Title: induction

Dina Medhat- 1120538

MAADI STEM HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
GRADE 12
2022 -2023

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Contents
Abstract 4
Introduction 4
Definition: Electromagnetic Induction 5
Example 1: Understanding Electromagnetic Induction 8
Definition: Lenz’s Law 12
Questions and Answers
Example 4: Understanding Electromagnetic Induction 15
Question and answer 16
Example 5: Understanding Electromagnetic Induction for Circular Motion 17
question and Answer 18
Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction 18
Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction 19
Faraday’s Experiment: Relationship Between Induced EMF and Flux 19
Applications of Faraday’s Law 20
Conclusion: 20
References 21

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 Abstract
This research paper provides an overview of electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s law, and
Lenz’s law by providing some picture illustrations and given examples questions with
answers.

Introduction
we will learn how to describe the electric current induced in a wire that is placed in a
changing magnetic field.

Consider a loop of conducting wire as shown below.

This wire carries no current because there is no potential difference between any two points
in the wire causing charge to flow.

It is possible, however, to create a current in this loop—without using a cell or battery.

Imagine that we position a bar magnet near the wire as follows.

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 Some of the magnetic field lines from the magnet pass through the wire loop as shown
below.

Still, if the magnet and the wire remain stationary, there will be no current in the wire.

However, if the magnet is set in motion, then the magnetic field experienced by the loop
will change.

That is, when the loop lies in a different part of the magnet’s field, the number of field lines
passing through the loop—or the direction of the field lines, or both—will be different. This is
what we mean when we say the magnetic field through the wire is changing.

The changing magnetic field through the loop creates a current in the wire. This process is
called electromagnetic induction.

Definition: Electromagnetic Induction

When a loop of conducting wire is exposed to a changing magnetic field, a current will be
induced in the wire.

There are many ways for a wire to experience a changing magnetic field.

Consider again our bar magnet and wire loop, this time with field lines omitted for clarity.
We have seen that if they both are stationary, no current is induced, as shown below.

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However, if the magnet is in motion (in any direction) while the wire remains still, the
magnetic field through the wire will change over time and current will be induced in the wire
as follows.

It is also possible for the magnet to be stationary while the wire moves as shown below.

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 Once again, current is induced in the wire. Note that the wire could be moving in any
direction relative to the magnet and current would still be induced.

As long as the magnetic field source and the wire are moving relative to one another, current
is induced in the wire.

Interestingly, the magnitude of current induced depends on how quickly the field through
the wire loop changes.

For example, imagine that the wire is stationary, while the magnet moves very slowly
toward it, as depicted below.

The magnetic field through the wire will change slowly, and the current induced in the
wire will be small.

However, if the magnet instead moves very quickly toward the wire, a greater current will
be induced as follows.

This greater induced current is caused by a greater rate of change of the magnetic field
through the wire.

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 There are still other ways of increasing induced current. These include increasing the
strength of the magnet being used and adding more loops to the wire.

Example 1: Understanding Electromagnetic Induction

The diagram shows a permanent magnet being moved through a loop of copper wire. This
motion induces an electric current of 0.5 A in the wire.

1. If the magnet is moved through the loop at half the speed, what will the current in the
loop be?
2. If the permanent magnet is changed for one that is twice as strong and moves through
the loop at the original speed, what will the current in the loop be? Answer
Part 1
Moving at its initial speed, the bar magnet creates a change in the magnetic field through
the copper loop such that a current of 0.5 A is induced.

The magnitude of induced current is directly related to the rate at which the magnetic field
through the loop changes, and therefore the magnet’s speed.

A faster-moving magnet will therefore induce more current and a slower-moving magnet
less current.

If the magnet moves at half its initial speed, the current in the loop will be less than 0.5 A.

Part 2

Considering a change in the magnet’s strength, we recall that the current induced in the
copper loop is due to the rate at which the magnetic field through the loop changes.

Increasing the magnet’s strength means that the magnetic field through the loop will be
changing at a greater rate. A greater current will therefore be induced, so we can say that if the
strength of the magnet is doubled and it moves at the same speed as before, then more than 0.5
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 A of current will be induced in the loop.

Another way to strengthen induction is to replace a single loop of wire with a wire
arranged in many identical loops, called a solenoid. Each loop or turn in a solenoid multiplies
the induced potential difference in the wire. An example of a solenoid is shown below.

Example 2: Understanding Relative Motion in Electromagnetism

Part (a) of the diagram shows a bar magnet moving at a speed 𝑣 toward a stationary
solenoid. This induces an electric potential difference across the two ends of the solenoid. Part
(b) of the diagram shows a stationary bar magnet, with a solenoid moving toward it at speed
𝑣.How is the potential difference induced in the solenoid in part (b) different from that in part
(a)?

Answer
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 Recall that a solenoid is a coil of wire, as shown in the above diagrams.

In diagram (a), we see the north pole of the bar magnet approaching the solenoid at a speed
𝑣.

In diagram (b), the magnet is stationary while the solenoid now approaches the magnet’s
north pole at the same speed 𝑣.

The relative motion in both of these instances is the same; the magnet’s north pole and the
solenoid approach one another at speed 𝑣.

Thus, the change in magnetic field through the solenoid’s loops is the same, whether the
magnet is in motion or the solenoid.

This changing magnetic field is what induces a potential difference in the solenoid, so we
expect the potential difference induced to be the same in both scenarios.

When a wire experiences a changing magnetic field, the direction of the induced current
corresponds to the changing field.

Consider a bar magnet moving through a solenoid as shown below.

Current is induced in the solenoid, and this current creates its own magnetic field.

As with any magnetic field, the induced field can be modeled as possessing a north and
south pole. Effectively, the solenoid can be replaced with a bar magnet. The fields of these two
objects are depicted below.

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 Supposing this substitution is made, the orientation of the magnet replacing the solenoid
must be determined. There are two possibilities for this orientation as shown below.

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 To determine which orientation is correct, we consider the effect of each one on the moving
bar magnet.

In orientation A, the south pole of the stationary magnet would attract the moving magnet’s
north pole. The moving magnet would then accelerate, manifesting a kinetic energy that
increases continually. This would imply that the total energy of the isolated system of magnets
is increasing. The law of conservation of energy prohibits this from happening.

In orientation B, rather than attracting the moving magnet, the stationary magnet repels it.
This slows down the moving magnet and eventually stops it.

In light of energy conservation, the stationary magnet must take orientation B. It repels the
incoming magnet and slows it down.

This result holds true regardless of the moving magnet’s orientation. Whichever of the
magnet’s poles is nearest to the wire it approaches, the wire can be considered as a bar magnet
with opposing polarity.

Considering again a wire interacting with a changing magnetic field, we can now make a
general statement about the direction of current induced in the wire with respect to the direction
of the changing external field.

Definition: Lenz’s Law

When current is created through electromagnetic induction, the direction of the current is
such that it generates a magnetic field opposing the change in the original magnetic field.

Example 3: Understanding Lenz’s Law

The diagram shows a bar magnet moving away from a solenoid. This induces an electric
current in the solenoid, which creates its own magnetic field in turn. Which end of the solenoid
is the north pole of the induced magnetic field?
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Answer

Since the bar magnet is moving relative to the solenoid, the solenoid experiences a
changing magnetic field.

Current is therefore induced in the solenoid, which in turn induces a magnetic field.

We are to consider this field as the field created by a magnet. The magnet’s north pole is
either at point A, with the south pole therefore at point B, or at point B, with the south pole at
point A.

Let’s consider both of these options in turn.

If point A near the solenoid is a magnetic north pole and point B is a south pole, then the
actual magnet and the magnet replacing the solenoid would appear as follows.

Since like magnetic poles repel, we would expect the magnet on the left to be pushed to
the left. The magnet already moving that way would accelerate in that direction. The
alternative to the above is for point A near the solenoid to be a south magnetic pole and for
point B to be the north magnetic pole. This is shown below.

Opposite magnetic poles attract, so we would expect these two magnets to tend to draw
closer together.

This arrangement of magnets would make the moving magnet slow down. Its motion to
the left would be opposed by an attraction to the south pole at point A. Recall from Lenz’s
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law that induced magnetic fields oppose the changing magnetic fields that cause them. In this
example, then, we are looking for the induced magnetic field that works against the motion
of the magnet moving to the left. An induced field that opposes this motion will tend to pull
the moving magnet to the right. We have seen that a south magnetic pole at point A has this
effect.

Therefore, when the induced magnetic field of the solenoid has a south magnetic pole at
A, and a north magnetic pole at B, the induced field and the changing external field interact
as described by Lenz’s law. The north magnetic pole of the induced field is at point B.

A potential difference can be induced across a wire even if the wire does not form a
closed loop. For example, a straight section of wire can move through a magnetic field—
even a uniform one—in such a way that a potential difference is established across the ends
of the wire. We can visualize this by picturing the wire as though it points into and out of the
screen and the field as pointing from right to left around the wire.

When the wire is at rest in this uniform field, no potential difference is induced. However,
when the wire is put into motion so that it crosses magnetic field lines, a potential difference
is induced across the wire. The magnitude of the induced potential difference is proportional
to the rate at which the wire crosses magnetic field lines. For a wire and field oriented as shown
above, there are many directions in which the wire could move to cross magnetic field lines
and therefore induce a potential difference.

Indeed, there are only two ways it could

move so that a potential difference is not
induced— parallel or antiparallel to the
magnetic field.

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 A potential difference induced in a moving wire can be positive or negative. If the potential
difference induced in a wire that moves vertically upward, for example, is positive, then the
potential difference induced when the wire moves downward is negative.

Example 4: Understanding Electromagnetic Induction

Parts (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the diagram show a straight piece of copper wire moving
through a magnetic field. The magnetic field is uniform, and in each part the wire is moving
at the same speed, but in a different direction through the magnetic field. Which of (a), (b),
(c), and (d) shows the motion of the wire that would lead to the greatest potential difference
being induced in it?

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Answer

In each of the four diagrams, a copper wire with its axis pointing into and out of the screen
moves through a uniform magnetic field. Such motion is capable of inducing a potential
difference across the ends of the wire. The magnitude of the potential difference induced is
proportional to the rate at which the wire crosses magnetic field lines. We are told that, in all
four cases, the speed of the moving wire is the same. Therefore, the only factor affecting how
quickly the wire crosses magnetic field lines is its direction of motion.

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 A wire moving to the left, for example, parallel to the magnetic field, will cross no field
lines and thus will not experience any induced current. A wire moving perpendicularly to the
field lines, however, will intersect those lines at the highest rate possible for its speed.

Diagrams (a), and (b) show the wire moving at angles that are not 90∘ with respect to the
magnetic field. Diagram (d) shows the wire moving in the opposite direction to the field, and
hence do not cross any field lines. Diagram (c) is different, indicating a wire moving straight
upward perpendicularly to the field and therefore crossing the greatest number of field lines
possible at its speed.

The greatest potential difference induced in the wire would occur in diagram (c).

Example 5: Understanding Electromagnetic Induction for Circular Motion

Diagram (a) shows a
straight piece of copper
wire moving along a
circular path in a uniform
magnetic field. Diagram
(b) shows the potential
difference across
the piece of wire
against time as it does so.
If point 𝐴 in diagram (a)
corresponds to point 𝑃 in
diagram (b), what point
in diagram (a) does point
𝑅 in diagram (b)
correspond to?

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Answer

Considering these two diagrams, we know that the potential difference induced in the wire
moving in diagram (a) is shown graphically in (b).

We are also told that point 𝐴 in diagram (a) corresponds to point 𝑃 in diagram (b). This
means that when the wire is moving vertically upward, the potential difference induced is
positive and takes on its maximum value.

Note that point 𝑅 in diagram (b) occurs where the potential difference is zero. For our wire
moving in a magnetic field, the induced potential difference can only be zero if the wire moves
parallel or antiparallel to the surrounding field lines. Therefore, point 𝑅 can only possibly
correspond to point 𝐵 or point 𝐷 in diagram (a).

At point 𝑅,not only is the potential difference across the wire zero, but we also see from
diagram (b) that the potential difference is moving from positive to negative.

Looking back at diagram (a) at point 𝐷,the induced potential difference is moving from
negative to positive values (i.e., the wire is transitioning from downward to upward motion).
At the top of the circle at point 𝐵,the induced potential difference is moving from positive to
negative.

Therefore, of the two points where the wire is moving horizontally, we choose point 𝐵 as
the one corresponding to point 𝑅 on diagram (b).

Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction

The discovery and understanding of electromagnetic induction are based on a long series
of experiments carried out by Faraday and Henry. From the experimental observations,
Faraday concluded that an emf is induced when the magnetic flux across the coil changes
with time.
Therefore, Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states the following:
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is
induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called induced
current.

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 Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction states that The induced emf in a coil is
equal to the rate of change of flux linkage. The flux linkage is the product of the number of
turns in the coil and the flux associated with the coil. The formula of Faraday’s law is given
below:

Where ε is the electromotive force, Φ is the magnetic flux, and N is the number of turns.

Faraday’s Experiment: Relationship Between Induced EMF and Flux

In the first experiment, he proved that when the strength of the magnetic field is varied,
only then current is induced. An ammeter was connected to a loop of wire; the ammeter
deflected when a magnet was moved toward the wire.
In the second experiment, he proved that passing a current through an iron rod would
make it electromagnetic. He observed that when a relative motion exists between the magnet
and the coil, an electromotive force will be induced. When the magnet was held stationary
about its axis, no electromotive force was observed, but when the magnet was rotated about
its own axis then the induced electromotive force was produced. Thus, there was no
deflection in the ammeter when the magnet was held stationary.
While conducting the third experiment, he recorded that the galvanometer did not show
any deflection and no induced current was produced in the coil when the coil was kept away
in a stationary magnetic field. The ammeter deflected in the opposite direction when the
magnet was kept away from the loop.

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 Applications of Faraday’s Law
Following are the fields where Faraday’s law finds applications:
Electrical equipment like transformers works on the basis of Faraday’s law.
Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual induction, which is based on the principle
of Faraday’s law.
By inducing an electromotive force into an electromagnetic flowmeter, the velocity of the
fluids is recorded.
Electric guitar and electric violin are musical instruments that find an application of
Faraday’s law.
Maxwell’s equation is based on the converse of Faraday’s laws which states that a change
in the magnetic field brings a change in the electric field.

Conclusion:
After conducting all the experiments, Faraday finally concluded that if relative motion
existed between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil changed and
this change in flux produced a voltage across a coil.
Faraday law basically states, “when the magnetic flux or the magnetic field changes with
time, the electromotive force is produced”. Additionally, Michael Faraday also formulated
two laws on the basis of the above experiments.
When a loop of wire is exposed to a changing magnetic field, a potential difference is
induced across the wire. The faster the magnetic field changes, the greater the corresponding
magnitude of the current induced in the wire. For a solenoid—a wire coiled in circular

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loops—the magnitude of induced current can be increased by adding more loops. Current
induced in a loop always points in a direction such that the magnetic field it generates
opposes the change in the applied magnetic field that originally induced the current, which is
a rule known as Lenz’s law. Potential difference will be induced across a straight wire
moving in a uniform magnetic field if the wire does not move parallel or antiparallel to the
field lines. The magnitude of such induced potential difference is proportional to the rate at
which the wire crosses magnetic field lines.

References
1- Purcell, E. M., & Morin, D. J. (2013). Electricity and magnetism. Cambridge
University Press.
2- Griffiths, D. J. (2017). Introduction to electrodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
3- Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2017). Principles of physics. Cengage Learning.
4- Tipler, P. A., & Mosca, G. (2018). Physics for scientists and engineers. W. H.
Freeman and Company.
5- Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2017). Fundamentals of physics. Wiley.
6- Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (2018). The Feynman lectures on
physics. Basic Books.
7- Heald, M. A., & Marion, J. B. (2012). Classical electromagnetism. Academic Press.
8- Jackson, J. D. (1999). Classical electrodynamics. Wiley.
9- Bleaney, B., & Bleaney, B. I. (2013). Electricity and magnetism. Oxford University
Press.
10- Reitz, J. R., Milford, F. J., & Christy, R. W. (1992). Foundations of
electromagnetic theory. Addison-Wesle

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