : Flux through each turn of S1. I

Total flux through S1 = N11 =LI

L : Self inductance of the coil or coefficient of
N11  I2  N1 1 = M12I2
self induction
M12 : mutual inductance of S1 w.r.t. S2
or coefficient of mutual induction
Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the
Mutual inductance of 2 coils is numerically equal to the
total amt. of magnetic flux linked with the coil when
amt. of magnetic flux linked with one coil when unit
unit current flows through it.
current flows through the neighbouring coil.

d d d d
1     ( N11 ) 1   ( LI )
dt dt dt dt
 dI   dI 
 M 12  2  = L  
 dt   dt 
Mutual inductance of 2 coils is numerically equal to the Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the
emf induced in one coil when rate of change of current emf induced in the coil when the rate of change of
through the neighbouring coil is unity current through it is unity.

SI unit of M  Henry (H). SI unit of L  Henry (H)

Mutual inductance is said to be 1 Henry when emf of 1 Self inductance of a coil is said to be 1 Henry when
volt is induced in the given coil when rate of change of emf of 1 volt is induced in the coil when rate of
current in the neighbouring coil unity. change of current through it is unity.

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Expression for Mutual Inductance of 2 Solenoids Expression for Self Inductance of a Solenoid
S1 : N1, A1, r1, I1, B1, l S : N, A, l, I, n , L, B
S2 : N2, A2, r2, I2, B2, l N = LI . . . . .(i)
(A1 = A2 = A and r1 = r2 = r) and
N1 1 = M12 I2 . . . . .(i) N = N.B.A
And N1 1 = N1 . B2 A1  N = N. (0In) . A
= (n1l) (0 n 2 I 2) A1  N = N(o I N/l) A
= n1l0n 2I2A . . . . .(ii)   N2A 
From (i) and (ii)  N   0 I . . . . .(ii)
 l 
 
M12I2 = 0n1n 2lAI2  M12 = 0n1n2lA
Equating (i) and (ii)
N22 = M21I1 . . . . .(iii)
  N2A
and N22 = (n2l) (B1) . A2 LI   0  I
 l
= (n2l) (0n 1I1) A . . . . .(iv)  
From (iii) and (iv) 0 N 2 A
 L  0 n 2 Al
M21I1 = 0n1n 2lAI1  M21 = 0n 1n2 l A l
So, M12 = M21
Factors affecting Mutual Inductance of a Pair of Coils Factors affecting the Self Inductance of the Coil
(i) Magnetic permeability of the material on which the (i) Geometry of the coil
coils are would.
(ii) Permeability of the medium
(ii) Separation between the coils and their orientation
(  r 0, when r = relatives permeability
with respect to each other.
eg. – Soft Iron has higher value of r)
(iii) Geometry of the two coils such as their size, shape
and number of turns in each.

Note : (i) Consider the general case of currents flowing simultaneously in two nearby coils. The flux linked with one
coil will be the sum of two fluxes which exist independently.
N1 1 = M11I1 + M12I2

 dI   dI 
 N1 1 = L1I1 + M12I2 and 1   L1  1   M 12  2 
 dt   dt 

(ii) The self - induced emf is also called the back emf as it opposes any change in the current in a circuit.
Physically, self induction plays the role of inertia. It is the electromagnetic analogous of mass in mechanics.
 So, work needs to be done against the back emf () in establishing the current. This work done is stored as
magnetic potential energy.
 For the current I at an instant in a circuit, the rate of work done is
dw dI
 | | I . (Ignoring resistive losses and considering only inductive effects and using |  |  L )
dt dt
dW dI
  LI  dW = LIdI
dt dt

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W I
  
dW  LIdI
0 0

1 2
 W  LI  (Energy required to build up the current I)
2
Or
(Energy stored by the inductor)
 Comparing it with 1/2 mv2 (Mechanical KE of a particle of mass m)
It shows that,
L is the electromagnetic analogue of mass (m).
i.e. L is electrical inertia and opposes growth and decay of current in the circuit.

Practice Questions :
 (i) Which of the 2 bulbs will glow bright where S is closed?
(ii) Will the 2 bulbs be equally bright after some time?
(iii) When iron bar is introduced in inductor dimness increases further.
Explain :
Ans : (i) B2 will be bright as it doesn’t have any back emf.
(ii) Yes
(iii) As self inductance increase  back emf increases  Dimness increases.
 A bar magnet M is dropped so that it falls vertically through the coil. The graph obtained for the voltage produced
across coil v/s time is as follows :

(i) Explain the shape of the graph.

(ii) Why is negative peak longer than positive peak.
Ans. (i) When the magnet is about to enter (a) As the magnet falls towards the coil the flux linked with it
increases. Emf is induced. The induced emf increases till the magnet reaches the top of the coil.
(b) At this point emf attains its maximum value. As the magnet starts moving through the coil (c) the flux
decreases, the induced emf also decreases. When the magnet moves completely inside the coil (d) rate of
change of flux is 0. So induced emf = 0. As the magnet begins to move out the coil (e) flux related to the
coil starts increasing but in opp. direction. Induced emf attains the maximum value when the magnet is
just outside the coil. (f) As the magnet moves away from the coil flux decreases and becomes 0.
(ii) This is so because velocity of the bar is more.

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Fleming’s Right Hand Rule :

It states that if the thumb, fore finger and the central finger of the right hand are kept perpendicular to each other, so
that the fore finger points in the direction of the field and the thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor,
then the induced current flows in the direction of the central finger.

Ac Generator :
Definition : It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Principle : It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When a coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the flux through the coil changes and an emf is induced given by Faraday’s
d
law :  
dt
Construction :
(i) The AC generator consists of a rectangular coil ABCD (called armature) mounted on a rotor shaft rotating in a

uniform magnetic field B .
(ii) The axis of rotation of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
(iii) The ends of the coil are connected to an external circuit by means of slip rings (R1 and R2) and brushes
(B1 and B2)

Diagram : After 180° rotation of the coil

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Working :
(i) As the coil is rotated in the magnetic field, angle between normal to the coil and magnetic field changes.
Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and hence, an emf is induced in the coil.
(ii) Initially, let us consider that the plane of coil is perpendicular to the applied field. So, the amount of magnetic
flux linked with the coil is maximum.
(iii) In this stage, AB is at front and CD is at back. Now, the coil is rotated such that AB moves inwards and CD
outwards.
(iv) Acc, to Fleming’s right hand Rule, current induced in AB is from A to B and in CD is from C to D. So, in the
external circuit, the current flows from B2 to B1.
(v) After 180° rotation, AB is at back and CD is at front. Therefore, on further rotation, AB moves outwards and CD
moves inwards. Current induced in AB is from B to A and is CD is from D to C.
(vi) Hence, in the external circuit, current flows from B1 to B2.
(vii) Thus, the current induced in the external circuit changes direction after every half rotation of the coil. So, the
induced current is alternating in nature.

When the coil is rotated with a constant angular speed , the angle  between the magnetic field vector B and the
area vector A of the coil at any instant t is given by :
 = t
The flux is given by
 
B  B . A = BA cos  = BA cos (t)
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is :
d B d
  N N (BA cos t)
dt dt
  = NBA  sin t   = 0 sin t
Where 0 = NBA  = maximum generated emf.
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If f is the frequency of revolution of the generator’s coil,

 = 2f

0 = (NBA) (2f) and  = 0 sin 2ft

Applications :
(i) Hydroelectric power station (ii) Thermal power station

Note : In most generators, the coil are held stationary and it is the electromagnets which are rotated.
The frequency of rotation is 50Hz in India. In certain countries such as USA, it is 60Hz.

Section - 1 Based on NCERT & CBSE Pattern

1. Predict the direction of induced current in the situations described by the following figure :

(a) (b)

(c) Tapping key just closed (d) Rheostat setting being changed

(e) (f)

SOLUTION :

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(a) Here, south pole is moving towards the coil, so according to Lenz’s law this end becomes S-pole (To oppose
the motion of south pole by repelling it). Hence, the direction of current is clockwise (by using clock rule)
and the current flows from p to q.
(b) In coil p-q, at end q  S-pole is moving towards end q, so it behaves like a south pole (by – Lenz’s law).
The direction of current is clockwise i.e. from p to q. North pole is moving away so this end will behave like
South pole (To oppose its away motion by attracting it). In coil x-y, S-pole is induced (by Lenz’s law) and
the direction of current is clockwise i.e., x to y.
(c) As the tapping key is just closed, the current in coil increases. So, the magnetic flux and field increases.
According to maxwell’s right hand grip rule, the direction of magnetic field is leftwards. Thus, the direction
of induced current in the neighboring coil is such that it try to decrease the filed, thus the direction of field in
the neighboring coil should be rightwards, i.e, according to Maxwell’s right hand rule the direction of
induced current is anticlockwise, i.e, xyz.
(d) As the rheostat setting is changed, the current is changed. The direction of field due to the coil is leftwards
according to Maxwell’s right hand grip rule. The direction of induced current in the left coil is such that the
magnetic field produced by it in rightwards, thus the direction of current in left coil is anticlockwise i.e.,
from xyz.
(e) As the key is just released, the current which is flowing anticlockwise goes on decreasing. Thus, the induced
current developed in such a sense the magnetic field due to left coil increases (which is towards right).
So, the magnetic field due to the right coil should also towards right and hence the induced current is in
anticlockwise, i.e., x to yx – direction.
(f) The magnetic field lines due to the current carrying wire are in the plane of the loop. Hence, no induced
current is produced in the loop (because no flux lines crosses the area of loop).

2. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut moving out of a region of uniform magnetic
field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf developed across the cut if the velocity of
the loop is 1 cm/s in a direction normal to the (a) longer side, (b) shorter side the loop? For how long does the
induced voltage last in each case?
SOLUTION :
Given, length of the loop
l  8 cm  8  102 m

Width of the loop b  2 cm  2  10 2 m

Velocity the loop  1 cm / s  0.01 m/s
Magnitude of magnetic field 3  0.3 T

(a) 
When velocity is normal to the longer side l  8 cm  8  10 2 m 
In this case, motional emf
e  Blv  0.3  8  102  0.01  2.4  10 4V
Distance Shorter side (width)
Time  
velocity Velocity
2  102
t  2s
0.01

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(b) 
When velocity is normal to the shorter side l  2 cm  2  102 m 
In this case, the developed emf
e  Blv  0.3  2  10 2  0.01
e  0.6  104 V
Longer side (length) 8  102
Time  
Velocity 0.01
t 8s

3. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an angular speed of 50
rad/s in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0  10 2 T . Obtain the maximum and average emf
induced in the coil. If the coil forms a closed – loop of resistance 10Ω , calculate the maximum value of current
in the coil. Calculate the average power loss due to Joule heating. Where does this power come from?

SOLUTION :
Given, radius of coil  8 cm  0.08 m
Number of turns  20
Resistance of closed-loop  10 
Angular speed   50 rad/s

Magnitude of magnetic field B  3  102 T

Induced emf produced in the coil e  NBA sin  t
For maximum emf,
2
 Maximum emf e0  NBA   20  3  10 2  3.14  0.08   50
e0  0.603V
e0 0.603
Maximum current in the coil I 0    0.0603 A
R 10
Average induced emf
1 2
eav  
T 0
e dt  NBA  sin t dt
2
1  cos t  NBA
eav  NBA    cos 2  cos 0
T   0 T
NBA
eav  1  1  0
T
For the cycle average emf, eav  0
E0 I 0 0.603  0.0603
Average power loss due to heating    0.018W
2 2

4. A horizontal straight wire 10 m long extending from east to west a falling with a speed of 5.0 m/s, at right angle
to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, 0.30  10 4 Wb/m2 .
(a) What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?
(b) What is the direction of the emf?
(c) Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential?

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SOLUTION :
Given, velocity of straight wire  5 m/s
Magnitude field of straight wire,
B  0.30  104 Wb/m 2
Length of wire l  10 m
(a) Emf induced in the wire e  Blv sin 
Here,   90
 sin   1
(  Wire is falling at right angle to earth’s horizontal magnetic field component.)
 0.3  104 10  5  1.5  103V
(b) According to the Fleming’s right hand rule, the force is downward, then the direction of induced emf will be
from west to east.
(c) As the direction of induced emf or current is from west to east, the west end of the wire is at higher potential.
(  Current always flows from a point at higher potential to a point at lower potential.)

5. Suppose the loop in Q. 4 is stationary but the current feeding the electromagnet that produces the magnetic
field is gradually reduced to that the field decreases from its initial value of 0.3T at the rate of 0.02 T/s. If the
cut is joined and the loop has a resistance of 1.6 Ω , how much power is dissipated by the loop as heat? What is
the source of this power?

SOLUTION :

Area of loop  8  2  16 cm 2  16  104 m2  in Q.4 

dB
Rate of change of magnetic field  0.02 T/s
dt
Resistance of loop R  1.6 
d d d
Induced emf of loop e     BA
dt dt dt
dB
eA
dt
e  16  10 4  0.02  0.32 104 V
e 0.32  104
Induced current in the loop I    0.2  10 4 A
R 1.6
2

Power of source as heat P  I 2 R  0.2  104  1.6  6.4  1010 W

P  6.4 1010 W
The agency which charging the magnetic field with time is the source of this power

6. A square loop of side 123 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y-axes is moved with a velocity of 8 cm/s in the
positive X-direction in an environment containing a magnetic field in the positive Z-direction. The field is
neither uniform in space nor constant in time. It has gradient of a 103 T / cm along the negative X-direction
(that is it increases by 103 T / cm as one moves in the negative X-direction) and it is decreasing in time at the
rate of 103 T / s . Determine the direction and magnitude of the induced current in the loop if its resistance is
4.50 mΩ .

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SOLUTION :
Given, side of loop a  12 cm

 Area of loop A  a 2  12 2  144 cm 2  144  104 m2

2
(  Area of square  (side) )
Velocity v  8 cm/s  8  102 m/s
Rate of change of magnitude field with distance
dB
 103 T/cm   X -axis 
dt
Rate of change of magnitude field with time
d  d  BA   dB 
  A
dt dt  dt 
 103  144  10 4
 1.44  105 Wb/s  =BA
Rate of change of magnitude flux with respect to time
d  dB dx  dx 
  A   103  144  10 4  8   velocity 
dt dx dt  dt 
 11.52  105 Wb/s
Both of the effects cause a decrease in magnetic flux along the positive Z-direction.
Total induced emf in the loop e  1.44  105  11.52 10 5
e  12.96  105 V

e 12.96  10 5
Induced current in the loop    2.88 102 A
R 4.5  103

7. It is desired to measure the magnitude of field between the poles of a powerful loud speaker magnet. A small
flat search coil of area 2cm 2 with 25 closely wound turns, is positioned normal to the field direction and then
quickly snatched out of the field region. Equivalently, one can give it a quick 90 turn to bring its plane
parallel to the filed direction. The total charge flown in the coil (measured by a ballistic galvanometer
connected to coil) is 7.5 mC. The combined resistance of the coil and the galvanometer is 0.50 Ω . Estimate the
field strength of magnet.
SOLUTION :

Area of coil A  2 cm 2  2  104 m2

Number of turns N  25
Total charge in the coil Q  7.5 mC  7.5 103 C
Resistance of coil R  0.5 
When the coil is removed from the field, the flux (final) is zero  f  0.
Induced current in the coil
e Nd  / dt  d 
I  e   N 
R R  dt 
N
I dt   d
R
VMC | Board Notes 16 Physics | Electromagnetic Induction
 Vidyamandir Classes

 f̂ N N

Charge in the coil Q  I dt   i

R
d   
 ˆ  i
R f

N N
Q
R f
 R

 ˆ  i  i

N
Q   BA
R
Magnetic field in the coil
QR 7.5  103  0.5
B   0.75 T
NA 25  2  104
Thus, the strength of magnetic field is 0.75 T .

8. Figure shows a metal rod PQ resisting on the smooth rails AB and

positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails, the
rod and the magnetic field are in three mutual perpendicular
directions. A galvanometer G connects the rails through a switch K.
Length of the rod = 15 cm, B = 0.50 T, resistance of the closed loop
containing the rod = 9.0mΩ . Assume the filed to be uniform.

(a) Suppose K is open and the rod is moved with a speed of 12 cm/s in the direction shown. Give the
polarity and magnitude of the induced emf.
(b) Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rod when K is open? What happened if K. is
closed?
(c) With K open and the rod moving uniformly, there is no net force on the electrons in the rod PQ even
through they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain.
(d) What is the retarding force on the rod when K is closed?
(e) How much power is required (by an external agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed) = 12
cm/s) when K is closed?
How much power is required when K is open?
(f) How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of this power?
(g) What is the induced emf in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead of being
perpendicular?

SOLUTION :

Given, length of rod l  15 cm  15  10 2 m

Magnitude field B  0.50 T ,

Resistance of the closed-loop containing the rod R  9 m   9  103 

Velocity of rod v  12 cm/s  12  102 m/s

(a) The magnitude of the motional emf
e  Bvl  0.50  12  102  15  122
e  9  103 V .
According to the Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of Lorentz force  F  e  v  B   on electrons in PQ
is from P to Q. So, P would acquire positive charge and Q would acquire negative charge.

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(b) Yes, an excess positive charge develops at P and the same amount of negative charge develops at Q as the
key is open. When the key K is closed, the induced current flows and maintains the express charge.
(c) When key is open, there is no net force on the electrons because the presence of express charge at P and Q
sets up an electric field and magnetic force on the electrons is balanced by force on them due to force by the
electric field. So, there is no net force on the rod.
(d) When the key K is closed, current flow in the loop and the current carrying wire experience a retarding force
in the magnetic field. Which is given by
e 0.5  9  103  15 102
Force  BIl  B  l  7.5 102 N
R 3
9 10
(e) To keep the rod moving at the same speed the required power
 Retarding force  Velocity  7.5  102  12  10 2  9  103 W
(f) Power dissipated in closed circuit due to flow to current
2
2 e
2
 I R    R 
e2


9 103   9  103 W
R R 9  10 3
The source of this power is the external agent.
(g) When the field is parallel to length of rails   0. Induced emf  e  Bvl sin   0 0  0  . In this
situation, the moving rod will not cut the field lines so that flux charge is zero and hence induced emf is
zero.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

2. The closed loop (PQRS) of wire is moved into a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the plane of the paper as
shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop.

3. Predict the direction of induced current in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is steadily decreasing.

4. The motion of copper plate is damped, when it is allowed to oscillate between the two poles of a magnet. What is the
cause of this damping ?

5. Does Lenz’s law does violate the principle of conservation of energy ?

6. A glass rod of length l moves with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B. what is the emf induced in the rod ?

7. Why is the emf zero, when maximum number of magnetic field lines of force pass through the coil ?

8. Mention any one useful application of eddy currents produced.

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9. In the given figure, a bar magnet is quickly moved towards a conducting loop having a capacitor. Predict the polarity
of the plates A and B of the capacitor.

10. When an current in a coil changes with time, how is the emf induced in the coil related to it ?

11. If the number of turns in the solenoid is doubled keeping other factors constant, how does the self inductance of the
coil change ?
12. Show that the SI unit of inductance, henry is equal to volt second per ampere.

13. Self induction of an air core inductor increases from 0.01 to 10 mH on introducing an iron core into it. What is the
relative permeability of the core used ?

14. Calculate the self inductance of a coil when a change when a change of current from 0 to 2 A in 0.05 s induces an emf
of 80 V.

15. Magnetic flux of 5  Wb is linked with a coil, when a current of 1 mA flows through it. What is the self inductance of
the coil ?

16. Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.

17. A circular coil of N-turns and radius R, is kept normal to a magnetic field, given by B  B0 cos  t . Deduce the
expression for the emf induced in this coil. State the rule which helps to detect the direction of induced current.

18. Three identical coils A, B and C are placed with their planes parallel to one another. The coils A and C are carrying
currents. The coils B and C are fixed. The coil A is moved towards B with uniform speed. Is there any induced current
in B ?
19. A wire of length 0.3 m moves with a speed of 20ms 1 perpendicular to a magnetic field of induction
1Wbm2 Calculate the induced emf.

20. State Lenz’s law. A metallic rod held horizontally along east- west direction, is allowed to fall under gravity. Will
there be an emf induced at its ends? Justify your answer.

21. The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane and directed into paper is varying according to relation

 
  5t 2  5t  2 mW . Calculate the emf induced in the loop at t  5 s .
22. Does current induced in the coil depends upon the resistance ?

23. What are the disadvantages of eddy currents and how can they be reduced ?

24. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described by adjoining figure. Explain the reason too.

25. A 200 turn coil of self inductance 30 mH carries a current of 5 mA find the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the
coil.

26. If a rate of change of current 4 As–1 induces an emf of 10mV in a solenoid, what is the self inductance of the solenoid?

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27. The self-inductance of an inductance coil having 100 turns is 20  H calculate the magnetic flux through the cross-
section of the coil corresponding to a current of 4mA. Also, find the total flux.

28. A coil was has a self inductance of 10 mH. What is the maximum magnitude of the induced emf in the inductor, when
a current I  0.1 sin 200 t ampere is sent through it

29. Two circular coil, one of radius r and the other of radius R are placed coaxially with their centres coinciding. for
R>>> r, obtain an expression for the mutual inductance of the arrangement.

30. A 100 turn coil of area 0.1 m 2 rotates at half a revolution per second. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.01T
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. Calculate the maximum voltage generated in the coil.
31. (i) What is the basic cause of induced emf?
(ii) When did magnetic flux linked with a coil held in a magnetic field zero?
(iii) Why is the induced emf sometimes called back emf?

32. A coil with an average diameter of 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 6000 T. if the induced emf is
11 V. When the magnetic field is changed to 1000 T in 4 W. what is number of turns in the coil ?

33. A rectangular loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the voltage developed across the cut, if velocity of loop is 1
cm / s in a direction normal to the
(i) Long side ? (ii) Shorter side of the loop ?
For how long does the induced voltage last in each case?

34. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular speed of 50 s 1 in a
uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3  102 T . Obtain the maximum and average emf induced in the coil.
If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10  . Calculate the maximum value of current in the coil. Calculate the
average power loss due to joule heating. Where does this power come from ?
35. A metallic rod of length l is rotated with a frequency v with one end hinged at the centre and the other end at the
circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius r, about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the
plane of the ring. A constant uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. Using Lorentz force,
explain how emf is induced between the centre and the metallic ring and hence obtain the expression for it ?

36. A 1m long conducting rod rotates with an angular frequency of 400 rad/s about an axis normal to the rod passing
through its one end. The other end of the rod in contact with a circular metallic ring. A constant magnetic field of 0.5
T parallel to the axis exist everywhere. Calculate the emf developed between the centre and the ring.

37. A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. what is the voltage difference developed between the
ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the earth’s magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5  104 T and
the dip angle is 30 ?

38. An air-cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area of cross-section 25cm2 and number of turns 500, carries a current of

2.5 A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 103 s . How much is the averages back emf induced
across the ends of the open switch in the circuit? Ignore the variation in magnetic field near the ends of the solenoid.

39. A coil of number of turns N, area A is rotated at a constant angular speed  , in a uniform magnetic field B and
connected to a resistor R. deduce expressions for
(i) Maximum emf induced in the coil. (ii) Power dissipation in the coil.

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40. What is the self inductance of a solenoid of length 20 cm area of cross –section 10cm2 and total number of turns 400 ?

41. Two different coil having self inductance L1  8mH and L2  2mH . At a certain instant, the current in the two coils is
increasing at the same constant rate find the power supplied to the two coils is the same. Find the ratio of (i) induced
voltage (ii) current and (iii) energy stored in the two coils at that instant.
42. An AC generator consist of coil of 100 turns and cross-sectional area of 3m2 , rotating at a constant angular speed of
60 rad s 1 in a uniform magnetic field 0.04T. The resistance of the coil is 500  . Calculate (i) maximum current draw
from the generator and (ii) minimum power dissipation of the coil.

43. Raj is in XII standard his physics teacher demonstrated an experiment to explain faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction. Raj interrupted his lecture and asked “is there any possibility of induced emf due to earth’s magnetism”?
the teacher was stunned for a moment and gave this question for group discussion. Finally the students came out with
correct answer.
(i) Write the values that you learnt from this incident. (ii) What can be reason for Raj’s question ?

44. The phenomenon of generating current /emf in a circuit by changing magnetic field linked with the circuit is called
electromagnetic induction (EMI). In our daily lives, we use EMI in many ways without even realising it .
Read the above passage and answer the following questions
(i) What is the most universal application of EMI?
(ii) How in this phenomenon being used to enhance the safety of all our important establishments?

45. Faraday’s second law of EMI says that magnitude of emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
d
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit i.e. , e  . It means, if the, magnetic flux linked with a circuit
dt
changes at a faster rate, the induced emf is large and vice-versa.
Read the above passage and answer the following question.
(i) Coil A is held in a very strong magnetic field and coil B is held in a weak magnetic field. In which coil
do you expect larger emf ?
(ii) A coil is moved in a uniform magnetic field. When do you expect induced emf in the coil ?
(iii) What values of life do you learn from faraday’s second law of EMI ?

46. Lenz’s law gives us the direction of current induced in circuit. According to this law, the polarity of induced emf is
always such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux responsible for its production. It means, if emf is induced due
to increase in magnetic flux, the direction of emf induced is such as to oppose the increase in magnetic flux. The
reverse is also true.
Read the above passage and answer the following questions.
(i) Does Lenz’s law violate the principle of conservation of energy?
(ii) Name any other rule for finding the direction of induced current.
(iii) What does Lenz’s law imply in day-to-day life?

47. Faraday established that an emf can be induced in a coil by changing the amount of magnetic flux (  ) linked with the
coil. As   BA cos  , therefore three methods of inducing emf are by changing magnetic field B or by changing area
A or by changing relative orientation  of the coil w. r. t. the magnetic field.
Read the above passage and answer the following question.
(i) Have you heard about a battery-less flashlight? How does it works?
(ii) Can you operate a typical cell phone form the hip movements of the person?
(iii) What do you know about gas electric hybrid autos?

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48. A rectangular loop of area 20 cm  30 cm is placed in magnetic field 0.3 T with its plane

(i) Normal to the field. (ii) Inclined 30 to the field and
(iii) parallel to the field.
Find the flux linked with the coil in each case.

49. A conducting rod of length l with one end pivoted is rotated with a uniform angular speed  in a vertical plane,
normal to a uniform magnetic field B. deduce expression for the emf induced in this rod.

50. A line charge  per unit length is lodged uniformly onto the rim of wheel
of mass M and radius R. The wheel has light non-conducting spokes and
is free to rotate without friction about its axis (shown in figure). A
uniform magnetic field extends over a circular region with in the rim. It is
given by B   B kˆ  r  a; a  R 
0
 0 (otherwise)
What is the angular velocity of the wheel after the field is suddenly
switched off?

51. Derive an expression for self inductance of a coil in the form of a long solenoid. Also, find the energy stored in coil.

52. It is desired to measure the magnitude of field between the poles of a powerful loudspeaker magnet. A small flat
search coil of area 2 cm2 with 25 closely wound turns, is positioned normal to the field direction and then quickly
snatched out of the field region. Equivalently, one can give it a quick 90 turn to bring its plane parallel to the field
direction. The total charge flown in the coil (measured by a ballistic galvanometer connected to coil) is 7.5 mC. The
combined resistance of the coil and the galvanometer is 0.50  . Estimate the field strength of magnet.

VMC | Board Notes 22 Physics | Electromagnetic Induction