School of electronics and telecommunications

Hanoi University of science and Technology

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY

LESSON 3: MAGNETOSTATIC (MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO DIRECT CURRENT)
T S. HO ÀNG PHƯƠ NG CHI
 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

CONTENT
1. DEFINITION OF MAGNETOSTATIC
2. DEFINITION OF CONDUCTIVE CURRENT
3. LAWS OF CURRENT
4. BASIC QUANTITIES
5. BASIC PROPERTIES
6. SUMMARY

Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

1. DEFINITION
• Current: directional movement of charges
• Given: line with direct current. Around the line has a static magnetic
field with magnetic field line is a close curve around the line.
• Basic quantities of static magnetic field are 𝐵 and 𝐻: not time variale

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

2. DEFINITION OF CONDUCTIVE CURRENT

• Directional movement of charges
• Given a volume V covered by a surface A, In volume V contains
• charge Q with charge density 𝜌
• If Q in V decreases then according to the law of conservation
of charge, some charges flow out of the volume V
• If Q in V increases then according to the law of conservation
of charge, some charges flow in to the volume V
𝑑𝑄
• Conductive current (flow out of V) = 𝐼 = − hay 𝐼 = ‫𝐽 𝐴ׯ‬Ԧ 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

3. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

• Faraday found out in practice
• The total charge in an electrically isolated system does not change
• Equation of charge conservation
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
‫𝐽 𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑉׬‬Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = − ‫𝑉׬‬ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 hay 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐽Ԧ = −
𝑑𝑡

• For direct current:

Ԧ
𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐽=0

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

3. OHM LAW
• Relationship between the current density vector and the
electrical field vector in a semiconductor or conductive
environment
Ԧ
𝐽=𝜎𝐸
• 𝜎: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (si/m)
• 𝜎 → ∞: 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• 𝜎 → 0: 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

3. KIRCHHOFF LAW
• Kirchhoff 1: Sum of all currents in one circuit node is equal to zero
σ𝑁
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 = 0

• Kirchhoff 2: Sum of all voltages are equal to sum of all electromotive

forces
σ𝑁 𝑀
𝑛=1 𝑈𝑛 = σ𝑚=1 𝑒𝑚

Where: 𝑒 = ‫𝑠𝑑 𝐸 𝑆ׯ‬

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

4. INDUCTIVE FLUX VECTOR. BIO-SAVART LAW

• Magnetic field of a current line dl with current I

𝜇 Ԧ 0
𝐽𝑥𝑟
𝐵= ‫׬‬ dV
4𝜋 𝑉 𝑟 2

• 𝐵: Induction vector (T)

• 𝑟0 : unit place vector
𝐻
• 𝜇: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚

• Ԧ Current density vector(A/m)

𝐽:
• 𝑟:
Ԧ vector directs from current source to place we want to calculate
the field
• V: Volume contain the current

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

4. MAGNETIC FIELD VECTOR

• Magnetic field vector 𝐻 (A/m)

𝐵
𝐻= (A/m)
𝜇

• H does not depend on environment

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

5. LAW AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

• Ampres law:

‫ = 𝑠𝑑 𝐻 𝑆ׯ‬σ 𝐼
• Rotation eqation:
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 = 𝐽Ԧ
-> Magnetic field here is a swirl field, magnetic line is a close curve

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

5. GAUSS LAW – DIVERGENCE EQUATION

• Flux of induction vector over close surface A:

Φ = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝐵 𝐴ׯ‬0

• Static magnetic field has a close magnetic curve

-> Divergence rotation 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 = 0
-> Magnetic field has no source

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

5. BASIC PROPERTIES
• Boundary conditions:
𝐻𝑡1 − 𝐻𝑡2 = 𝐽
𝐵𝑛1 = 𝐵𝑛2
• Energy of magnetic field:
1
• 𝑊 = ‫𝐻 𝐵 𝑉׬‬dV
2

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

6. SUMMARY
• Cause by direct current
• 𝐵 and 𝐻 do not change in time (not time variable)
• Magnetic field has no source
• Magnetic field here is swirl field
• Magnetic field has energy
• Basic law:
• Conservation of charge
• Ampres law
• Ohm law
• Kirchhoff law

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 3: Magnetostatic field

We have just learnt “Magnetic field due to

direct current”
Next lesson:
Time variable electromagnetic field

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