Inductance

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 Faraday’s Law

In a commercial electric power plant, large generators produce energy that is transferred
out of the plant by electrical transmission. These generators use magnetic induction to
generate a potential difference when coils of wire in the generator are rotated in a magnetic
field. The source of energy to rotate the coils might be falling water, burning fossil fuels, or a
nuclear reaction. (Michael Melford/Getty Images)

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction (a) When a magnet is moved toward a loop
of wire connected to a sensitive ammeter, the
ammeter deflects as shown, indicating that a
current is induced in the loop. (b) When the
magnet is held stationary, there is no induced
current in the loop, even when the magnet is
inside the loop. (c) When the magnet is
moved away from the loop, the ammeter
deflects in the opposite direction, indicating
that the induced current is opposite that
shown in part (a). Changing the direction of
the magnet’s motion changes the direction of
the current induced by that motion.

These results are quite remarkable in

view of the fact that a current is set up
even though no batteries are present
in the circuit! We call such a current
an induced current and say that it is
produced by an induced emf.

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 Electromagnetism

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 Induced EMF

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 DC G

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 AC G

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 G

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 ΔΦ
ε
Δt

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 G ε N

G
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 Electromagnetism known as Faraday’s
law of induction.

Faraday’s experiment. When the switch in the primary circuit is closed, the
ammeter in the secondary circuit deflects momentarily. The emf induced in
the secondary circuit is caused by the changing magnetic field through the
secondary coil.

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 This statement, known as Faraday’s law of induction, can be written :

If the circuit is a coil consisting of N loops

A conducting loop that encloses

an area A in the presence of a
uniform magnetic field B. The
angle between B and the
normal to the loop is θ.
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 Some Applications of Faraday’s Law

(a) In an electric guitar, a vibrating magnetized string induces an emf in a

pickup coil. (b) The pickups (the circles beneath the metallic strings) of this electric
guitar detect the vibrations of the strings and send this information through an
amplifier and into speakers. (A switch on the guitar allows the musician to select which
set of six pickups is used.)

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 EMF

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 Let’s check your
understanding

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 Problem 1
A coil consists of 200 turns of wire. Each turn is a square of side 18 cm, and a
uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned
on. If the field changes linearly from 0 to 0.50 T in 0.80 s, what is the magnitude
of the induced emf in the coil while the field is changing?

A loop of wire enclosing an area A is placed in a region where the magnetic field
is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The magnitude of B varies in time
according to the expression B = Bmaxe-αt %at, where a is some constant. That is,
at t = 0 the field is Bmax, and for t > 0, the field decreases exponentially. Find the
induced emf in the loop as a function of time.

Exponential decrease in the magnitude of the

magnetic field with time. The induced emf and
induced current vary with time in the same way.

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 Motional emf

A straight electrical conductor of lengthl. Moving with a velocity v through a

uniform magnetic field B directed perpendicular to v. Due to the magnetic
force on electrons, the ends of the conductor become oppositely charged.
This establishes an electric field in the conductor. In steady state, the electric
and magnetic forces on an electron in the wire are balanced.

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 (a) A conducting bar sliding with a velocity v along two conducting rails under
the action of an applied force Fapp. The magnetic force FB opposes the
motion, and a counterclockwise current I is induced in the loop. (b) The
23 equivalent circuit diagram for the setup shown in part (a).
 Power delivered by the applied force is :

Lenz’s Law

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 (a) As the conducting bar slides on the
two fixed conducting rails, the magnetic
flux due to the external magnetic field
into the page through the area enclosed
by the loop increases in time. By Lenz’s
law, the induced current must be
counterclockwise so as to produce a
counteracting magnetic field directed
out of the page. (b) When the bar
moves to the left, the induced current
must be clockwise.

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 (a) When the magnet is moved
toward the stationary conducting
loop, a current is induced in the
direction shown. The magnetic
field lines shown are those due
to the bar magnet. (b) This
induced current produces its
own magnetic field directed to
the left that counteracts the
increasing external flux. The
magnetic field lines shown are
those due to the induced current
in the ring. (c) When the magnet
is moved away from the
stationary conducting loop, a
current is induced in the
direction shown. The magnetic
field lines shown are those due
to the bar magnet. (d) This
induced current produces a
magnetic field directed to the
right and so counteracts the
decreasing external flux. The
magnetic field lines shown are
those due to the induced current
in the ring.
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 Generators and Motors

a) Schematic diagram of an AC generator. An emf is induced in

a loop that rotates in a magnetic field. (b) The alternating emf induced in the loop
plotted as a function of time.

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 A loop enclosing an area A and containing N turns, rotating with constant
angular speed ω in a magnetic field. The emf induced in the loop varies
sinusoidally in time.

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 Let’s check your
understanding

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 Problem 1
An AC generator consists of 8 turns of wire, each of area A = 0.09 m2 , and the
total resistance of the wire is 12 Ω. The loop rotates in a 0.5 T magnetic field at
a constant frequency of 60 Hz.
a. Find the maximum induced emf.
b. What is the maximum induced current when the output terminals are
connected to a low-resistance conductor?

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 Problem 2
As the bar in Figure moves to the right, an electric field is set up directed
downward in the bar. Explain why the electric field would be upward if the bar
were moving to the left.

As the bar in Figure moves perpendicular to the field, is an external force

required to keep it moving with constant speed?

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 Problem 3
The bar in Figure moves on rails to the right with a velocity v, and the uniform,
constant magnetic field is directed out of the page. Why is the induced current
clockwise? If the bar were moving to the left, what would be the direction of the
induced current?

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 Problem 4
A bar magnet is held above a loop of wire in a horizontal plane, as shown in
Figure. The south end of the magnet is toward the loop of wire. The magnet is
dropped toward the loop. Find the direction of the current through the resistor
(a) while the magnet is falling toward the loop and (b) after the magnet has
passed through the loop and moves away from it.

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 Problem 5

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 Problem 6

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 Problem 7

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 Problem 8

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 Problem 9

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 Self-Inductance

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 Let’s check your
understanding

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 Problem 1
Find the inductance of a uniformly wound solenoid having N turns and length l.
Assume that l is much longer than the radius of the windings and that the core
of the solenoid is air.

Calculate the inductance of an air-core solenoid containing 300 turns if the

length of the solenoid is 25.0 cm and its cross-sectional area is 4.00 cm2
Calculate the self-induced emf in the solenoid if the current it carries is
decreasing at the rate of 50.0 A/s..

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 Energy in a Magnetic Field

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 Mutual Inductance

cross-sectional view of two adjacent coils. A

current in coil 1 sets up a magnetic field and some
of the magnetic field lines pass through coil 2.

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