Research paper on “DISTRIBUTION OF WINDINGS AND EFFECTS ON

INDUCED EMF”

An electrical motor is one kind of machine which is used to change the energy from

electrical to mechanical.The operating principle of electrical machines is based on the

interaction between the magnetic fields and the currents flowing in the windings of the
machine.The main criteria of winding which we have to focusized is armature windings.

Labelled diagram of electric motor

Armature winding in an electrical machine is that winding which carries the load current.
In other words, it can also be defined as the winding in which emf is generated due to
air gap field flux. It should be noted here that air gap flux or working flux is produced
due to flow of DC current in the field winding.

In an electrical (synchronous) machine, the armature winding can be classified into two
types:-

1. Concentrated winding
2. Distributed winding

Concentrated windings
In a concentrated type of winding, all the winding turns are wound together in series to
form one multi turn coil . Examples of concentrated winding are field winding for salient
pole synchronous machine and dc machine . In concentrated winding, all the turns have
the same magnetic axis. Primary and secondary winding of a transformer also form
concentrated winding. Figure below shows one example of concentrated winding.
Concentrated type of winding can be done when the total number of poles in the
armature is equal to the number of slots of the armature coils.

All the turns of this type of winding have the same magnetic axis. This can be usually
observed in transformer winding. This type of winding gives maximum output voltage
but is not exact sinusoidal because it is independent of pitch and distribution factor.

When a brief review is done about the machines that use the concentrated windings, it
appears that their future roles would be the propulsion of electric vehicles (EV) . Motors
are integrated in the wheels and more free space is available for the accumulators.
Many publications have described this winding structure as a structure that is able to
provide a very low cogging torque which is suitable to ensure low mechanical stress .
The overall mass of copper is smaller and, one last advantage, that needs to be
confirmed by numerous realizations, is the low manufacturing cost. With a stator which
uses open slots, the coils can be formed outside and can be inserted into the stator
without any difficulty and without any contact with the other coils reason being it is
independent of pitch and distribution factor as stated earlier

Nowadays, this winding structure is not the structure used by default in the industries
that manufacture high-power electrical machines. There is no know-how in this domain
of application. No design rule can be provided to adapt a machine to the customer
requirements. However, some low-voltage generators which are using concentrated
windings have been manufactured and can be used as references

This arrangement of an armature winding in an alternator is known as skeleton wave

winding. As per the fig-1, coil side-1 under N-pole is connected to coil side-2 under
S-pole at the back and coil side-3 at the front and so on.

Since the coils are concentric in this type of winding, there is no concept of pitch factor
and distribution factor for such winding. In fact, the value of pitch factor and distribution
factor for concentrated winding is unity. Thus the emf induced E by working flux Ø in
such a type of winding having N series turns is given as below.
E = √2πfNØ

Distributed winding

In distributed type of winding, all the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or
fractional pitch coils.These coils are then inserted into slots spread along the air gap
periphery

For obtaining smooth sinusoidal emf wave from, conductors are placed is several slots
under single pole.Although distributed armature winding in alternator reduces emf, still it
is very much usable due to following reason.

1. It also reduces harmonic emf and so waveform is improved.

2. It also diminishes armature reaction.
3. Even distribution of conductors, helps for better cooling.
 4. The core is fully utilized as the conductors are distributed over the slots on
the armature periphery.

Common uses of distributed windings are Stator and rotor of Induction Machine,
armature winding of synchronous and DC machine

As stated earlier the distributed armature winding is further divided into three types:-

1) Lap winding

Lap Winding is one type of winding with two layers, and it is used in electric machines.
The applications of lap winding mainly include low voltage as well as high current
machines. Lap Winding. These windings are mainly linked for providing numerous
parallel lanes for armature current.Full pitched lap winding of 4 poles, 12 slots, 12
conductors (one conductor per slot) alternator is shown below.

These type of windings can be used for heavy or big generators with voltage rating
greater than 700V.
2) Wave winding

An armature winding in which the coils are laid in two layers and follow each other on
the surface of the armature in the form of waves with the coils being so connected in
series that there are only two paths for the flow of current whatever the number of poles
in the machine

Wave winding of the same machine, i.e., four poles, 12 slots, 12 conductors is shown in
the figure-e below. Here, back pitch and front pitch both equal to some conductor per
pole.

This winding is suitable for small generators circuit with a voltage rating of 500-600V.
3) Spiral Winding
The winding used on ring armatures. This may diagrammatically be represented by a
spiral carried around the ring shaped core. With two field poles it gives two collecting
points, positive and negative, with four field poles it gives four collecting points,
alternately positive and negative.
In this winding, the coils are in spiral structure and they are of different pitches. Let us
say, the outer coil pitch is 6, the middle coil pitch is 5 and the inner coil pitch is 4, etc..
They are widely used in slow speed applications

Difference between concentrated and distributed windings

Concentrated Winding Distributed Winding

1) The coils of concentrated winding are The coils of distributed windings are
co-axial. This means, all the winding not co-axial. They are rather
coils have the same magnetic axis. distributed in various slots along the
air-gap periphery.

2) The emf induced in the such winding is The emf induced in the distributed
independent of pitch and distribution winding is dependent on the value of
factor. pitch factor Kp and distribution factor
Kd.
E = 1.414πfNØ
E = 1.414πKpKdfNØ

3) This type of winding is used in Distributed winding is used in

transformer, electromagnets etc. armature winding of induction
machine, synchronous machine, DC
machine etc.

4) For concentrated winding, the number Number of pole is not equal to number
of pole is equal to number of slots. of slots.
 Diagrammatically explanation of distributed(left) and concentrated(right) windings

Factor affecting the induced EMF

When the alternator is having a full pitch coil and concentrated winding then the per
phase EMF equation is E = 1.414πfNØ (E = 4.44fNØ). But when the alternator armature
winding is distributed and short pitched then the per phase emf equation will change
and become-

Where Kp is called pitch factor and Kd is called distribution factor.

1) Pitch Factor or Coil Pitch

The ratio of phasor (vector) sum of induced emfs per coil to the arithmetic sum of
induced emfs per coil is known as pitch factor (Kp) or coil span factor (Kc) which is
always less than unity.

Let the coil have a pitch short by angle q electrical space degrees from full pitch and
induced emf in each coil side be E,

● If the coil would have been full pitched, then total induced emf in the coil would
have been 2E
● when the coil is short pitched by q electrical space degrees the resultant induced
emf, ER in the coil is phasor sum of two voltages,q apart

2) Distribution Factor
The ratio of the phasor sum of the emfs induced in all the coils distributed in a number
of slots under one pole to the arithmetic sum of the emfs induced(or to the resultant of
emfs induced in all coils concentrated in one slot under one pole) is known as breadth
factor (Kb) or distribution factor (Kd).

3) Winding Factor
Winding Factor is defined as the product of the Distribution factor (Kd) and the coil span
factor (Kc). The distribution factor measures the resultant voltage of the distributed
winding regards concentrate winding and the coil span is the measure of the number of
armature slots between the two sides of a coil.

Both distribution factor (Kd) and pitch factor Kp together are known as winding factor
Kw.

4) Harmonic Effect

The presence of harmonics in electrical systems means that current and voltage are
distorted and deviate from sinusoidal waveforms

Elimination or Suppression of Harmonics

Field flux waveform can be made as much sinusoidal as possible by the following
methods:
➢ Small air gap at the pole centre and large air gap towards the pole ends
➢ Skewing: skew the pole faces if possible
➢ Distribution: distribution of the armature winding along the air-gap periphery
➢ Chording: with coil-span less than pole pitch fractional slot winding
➢ Alternator connections: star or delta connections of alternators suppress triplen
harmonics from appearing across the lines
By HARSHDEEP SINGH TANEJA (2020UMV7603)