ELECTRICITY AND

MAGNETISM
PHYS 281
CHAPTER 2

BAU Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

2 Gauss’s Law
Chapter 2

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Introduction
3

 In previous Chapter, we showed how to calculate the electric

field due to a given charge distribution by integrating over the
distribution.
 In this chapter, we describe Gauss’s law and an alternative
procedure for calculating electric fields

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
4

 Consider an electric field that is uniform in both magnitude and

direction
 The field lines penetrate a rectangular surface of area whose
plane is oriented perpendicular to the field
 The number of lines per unit area (in other words, the line
density) is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
5

 The total number of lines penetrating the surface is

proportional to the product E.A
 This product of the magnitude of the electric field and surface
area perpendicular to the field is called the electric flux

Newton meters squared

per Coulomb

 Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines

penetrating some surface.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
6

 If the surface under consideration is

not perpendicular to the field
 The normal to the surface of area A is
at an angle u to the uniform electric
field
 Notice that the number of lines that
cross this area A is equal to the
number of lines that cross the area

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
7

 The flux through a surface of fixed area A has a maximum

value EA when the surface is perpendicular to the field

 where we use En as the component of the electric field normal

to the surface.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
8

 assumed a uniform electric field,

Consider a general surface divided into
a large number of small elements, each
of area
 Define a vector whose magnitude
represents the area of the ith element
of the large surface and whose
direction is defined to be perpendicular
to the surface element

scalar product

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
9

 Summing the contributions of all elements gives an

approximation to the total flux through the surface

 If the area of each element approaches zero, the number of

elements approaches infinity and the sum is replaced by an
integral
 the general definition of electric flux is
surface integral

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
10

 We are often interested in

evaluating the flux through a
closed surface
 a surface that divides space into
an inside and an outside region
 The net flux through the surface
is proportional to the net
number of lines leaving the
surface, where the net number
means the number of lines
leaving the surface minus the
number of lines entering the
surface.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Electric Flux
11

where En represents the component of the

electric field normal to the surface

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 Example 24.1
12

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 Solution
13

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 Gauss’s Law
14

 Consider a positive point charge q

located at the center of a sphere of
radius r
 the electric field everywhere on the
surface of the sphere is
 The field lines are directed radially
outward and hence are perpendicular to
the surface at every point on the surface.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Gauss’s Law
15

 The net flux through the spherical surface is proportional to the

charge inside the surface
 The flux is independent of the radius r

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Gauss’s Law
16

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Gauss’s Law
17

 The mathematical form of Gauss’s law is a generalization of

what we have just described and states that the net flux
through any closed surface is

 where represents the electric field at any point on the

surface and qin represents the net charge inside the surface.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Example
18

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 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
Charge Distributions
19

 Gauss’s law is useful for determining electric fields when the

charge distribution is highly symmetric
 In choosing the surface, always take advantage of the
symmetry of the charge distribution so that E can be removed
from the integral
 Each portion of the surface should satisfy one or more of the
following conditions:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Example 24.3
20

 To reflect the spherical symmetry, let’s choose

a spherical gaussian surface of radius r,
concentric with the sphere
 For this choice, condition (2) is satisfied
everywhere on the surface

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 Solution
21

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22

 let’s choose a spherical Gaussian surface having radius r < a,

 Let V ‘ be the volume of this smaller sphere

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Problem 39
23

A solid sphere of radius 40.0 cm has a total positive charge of

26µC uniformly distributed throughout its volume.
Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at
(a) 0 cm ;
(b) 10 cm;
(c) 40 cm from the center of the sphere

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

24

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

25

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Problem 1:
26

Four closed surfaces, S1 through S4, together with the

charges -2Q, Q, and –Q are sketched in the figure below.
Find the electric flux through each surface.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

27

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

28

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 Exp 24.4: A Cylindrically Symmetric
Charge Distribution
29

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 Solution
30

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 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
31

 A good electrical conductor contains charges (electrons) that

are not bound to any atom and therefore are free to move
about within the material
 When there is no net motion of charge within a conductor, the
conductor is in electrostatic equilibrium:
 The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor
 If the conductor is isolated and carries a charge, the charge
resides on its surface
 The electric field at a point just outside a charged conductor is
perpendicular to the surface of the conductor and has a
magnitude
 On an irregularly shaped conductor, the surface charge density is
greatest at locations where the radius of curvature of the surface
is smallest
Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou
 Problem 51:
32

A long straight metal rod has a radius of 5 cm and a charge per

unit length of 30nC/m.
Find the electric field at
(a) 3 cm;
(b)10 cm ;
(c)100 cm from the axis of the rod , where distances are
measured perpendicular to the rod.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

33

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Problem 37:
34

Consider a long cylindrical charge distribution of radius R with a

uniform charge density ρ. Find the electric field at distance r from
the axis where r<R.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

35

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Example 24.5: A Plane of Charge
36

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 Solution
37

 By symmetry, must be perpendicular to the plane at all points. The

direction of is away from positive charges, indicating that the
direction of on one side of the plane must be opposite its direction
on the other side.
 is parallel to the curved surface of the cylinder, and therefore
perpendicular to at all points on this surface  no contribution
to the surface integral from this surface
 The flux through each end of the cylinder is EA

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Solution
38

 The distance from each flat end of the cylinder to the plane
does not appear in Equation.
 At any distance from the plane. That is, the field is
uniform everywhere

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 Exp 24.7: A Sphere Inside a Spherical Shell
39

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 Problem 52:
40

A solid conducting sphere of radius 2 cm has a charge of 8µC. A

conducting spherical shell of inner radius 4 cm and outer radius 5
cm is concentric with the solid sphere and has a total charge of -4
µC.
Find the electric field at
(a) r= 1cm ;
(b) r= 3cm ;
(c) r= 4.5cm ;
(d) r=7cm from the center of this charge configuration.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

41

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou