Electrical Machines 1

Part 1
DC Machines Fundamentals

What is an Electrical Machine?

It is a device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical energy or electrical energy
to mechanical energy.

Can be broadly divided into three categories:

 Generator

 Motor

 Transformer

Magnetic Field

The region around a magnet where its poles exhibit a force of attraction or repulsion.

Important properties of Magnetic Line of Force

 The direction of magnetic lines of force is from N-pole to the S-pole outside the magnet. But
inside the magnet their direction is from S-pole to N-pole.

 They form a closed loop.

 Their tendency is to follow the least reluctance path.

 They act like stretched cords, always trying to shorten themselves.

 They never intersect each other.

 They repel each other when they are parallel and are in the same direction.

 They remain unaffected by non-magnetic materials.

 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

“Whenever a changing magnetic flux acts on a conductor, an emf is induced and this
emf is proportional to the rate of change of flux”

1. Conductor

2. Magnetic Field

3. Relative motion between conductor

and magnetic field

 Commutation and Armature Construction

The commutator collects current from armature winding and transfers it to the brushes

The rotor coil is the rotating armature of a motor or generator

Stator is the stationary part of the machine.

Brushes are connected against the commutator surface.

Armature Winding

Note:

a turn consist of two conductors connected to one end by an end connector

a coil is formed by connecting several turns in series

a winding is formed by connecting several coils in series

Two basic sequence of armature winding connections:

1. Lap windings. “the number of parallel paths is always equal to the number of poles and also to the
number of brushes”

a=mp where: a=armature current path

m=multiplicity factor

(simplex winding, duplex winding etc)

P=number of poles
2. Wave windings. “the number of parallel paths is always two and there may be two or more brush
positions”

a=2 m where: a=armature current path

m=multiplicity factor

(𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑑𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑡𝑐)

Induced Voltage in DC Machines

Faraday’s Law: To produce emf, you need

1. Conductor

2. Magnetic Field

3. Relative motion between conductor and magnetic field

e ind =vBl sin θ

where: e ind =voltage induced∈one conductor

v=velocity of the conductor , ( ms )

B=magnetic flux density (T )

l=length of the conductor( m)

A conductor moving with a velocity of 5.0 m/s to the right in the presence of a magnetic field. The flux
density is 0.5 T into the page, and the wire is 1.0 m in length, oriented as shown. What are the
magnitude and polarity of the resulting induced voltage?