Module 1

Title: Direct Current Generator

Title of the Lesson: Generator Principle

I. OVERVIEW
An electrical machine, deals with the transfer of energy either
from mechanical energy to electrical energy or vice versa. This
process is called eletromechanical energy conversion.

A machine that converts mechanical energy to an electrical

energy is called an electric generator. While a machine that
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy is called an electric
motor.

Electrical machines may be associated to an electrical energy of

an alternating type called A.C. machine or may be associated to an
electrical energy of direct type called D.C. machines.

DC generators and DC motors are the classifications of DC

machines. Their construction is identical whether it is a generator
or a motor.
MOTOR

ELECTROMECHANICAL
ELECTRICAL MECHANICA
ENERGY CONVERSION
ENERGY L ENERGY
DEVICE

GENERATOR

ELECTROMECHANICAL
ELECTRICAL MECHANICA
ENERGY CONVERSION
ENERGY L ENERGY
DEVICE

Fig. 1.1 Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice

versa.
II. GENERATOR PRINCIPLE
An electrical generator is a machine which converts
mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy.

The principle of energy transformation is based on

the production of dynamically (or motionally) induced EMF.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
each time a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically
induced EMF is produced. This emf will push the current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

Faraday’s Law states that:

“The magnitude of the generated voltage is directly

proportional to the rate which a conductor cuts magnetic
lines of force.”

−N ∆ Φ B
ɛ=
∆t

ɛ = induced EMF
∆ Φ B = change in flux
∆ t = change in time

A change in magnetic field will also result to a change in

magnetic flux which will give a rise to induced EMF.

Φ B=BAcosθ
Φ B= magnetic flux
B= magnetic field
A= Area
θ = between the normal line perpendicular to the face of the
coil and the magnetic field itself.
 Example of a 2-pole generator:

In short the principle of generator action involves:

1. the existence of magnetic lines of force
2. the motion of conductor cutting the flux
3. then voltage is generated

III. Construction Of A DC Machine:

Note: Theoretically, a DC generator can be used as a DC

motor without any constructional changes and vice versa is
also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be
broadly termed as a DC machine. These basic constructional
details are also valid for the construction of a DC motor.
Hence, let's call this point as construction of a DC machine
instead of just 'construction of a dc generator'.
The above figure shows constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A DC
machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC
machine are described below.

1. Yoke
The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It
is made up of cast iron or steel. It not only provides
mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also
carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
2. Poles and Pole shoes
Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or
welding. They carry field winding and pole shoes are
fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i)
they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air
gap
uniformly.
3. Field Winding
They are usually made of copper. Field coils are
former wound and placed on each pole and are
connected in series. They are wound in such a way that,
when energized, they form alternate North and South
poles.
4. Armature Core
Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is
cylindrical in shape with slots to carry armature
winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated
circular steel disks for reducing eddy current losses. It
may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for
cooling purposes. Armature is keyed to the shaft.

5. Armature Windings
It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests
in armature slots. The armature conductors are
insulated from each other and also from the armature
core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two
methods; lap winding or wave winding. Double layer lap
or wave windings are generally used. A double layer
winding means that each armature slot will carry two
different coils.
6. Commutator and Brushes
Physical connection to the armature winding is made
through a commutator-brush arrangement. The function
of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the
current generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in
case of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing
current to the armature conductors. A commutator
consists of a set of copper segments which are insulated
from each other. The number of segments is equal to the
number of armature coils. Each segment is connected to
an armature coil and the commutator is keyed to the
shaft. Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite.
They rest on commutator segments and slide on the
segments when the commutator rotates keeping the
physical contact to collect or supply the current.
 Brush

Commutator

IV. Armature and Windings

What is Pole Pitch?
Pole pitch is defined as the peripheral distance between the
center of two adjacent poles in a DC machine. This distance
is measured in terms of armature slots or armature
conductors that come between two adjacent pole centers.

Pole Pitch is equal to the total number of armature slots

divided by the total number of poles in the machine

For example, if there are 96 slots on the armature periphery

and 4 poles, the number of armature slots that come
between two adjacent pole centers would be 96/4 = 24.

Hence, the pole pitch of that DC machine would be 24. Hence

pole pitch is equal to total numbers of armature slots
divided by total numbers
of poles, we alternatively refer to it as armature slots per
pole.
S
Pole Pitch=
P
What is a Coil?
The coil of the DC machine is made up of one turn or multi
turns of the conductor. If the coil is made up of a single turn
or a single loop of the conductor, it is called a single turn
coil.
If the coil is made up of more than one turn of a conductor, we refer
to it as as multi-turn coil.

A single turn coil will have one conductor per side of the coil
whereas, in multi turns coil, there will be multiple conductors per
side of the coil. Whatever may be the number of conductors per
side of the coil, each coil side is placed inside one armature slot
only.
That means all conductors of one side of a particular coil must be
placed in one single slot only. Similarly, we place all conductors on
the opposite side of the coil in another single armature slot.

Coil Span or Coil Pitch (Ys) - It is the distance between the two
sides of a coil measured in terms of armature slots between them.
Full Pitched - The pole span or coil pitch is
equal to the pole pitch. It means that the coil
span is 180 electrical degrees. (number of slots
is divisible by number of poles so exact
number)

Fractional Pitched- The coil span is less than the

pole pitch. In this case there is phase difference
between the emfs in the two sides of the coil.
Therefore, the total emf around the coil which is
vector sum of emfs in the two sides is less in this
case as compared to that in the first case. If the
35 3
number of slots is 35, then YS= − =8 . (no.
4 4
of slots not divisible by no. of poles)

S
YS= −K
P
Where:
Ys = coil pitch in slots
S = total number of armature slots
P = number of poles
 S
K = any number of , that is subtracted to make YS an
P
integer
Example:
a) 20 slots, 4 poles b) 58 slots, 4 poles
S 20 S 58 29
YS= YS= YS=5 YS= −K YS= = ∨14.5
P 4 P 4 2
For it to be
=slot 1 to slot 6 58 2
YS= − =14 YS=14 exact we need
4 4 to subtract .5
=slot 1 to 15 58
or ½ to
4

V. Pitch of Armature Winding

Back Pitch (Yb)-A coil advances on the back of the armature. This
advancement is measured in terms of armature conductors and is
called back pitch. It is equal to the number difference of the
conductor connected to a given segment of the commutator.

Front Pitch (Yf)-The number of armature conductors or elements

spanned by a coil on the front is called front pitch. Alternatively, we
define the front-pitch as the distance between the second
conductor
of the next coil which connects the front, i.e., commutator end of
the armature.
Resultant Pitch (Y)-It is the distance between the beginning of one
coil and the beginning of the next coil to which it is connected.

Commutator Pitch (Yc)-The distance between the two segments to

which the two ends of the coil are connected.

For lap winding, Yc is equal to the number of plex. For wave

winding Yc is equal to:
c±m
Yc=
P
2
Where:
Yc = commutator pitch
C = number of commutator segments
P = number of poles
m= number or plex (simplex=1, duplex=2, triplex=3)
Note: If Yc is not an integer or whole number, then wave winding is not possible.

Example:
a) 4 poles, 19 segments, simplex wave
C= 19; P=4; m=1
c±m 19+ 1 c±m 19−1
Yc= Yc=
P 4 Yc=
Yc=10P Yc= 4 Yc=9
2 2 2 2

Tracing Yc=10:1+10=1111+10=21Tracing Yc=9 1+9=10

10+9=19 1 11 21
∴2 segments ahead segment 1
VI. Types of Armature Winding
1 10used19
There are two methods in armature winding of a DC machine:
∴1 segment ahead segment 1
1. lap winding
2. wave winding.

In lap winding, the successive coils overlap each other. In a simplex

lap winding, the two ends of a coil are connected to adjacent
commutator segments.

Complete winding diagram of a 17 slots, 4 pole simplex lap winding

In wave winding, the coil ends are connected to the

commutator segments very nearly, but never exactly equal to the
distance between poles of the same polarity, that is, alternate poles.
Since one cycle always occurs in distance covered by a pair of poles,
this distance is arbitrarily called 360 electrical degrees.
 Complete winding diagram of a 41 slots, 4 pole simplex wave winding

Multiplex Winding
Multiplex winding is use to limit the current per path, because as
the number of plex increases the number of parallel paths in lap
winding also increases.
Number of parallel path:

Lap winding= plex × pole

Wave winding= 2 × plex

Multiplex lap winding are mostly limited to low voltage, high

current machines because practically speaking, it is desirable to
limit the current per path to values no greater than 250 to 300
amperes. When the current per path is in excess of these general
practical limits, commutation becomes difficult. (If the current per
path excedes 250A-300A the brushes will spark.)

For example, a machine with 100kW, 50 V, and 4 poles would have

an armature current of:

100× 103
=2000 A
50

If we are going to use simplex lap winding, the current per path will be:
 2000 A
=500 A
4 poles

500A is almost double the current limit per path (250-300A limit)
so we will use duplex winding in order to limit the current.
2000 A
=250 A
8 poles

Dummy or Idle Coils

Dummy element is used to provide mechanical balance for the
armature. It is a wire that is similar to the other coils but it is not
connected to the commutator so that it does not affect the electrical
characteristics of the winding.

Winding diagram for four pole simplex wave armature with dummy element.

Equalizer Ring
It is used to avoid unequal distribution of current at the brushes, in so
doing, aiding to become sparkless commutation. It is a copper conductor
in the form of ring that is connected to the armature conductor so that
the circulating current due to slight difference in the emfs of several
parallel paths, passes over these equalizer rings instead of passing
through the brushes.
 Unequal current distribution will create sparks that’s why equalizer
rings are necessary.

EQUALIZER
RINGS

EQUALIZER 2

EQUALIZER 1

Sketch showing two equalizer connections in a six pole lap type armature winding.

Maximum number of equalizer rings is equal to the number of

conductors under one pair of poles. Hence:
Number of conductors
Number of rings=
Number of pair of poles
Example:
Determine the number of equalizer connections at the commutator
of 36 segments, six pole armature for 100% equalization and make
a table showing those that are joined together at each one.
Number of conductors
Number of rings=
Number of pair of poles
36 '
Number of rings= sincehas 6 polesthen tha t ≪give us 3 pairs .
3
1+12=13 , 13+12=25 1------13------25
 1 13 25
2 14 26
3 15 27
4 16 28
5 17 29
6 18 30
7 19 31
8 20 32
9 21 33
10 22 34
11 23 35
12 24 36

On 50% equalization:
Number of conductors
Number of rings=
Number of pair of poles
36
Number of rings= =12 sincehas 6 poles then tha t ' ≪ give us 3 pairs .
3
50 % of 12=6
1+6=7 , 7+6=13 1------7------13
1 7 13
2 8 14
3 9 15
4 10 16
5 11 17
6 12 18
7 13 19
8 14 20
9 15 21
10 16 22
11 17 23
12 18 24

Advantages of Lap and Wave Windings

For wave winding:

• It gives more emf, so that wave winding is used for high voltage low
current machine.
• It is not required to use equalizer ring because each path contains
conductor which lie under all poles.

For lap winding:

• It gives more parallel paths so that it is suitable for high current low
voltage machine
 Module 2
Title: Direct Current Generator
Title of the Lesson: Types of DC generator

I. I. EMF Equation of DC Generator

QUIZ 1-SET A (KEY TO CORRECTION)
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1
MADELO ALLYSA MAE M
BSEE-3D
2019110973
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
1. IN A DC GENERATOR, THE IRON LOSSES AT
1000 RPM ARE 10 KW AT A GIVEN FIELD
CURRENT. AT A SPEED OF 750 RPM AND AT THE
SAME FIELD CURRENT, THE TOTAL IRON LOSSES
BECOME 6kW. ASSUME THE HYSTERESIS LOSS IS
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SPEED AND
THE EDDY CURRENT LOSS IS PROPORTIONAL TO
THE SQUARE OF THE SPEED. DETERMINE THE
IRON LOSSES AT 500 RPM.
GIVEN:
75(Eq.1)-100(Eq.2)
PIRON 1=10kW
750=75 A + 75000 B
N1=1000RPM
600=75 A + 56250 B
PIRON 2=6kW
150= 18750 B
N2=750RPM
WH N
150=18750 B
WC N2
B=8×10-3
FIND:
FROM EQUATION 1
PIRON N=500RPM
=10-1000(8×10-3)
=2
PIRON N=500RPM
PIRON=2(500)+8×103(500)2
PIRON=3000W or 3kW

SOLUTION
PIRON=NH+NC
PIRON= N+BN2
SCENE 1
10000= (1000) + B(1000)2
10000=1000A + 1000000B
10= + 1000B EQUATION 1
SCENE 2
6000=A (750) + B (750)2
6000=750 A + 562000 B 6=0.75A + 562.5B
EQUATION 2
MADELO ALLYSA MAE M 2019110973
2. The following data refer to a short shunt compound
generator
Full load current, 200 A
Full load terminal voltage, 220 V
Armature resistance, 0.04 Ω
Shunt field resistance, 50 Ω
Series field resistance, 0.02 Ω
Iron and friction losses, 4% of full load output.
Calculate:
a. emf generated
b. Copper losses
c. Overall efficiency
GIVEN
I=200A
Vr=220V
Ra=0.04Ω
Rsh=50 Ω
 Rse=0.02 Ω
IRON OR FRICTION LOSS=4%FULL LOAD
BY KVL
Eg=0.04(204.48) + 4.48(50)
Eg=232.1792 V

SOLUTION: Ia=Ish + IL
A Eg
Ia=4.48 A + 200
Ish=0.02(200) + 220
Ia=204.48 A
50
Ish=4.48 A

B COPPER LOSS
PCOPPER=ARMATURE LOSS + SHUNT FIELD LOSS +
SERIES FIELD LOSS
PCOPPER=RaIa2 + RshIsh2 + RseIsc2
PCOPPER=(0.04)(204.48)2 + (50)(4.48)2 + (0.02)(200)2
PCOPPER=8756.003 W

C OVERALL EFFICIENCY
Eff= Pout Pin x 100
POUT=220•200
POUT=44000 W
Pin=EgIa + IRON COPPER LOSS
Pin=232.1792(204.48) + .04
Pin=47484.00282 W

Eff= 44000 W x100

47484.00282 W
Eff=92.6628%

3. A SHUNT GENERATOR HAS AN EXTERNAL

CHARACTERISTICS SUCH THAT THE TERMINAL
VOLTAGE FALL UNIFORMLY FROM 450 V ON
OPEN-CIRCUIT TO 440 V WHEN DELIVERING 100
A. IT IS IN PARALLEL WITH A BATTERY OF 224
CELLS EACH EMF OF 2 VOLTS, INTERNAL
RESISTANCE OF BATTERY IS 0.02 Ω. FIND HOW
A LOAD OF 400 A WOULD BE SHARED.
GIVEN
SHUNT GENERATOR
Vo=450V to 440V
I=100A
Battery cells=224
Battery V= 2 V per cell
FOR GENERATOR=450-448
FOR GENERATOR=450-440 =0.1V/A =0.2V/A
100 100

I1 + I2=400
I2=400-I1
I1=400-I2
GENERATOR vt=450-(0.1I1)
BATTERY vt=448-(0.2I2)
450-0.1I1=448-0.02I2
450-448-0.1I1=-0.02I2
2-0.1I1=-0.02I2
SUBSTITUTION
2-0.1I1=-0.02(400-I1)
2-0.1I1=-8 + 0.02I1
2 + 8=0.1I1 + 0.02I1
10 = 0.12I1
0.120.12
I1=83.3333A
I2=400-83.3333
I2=316.6667A

4 TWO SHUNT GENERATORS OPERATING IN

PARALLEL DELIVER A TOTAL CURRENT OF
250A. ONE OF THE GENERATORS IS RATED 50
kW AND THE OTHER 100 KW. THE VOLTAGE
RATING OF BOTH MACHINE IS 500V AND HAVE
REGULATIONS OF 6 PERCENT (SMALLER ONE)
AND 4 PERCENT. ASSUMING LINEAR
CHARACTERISTICS, DETERMINE: (A) THE
CURRENT DELIVERED BY EACH MACHINE, (B)
THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE, (C) THE OUTPUT
POWER OF EACH GENERATOR.
GIVEN
IL=250A 6%
Po1=50kW 4%
Po2=100kW
 Eg1=Eg2 500V
FIND IL AND IL2?
Vt=?
Po and Po2=?

SOLUTION
100kW
50kW
VOLTAGE DROP=500 X
VOLTAGE DROP=500 X 0.6
0.4
VOLTAGE DROP=30V
=20V
I=50000 500
I=100000 I=200A
I=100A
500
Ra1=30 100
Ra2=20/200
=100v/A
=0.1V/A
250=Eg1-Vt Eg2-Vt
Ra1 Ra2
250=500-Vt 500-Vt
0.3 0.1
A B. Vt=481.25V
IL1=500-481.25 C. Po1=62.5 x 481.25
0.3 1000
IL1=62.5A C. Po1=30.078kW
Po2=187.5 x 481.25/1000
 Po2=90.234kW
IL2=500-481.25
0.1
IL2=187.5A
Module 2
Title: Direct Current Generator
Title of the Lesson: Types of DC Generator
I. EMF Equation of DC Generator
In a modern dc generator, with many poles, with a
large number of armature conductors that may result in
two or more paths in parallel, and with comparatively
high armature rotating speeds, the resulting voltage can
be calculated only by considering all those factors
responsible for the measured value. Remembering that
the voltage generated depends upon the rate at which
flux is cut and that 1 volt results from the cutting of 108
lines of force/seconds, the following analysis will lead to
a very useful fundamental equation
Derivation of EMF equation for DC generator has two parts:
1. Induced EMF of one conductor
2. Induced EMF of the generator
Derivation for Induced EMF of One Armature Conductor
For one revolution of the conductor,
Let:
Φ=Flux produced by each pole∈weber ( Wb )
P=number of poles∈the DC generator
∴ Total flux produced by all the poles=∅ × P
60
and Time taken ¿ complete one revolution= N
where :N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm.
Now, according to Faraday’s law of induction, the
induced emf of the armature conductor is denoted by
“e” which is equal to rate of cutting the flux.
Therefore:
dΦ total flux
e= ∧e=
dt time take
Induced emf of one conductor is:
dΦ N
e= =Φ P
60 60
N

Derivation for Induced EMF for DC Generator

Let us suppose there are Z total numbers of conductor
in a generator, and arranged in such a manner that all
parallel paths are always in series.

Z = total numbers of conductor

A = number of parallel paths
Then,
Z/A = number of conductors connected in series

We know that induced emf in each path is same across

the line
Therefore, Induced emf of DC generator:
E = emf of 1 conductor × no. of conductors connected in
series.
Induced emf of DC generator is:
N Z Φ × P × RPM × Z
e=Φ P × voltsE g=
60 A a ×60
Where:
Eg = total generated voltage
Φ=¿ flux/pole in weber
P = number of poles, an even number
RPM = speed of armature, rev/min
Z = total number of armature conductor effectively used
to add to resulting voltage
a = number of armature paths connected in parallel
(determined by the type of armature winding)
If it’s a lap winding: a = plex × pole
If it’s a wave winding: a = 2 × plex
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A four pole generator having wave wound armature
winding has 62 slots, each having 20 conductors. What
will be the voltage generated in the machine when
driven at 1500 rpm assuming flux per pole to be 8
mWb.
Given: Φ=8 mWb → 8× 103 Wb Find: E g=? P=4 poles
RPM =1500rpm Z=62 slots × 20 conductors
a=2 × plex →2 ×60
Φ × P × RPM × Z
Formula: E g= a ×60
( 8 ×103 Wb ) × ( 4 ) × ( 1500 ) × ( 62× 20 ) E =496 V
Solution: E g= g
2× 60

2. A six pole, wave wound armature has 640

conductors. If the flux per pole is 16 mWb, at what
speed must be driven in order to generate 256 volts.
Given: Find: RPM =?
Φ=16 mWb →16 × 103 Wb
P=6 poles a=2 × plex →2 ×60
Z=640 conductors E g=256 volts
Φ × P × RPM × Z
Formula: E g= a ×60
(16 ×103 )×(6)× RPM ×(640)
Solution: 256 v=
2× 60
−4
RPM =5× 10
3. A six pole wave wound armature has 250 conductors
when driven at 400 rpm, the emf generated is 260 volt .
What is the useful flux per pole.
Given: E g=260 v Find: Φ=?
P=6 poles RPM =4 00 rpm Z=25 0 conductors
a=2 × plex →2 ×60
Φ × P × RPM × Z
Formula: E g= a ×60
( Φ ) × ( 6 ) × ( 4 00 ) × ( 250 )
Solution: 260 v = Φ=.052Wb
2 ×60
4. The induced voltage of a wave connected generator is
200 volts and the flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. The number
of conductors of the generator is 500. The generator is
driven at a speed of 600 rpm. Determine the number of
poles of generator.
Given: E g=2 0 0 v Φ=0.2 Wb
RPM =6 00 rpm Z=50 0 conductors
a=2 × plex →2 ×60
Find: P=?

Φ × P × RPM × Z
Formula: E g=
a ×60

( 0.2 ) × ( P ) × ( 6 00 ) × (50 0 )
Solution: 2 0 0 v= P=4 poles
2× 60
II. Types of Generators
D.C. generators can be classified as:
1. Permanent magnet type
2. Electromagnet type
Permanent Magnet Type
In this type of generator, the poles are made of permanent
magnet. The poles do not require any windings. Such type of D.C.
generators is of small size. These are employed mainly in
dynamo in cycles and bikes. It is not used for industrial purpose
because:
 It would require large magnet which is economically
not feasible.
 Magnetic strength decreases with time so magnetic
flux will not remain constant.
Electromagnet Type
The poles of D.C. generator is magnetized using windings.
Electromagnetic type generators can further classifies based on
the excitation of their field.
 separately-excited and
 self-excited D.C. generators
1. Separately-Excited Generators
In separately excited generator the field winding is
energized from another D.C. source which is connected
separately from the commutator

The armature current and load current are the same and it
becomes:
Ia = I L
The expression for generated voltage is:
Eg = Vt + IaRa
Electric power developed by the armature is:
Pg or Pa = EgIa
The output or load power is:
Po or PL = Vt IL

Where:
Rf = field resistance
Ia = armature current
IL = load or line current
Eg = generated voltage
Vt = terminal voltage
RL = load resistance
2. Self-Excited Generators
In self-excited generator the field winding is energized by the
current produced by the generator itself. There are three
types of self-excited generator offered depending upon their
connection of field winding to the armature.

Three Types of Self-Excited Generators

I.2. Series Wound Generator
The field windings (series field) are connected in series
with the armature conductors. They are made up of
comparatively few turns of thick wire or strips. This
generator is seldom used but for special purposes like
booster etc.
The armature current is the same as the load current, hence:
Ia = IL = Ise
The expression for generated voltage is:
Eg = Vt + Ia(Ra + Rse)
Electric power developed by the armature is:
Pg or Pa = EgIa
The output or load power is,
Po or PL = VtIL
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A series generator is rated 10 Kw, 125 volts DC, 1500 rpm with an
armature circuit resistance of 0.13 Ω and a series field resistance of
0.02 Ω. Determine the generated voltage and power if a brush drop is 2
volts.
I a=I L =I se =? Eg = Vt + Ia(Ra +Rse)+brush drop
PO =V t I L Eg = 125v + 80A(.13 +.02)+2v
PO V t I L Eg = 139v
=
Vt Vt Pg =E g I a
PO
I L= Pg =139 v ×80 A Pg =11,120 w∨11.12kW
Vt
10 kW
I L=
125 v
3
10× 10
I L=
125 v
I L =80 A
1.3 Shunt Wound Generator
The field windings (shunt field) are connected in parallel
with the armature conductor and have full voltage of the generator
applied across them.
 The armature current is:
I L =I a+ I sh
The shunt field current can be determined as:
Vt
I sh =
R sh
The load current can be determined as:
PO
I L=
Vt
The expression for generated voltage is:
E g=V t + I a Ra
Electric power developed by the armature is:
Pg ∨Pa=V t I L
The output load power is:
PO ∨P L =V t I L
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A shunt generator delivers 450A at 230 volts and the resistance of the
shunt field and armature are 50 ohms and 0.03 ohms respectively.
Calculate the generated emf.
Given:
IL = 450A
Vt = 230V
Ra = 0.03Ω
Rsh = 50Ω
Find: Eg =?
Solution:
Vt I a=I L + I sh E g=V t + I a Ra
I sh= I a=450+4. 6
R sh E g=230 v+(454.6 A)(0.03 Ω)
230 v I a=454.6 A E g=243.63 v
I sh=
50 Ω
I sh =4. 6 A

1.3 Compound Wound Generator

There are two types of compound wound generator. Few
series field and shunt field windings are combined in this generator
and connected either short shunt or long shunt compound generator.
This generator was developed to avoid the decrease in terminal
voltage due to increasing load.
1.3.A. Short Shunt Compound Generator
The series field is connected in series with the load and the shunt
field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding.

The armature current is:

I a=I L + I sh
The shunt field current can be determined as:
V t + I L R se E g −I a Ra
I sh= =
R sh Rsh
The load current can be determined as:
I L =PO V t
The expression for generated voltage is:
E g=V t + I a Ra + I L R se
Electric power developed by the armature is:
Pg ∨PO=E g I a
The output or load power is:
PO ∨P L =V t I L
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A short shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 30A at
220 volts and has armature, series field and shunt field resistance of
0.05Ω, 0.03Ω and 200Ωrespectively. Calculate the induced emf and the
armature current. Allow 1 volt per brush for contact drop.
Given:
Ra =0.05 Ω Find:
R se=0.03 Ω I a=?
R sh=200Ω E g=?
I L =30 A
V t =220 v
brush drop=1 v × 1=2 v → assume 2 brush
Solution:
I a=I L + I sh E g=V t + I a Ra + I L R se +brush drop
V +I R E g=220+ ( 31.1045 ) (.05)+(30)(.03)+2
I a=I L + t L se
Rsh E g=224.455 v
220+( 30)( 0.03)
I a=30 A+
200
I a=31.1045 A

1.3.B. Long Shunt Compound Generator

The series field is connected in series with the armature and the
shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the armature.

The armature current is:

I a=I L + I sh
The shunt field current can be determined as:
Vt
I sh =
R sh
The load current can be determined as:
PO
I L=
Vt
The expression for generated voltage is:
E g=V t + I a (R a + Rse )
Electric power developed by the armature is:
Pg ∨PO=E g I a
The output or load power is:
PO ∨P L =V t I L
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A 4 pole long shunt lap wound generator supplies 25 KW at a terminal
voltage of 500 V. The armature resistance is 0.03 Ω, series field
resistance is 0.04 Ω and shunt field resistance is 200 Ω. The brush drop
maybe taken as 1 volt/brush. Determine the emf generated. Calculate
also the number of conductors, if the speed is 1200 rpm and flux
per pole is 0.02 Wb. Neglect armature reaction.
Given: Find:
V t =500 v E g=? Z=?
Ra =0.03 Ω
R se=0.04 Ω
R sh=200Ω
brush drop=1 v × 2=2 v → assume 2 brush
PO =25 kW
RPM =1200rpm
Φ=0.02 Wb
P=4 poles

Solution:
I a=I L + I sh
PO V t
I a= +
V t R sh
PO V t
I a= +
V t R sh
3
25 ×10 w 500 v I =50 A+2.5 AI =52.5 A
I a= + a a
500 v 200Ω
E g=V t + I a ( Ra + R se ) +brush drop
E g=500 v +52.5 A ( 0.03 Ω+0.04 Ω )+2
E g=505.675 v
Φ × P × RPM × Z
E g=
P× 60

( P × 60
Φ × P × RPM g) E= (
Φ × P × RPM × Z
P ×60
P ×60
Φ × P × RPM )
P× 60 × E g
Z=
Φ × P × RPM
4 × 60 ×505.675 v
Z= Z=1264 conductors
0.02Wb × 4 × 1200 rpm

Brush Contact Drop

It is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance when the
current passes from commutator segments to brushes and finally to
the external load. Its value depends on the amount of current and the
value of contact resistance. This drop is usually small and includes
brushes of both polarities. However, in practice the brush contact drop
is assumed to have the following constant value for all loads, 0.5V for
metal graphite brushes and 2.0V for carbon brushes.

Diverter
Diverter is a very low resistance connected in parallel with the
series field. It diverts or avoids part of the load current through the
section of wire that creates no flux.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
The following information is given for a 300 KW, 600 V long shunt
compound DC generator:
Shunt field resistance = 75Ω
Commutating field winding resistance = 0.011Ω
Armature Resistance including Brush = 0.03Ω
Diverter Resistance = 0.036Ω
Series Field Resistance = 0.012Ω
When machine is delivering full load, calculate the induced emf.

Solution:
PO V t 3
300× 10 600 v
I a= + I a= + (0.036)(0.012)
V t R sh 600 v 75 Ω Rd R se=
( 0.036 )+(0.012)
I a=500+8
I a=508 A
Rd R se=0.009Ω
Formula of resistance in parallel circuit:
R1 R 2
R=
R1 + R2
 Rd R se
Rd R se=
Rd + R se

E g=V t + I a (R a + Rd Rse + RC )
E g=600 v+508 A ( 0.03 Ω+0.009 Ω+0.011 Ω )
E g=625.4 v