(Name of the faculty)

EXPERIMENT NO: 9 (a)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Demonstration of Faraday’s law
OBJECTIVES:
● Investigate Faraday's law and how a changing magnetic flux can produce a flow of
electricity
● Learn what happens when the magnet moves through the coil at different speeds and how
this affects the brightness of the bulb and the magnitude & sign of the voltage.
● Learn the difference between moving the magnet through the coil from the right side
versus the left side.
● Learn the difference between moving magnet through the big coil versus the smaller coil.

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THEORY:
Today, currents induced by magnetic fields are essential to our technological society.
The electric generator—found in everything from automobiles to bicycles to nuclear power
plants—uses magnetism to generate electric current. Other devices that use magnetism to
induce currents include pickup coils in electric guitars, transformers of every size, certain
microphones, airport security gates, and damping mechanisms on sensitive chemical
balances.
One experiment Faraday did to demonstrate magnetic induction was to move a bar
magnet through a wire coil and measure the resulting electric current through the wire. A
schematic of this experiment is shown in Figure 1. He found that current is induced only
when the magnet moves with respect to the coil. When the magnet is motionless with respect
to the coil, no current is induced in the coil, as in Figure 1(e). In addition, moving the magnet
in the opposite direction (compare Figure 1(a) with Figure 1(b)) or reversing the poles of the
magnet (compare Figure 1(a) with Figure 1(c)) results in a current in the opposite direction.
Figure 1. Movement of a magnet relative to a coil produces electric currents as shown. The
same currents are produced if the coil is moved relative to the magnet. The greater the speed,
the greater the magnitude of the current, and the current is zero when there is no motion. The
current produced by moving the magnet upward is in the opposite direction as the current
produced by moving the magnet downward.

With the north pole to the left and moving the magnet from right to left, a positive voltage is
produced as the magnet enters the coil. What sign voltage will be produced if the experiment
is repeated with the south pole to the left?
● The sign of voltage will change because the direction of current flow will change by
moving south pole of the magnet to the left.
● The sign of voltage will remain same because the direction of current flow will not
change by moving south pole of the magnet to the left.
● The sign of voltage will change because the magnitude of current flow will change by
moving south pole of the magnet to the left.
● The sign of voltage will remain same because the magnitude of current flow will not
change by moving south pole of the magnet to the left.

The induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a
conducting loop.

ε∝ΔΦ/Δt

To express the fact that the induced emf acts to counter the change in the magnetic flux
through a wire loop, a minus sign is introduced into the proportionality, which gives
Faraday’s law of induction.

To better understand it, consider Figure 2, which shows a magnet moving with respect to a
wire coil and the direction of the resulting current in the coil. In the top row, the north pole of
the magnet approaches the coil, so the magnetic field lines from the magnet point toward the

coil. Thus, the magnetic field   pointing to the right increases in the coil.
According to Lenz’s law, the emf produced in the coil will drive a current in the direction that

creates a magnetic field  inside the coil pointing to the left. This will
counter the increase in magnetic flux pointing to the right. To see which way the current must

flow, point your right thumb in the desired direction of the magnetic field  and the
current will flow in the direction indicated by curling your right fingers. This is shown by the
image of the right hand in the top row of Figure 2. Thus, the current must flow in the
direction shown in Figure 2(a).
In Figure 2(b), the direction in which the magnet moves is reversed. In the coil, the

right-pointing magnetic field due to the moving magnet decreases. Lenz’s law says
that, to counter this decrease, the emf will drive a current that creates an additional

right-pointing magnetic field   in the coil. Again, point your right thumb in the desired
direction of the magnetic field, and the current will flow in the direction indicate by curling
your right fingers (Figure 2(b)).
Finally, in Figure 2(c), the magnet is reversed so that the south pole is nearest the coil. Now

the magnetic field points toward the magnet instead of toward the coil. As the magnet
approaches the coil, it causes the left-pointing magnetic field in the coil to increase. Lenz’s
law tells us that the emf induced in the coil will drive a current in the direction that creates a
magnetic field pointing to the right. This will counter the increasing magnetic flux pointing to
the left due to the magnet. Using the right-hand rule again, as indicated in the figure, shows
that the current must flow in the direction shown in Figure 2(c).

Figure 2. Lenz’s law tells us that the magnetically induced emf will drive a current that resists
the change in the magnetic flux through a circuit. This is shown in panels (a)–(c) for various
magnet orientations and velocities. The right hands at right show how to apply the right-hand
rule to find in which direction the induced current flows around the coil.

LINK TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT:

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/faradays-law/latest/faradays-law_en.html
Figure 3. Screenshot of the Vlab experiment
PROCEDURE
1. Move the magnet through the coil at different speeds and observe how this affects the
brightness of the bulb and the magnitude & sign of the voltage.
2. Observe the difference between moving the magnet through the coil from the right side
versus the left side.
3. Change the poles and observe the difference.
4. Switch to smaller coil and observe the difference between moving magnet through the
big coil versus the smaller coil.
5. Make a report mentioning the learning outcome.

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. The magnetic flux through a single wire loop changes from 3.5 Wb to 1.5 Wb in 2.0 s.
What emf is induced in the loop?
2. What is the emf for a 10-turn coil through which the flux changes at 10 Wb/s?
3. Given a bar magnet, how can you induce an electric current in a wire loop?
4. What factors can cause an induced current in a wire loop through which a magnetic field
passes?

(Signature of the student)

NAME: ....................................................................
ROLL.NO: .............................................................
BRANCH: ..........................SESSION:..................
SECTION: ........................... GROUP : ................
Signature of the faculty

(Name of the faculty)

EXPERIMENT NO: 9-b

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of Megger.

OBJECTIVES: To perform the insulation resistance and continuity test of the winding and
conductors of electrical machinery or system.
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THEORY:

Megger working principle is based on the working principle of moving coil instruments,
which states that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
mechanical force is experienced by it. The magnitude and direction of this force depend upon
the strength and direction of the current and magnetic field.

MACHINE SPECIFICATION
a) DC Compound Machine
b) Single Phase Transformer

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

SL.NO ITEMS NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 Megger 500 Volts 1 No

2 Connecting leads. 1100V 2 Nos

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Megger is a portable instrument which is used to measure insulation resistance of the
electrical machinery or system. It can be battery operated or mechanically operated (hand
crank dc generator) and gives a direct reading in mega-ohms. For this reason, it is also called
as mega-ohm meter.

DESCRIPTION:

It consists of a hand driven DC generator and a direct reading ohm meter. There are two coils
PC and CC which are fixed together at some angle and are free to rotate about a common axis
between the poles of a permanent magnet. The coils are connected in the circuit by means of
flexible leads (or ligaments) which exerts no restoring torque on the moving system.

A megger has three terminals. The terminal marked E is connected to the ground or to any
electrode whose earth resistance is to be found. The other two terminals are connected to two
spikes as shown in figure. The scale is calibrated from 0 to 50 ohms suitable for the
measurement. This gives the resistance of the ground directly. When the handle is rotated,
current flows through the electrode E and spike through C1C2 (current) of the coil. The coil
P1P2 (pressure coil) is connected to E and spike P. There is no current in Q. Hence there is no
drop of voltage at the spike due to contact resistance. Hence only the contact resistance
affects the alignment of the pressure coil. The value obtained is not dependent on the earth
resistance of the spikes.

PROCEDURE
a) For Insulation Resistance Measurement
a. Select the Voltages on the Megger according to the rating of the equipment.
b. Isolate the connections.
c. Connect one terminal with the ground.
d. Connect other terminal on the end of the equipment.
e. The voltage required is generally between 300 – 500 – 2500 volts.
f. Note the dial reading.
b) For Continuity Test
a. In the continuity test, connect the megger leads to A – AA. If it shows zero
reading, there is continuity.
 b. Similarly connect the leads to F – FF and Y – YY , it shows continuity.
c. Connect the leads to F – Y , A – Y , Y – AA , FF – AA , A – YY , A - Body, F -
Body & Y – Body. Note the corresponding dial readings from megger.
d. Continuity test for transformer is also done in the same manner.

OBSERVATION TABLE
a) Transformer

Megger
S. No Terminals Remarks
Reading MΩ
1 P1 – P2

2 S1 – S2

3 S1 – P1

4 S2 – P2

5 P1 – Body

6 P2 - Body

b) DC Machine

Megger
S. No Terminals Remarks
Reading MΩ
1 A – AA

2 F – FF

3 Y – YY

4 F–Y

5 A–Y

6 Y – AA

7 FF - AA

8 A – YY

9 A - Body

10 F – Body

11 Y – Body

PRECAUTION:

a. When using a megger, the equipment under test should be de-energized.

 b. Never connect the megger directly to supply.

CONCLUSION:

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What is megger?
2. What are different ranges of resistance?
3. How the low resistance can be measured.
4. Explain the working of a megger.
5. How the medium resistance can be measured.
6. Write the applications of a megger.
7. Compare Earth tester and Megger.
8. Write the necessity of earthling for any electrical circuit.
9. What do you mean by restoring torque?
10. List out different bridges to measure a) resistance b) inductance c) capacitance.

(Signature of the student)

NAME: ....................................................................
ROLL.NO: .............................................................
BRANCH: ..........................SESSION:..................
SECTION: ........................... GROUP : ................
Signature of the faculty

(Name of the faculty)