ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am here overhead in humbleness and gratefullness to acknowledge

my depth to all those who have helped me to put these ideas , well
above the level of simplicity and something concrete , this
endeavour would not have been possible without my physics
teacher Ms.

SUSHILA MARY mam.

I extend my deepest gratitude to our principal Ms DIMPLE who gave

me the opportunity to do this project on the topic PHENOMENON
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION which also helped me in
doing research.

Finally I would like to thank all who had helped me to conclude

this project by providing me much needed support

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 ABSTRACT
An experiment is described in which the induced electromotive
force in a coil caused by an accelerating magnet and the
position of the moving magnet are measured as a function of
the time. When the circuit is completed by adding an
appropriate load resistor, a current that opposes the flux
change is generated in the coil. This current causes a magnetic
field in the coil which decreases the acceleration of the rising
magnet, as is evident from the position versus time data. The
circuit provides a direct observation of effects that are a
consequence of Lenz’s law. The energy dissipated by the
resistance in the circuit is shown to equal the loss in
mechanical energy of the system to within experimental error,
thus demonstrating conservation of energy.

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 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic
field is produced by electric current . The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.

Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is
called induction.

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Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field

Electromagnetic induction happens when an electromagnetic field

causes molecules in another object to flow. Induction can produce
electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in radio
transmitter).

Finally, it refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the

magnetic flux linking a conductor change

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Magnetic flux:

It is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and

the area normal to the field through which the field is
passing. It is scalar quantity and its SI unit is the weber
(Wb).
 Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael
Faraday in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell
mathematically described it as Faraday’s law of
induction.
 Electromagnetic induction is a current produced because
of voltage production (electromotive force) due to a
changing magnetic field.
 This either happens when a conductor is placed in a
moving magnetic field (when using an AC power source)
or when a conductor is constantly moving in a stationary
magnetic field.
 Michael Faraday arranged a conducting wire attached to a
device to measure the voltage across the circuit. When a
bar magnets is moved through the coiling, the voltage
detector measure the voltage in the circuit

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 PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn causes an electric
current which is said as inducing current

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 THEORY
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction
in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco
Zantesdeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832 , Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery , but did not publish his findings until later
Induced e.m.f.s:

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f will be

generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an

e.m.f could be generated either by,

A)Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or

B)By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
some way.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing

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Lenz’s law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.

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 APPLICATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
When a source of an electromagnetic field is connected across an
inductor, current starts flowing through it. The back electromagnetic
field will oppose this increase in current through the inductor. To
establish the flow of current, the external source of the electromagnetic
field has to do some work for overcoming this opposition.

1. Lenz’s law is used in electromagnetic brakes and induction

cooktops

2. It is also applied to electric generators, AC generators

3. Eddy current balances

4. Metal detectors

5. Eddy current dynamometers

6. Braking systems on train

7. Card readers

8. Microphones

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AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to qualitatively study Faraday’s law
of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 BAR MAGNET
 CONNECTING WIRE
 GALVANOMETER
 BATTERY
 KEY

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• Lenz’s law is also applied to electric generators. When a current
is induced in a generator, the direction of this induced current is
such that it opposes and causes rotation of the generator (as in
accordance with Lenz’s law) and hence the generator requires
more mechanical energy. It also provides back emf in the case
of electric motors.

• Lenz’s law is also used in electromagnetic braking and induction

cooktops

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PROCEDURE:
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.

2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer

3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into
the coil and observe the changes in the galvanometer

4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different
number of turns and the variation in the deflection of the
galvanometer needle

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OBSERVATIONS:
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards right
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil , the
deflection is towards left
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying
speed, the speed of deflection changes accordingly
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil , the deflection
increases
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current
in the coil

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DIAGRAM

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RESULT:
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the
presence of current in the coil

2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of

current
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the
current is induced
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change
in the number of turns in the coil - more the number of
turns in the coil greater is the deflection

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 CONCLUSION:
From this experiment , Faraday concluded that whenever there is
relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux
linkage with a coil changes and this change in flux induces a voltage
across a coil

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BIBILIOGRAPHY:
 Physics ncert book for class XII

 www.wikipedea.com

 www.google.co

 Physics lab manual for class XII

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