Gauss’s Law

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Electric Flux

• Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines

penetrating some surface.

• From the SI units of E and A, we see that ΦE has units of newton-

meters squared per coulomb (N.m2/C.)
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• Field lines representing a uniform electric field penetrating an area A
that is at an angle ) to the field. Because the number of lines that go
through the area A’ is the same as the number that go through A, the
flux through A’ is equal to the flux through A and is given by

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• A small element of surface area ΔAi . The electric field makes an
angle θi with the vector ΔAi, defined as being normal to the surface
element, and the flux through the element is equal to

• If we let the area of each element approach zero, then the number of
elements approaches infinity and the sum is replaced by an integral.
Therefore, the general definition of electric flux is

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 A closed surface in an electric field
• The area vectors ΔAi are, by
convention, normal to the
surface and point outward. The
flux through an area element
can be positive (element 1),
zero (element 2), or negative
(element 3).

• Using the symbol close surface

integral to represent an integral
over a closed surface, we can
write the net flux ΦE through a
closed surface as

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example
• Consider a uniform electric field E oriented in the x direction. Find the
net electric flux through the surface of a cube of edge length l,
oriented as shown in figure

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Gauss’s Law
• A spherical gaussian surface of radius r surrounding a point charge
q. When the charge is at the center of the sphere, the electric field is
everywhere normal to the surface and constant in magnitude.

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• Closed surfaces of various shapes
surrounding a charge q. The net electric flux
is the same through all surfaces.

• A point charge located outside a closed

surface. The number of lines entering the
surface equals the number leaving the
surface.

• The net electric flux through any closed

surface depends only on the charge inside
that surface.

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Gauss’s Law

• Fluks total yang melewati setiap bagian permukaan besarnya adalah

4k kali muatan total didalam permukaan itu.

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 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
Charge Distributions
• The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge

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• A Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution

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 quiz
• A Cylindrically Symmetric Charge Distribution

• Find the electric field a distance r from a line of positive charge of

infinite length and constant charge per unit length λ (748)

An end view shows that the electric field at the

cylindrical surface is constant in magnitude and
An infinite line of charge surrounded by
perpendicular to the surface.
a cylindrical gaussian surface
concentric with the line.
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