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Chapter 11 Vectors in Three Dimensions (3)

Exercise 11A

1 1
1 (a) 2 . 2 = 1 + 4 + 12 =15

3 4
0 2
(b) 1 . 1 = 0 + 1 + 20 = 21

4 5
4 1
(c) 2 . 2 = 4 + 4 3 = 3

3 1
4 3

(d) 2 . 4 = 12 + 8 8 = 12
2 4


2 (a) OA = 42 + 22 + 12 = 21

(b) OB= 32 + 22 + (2)=
2
17

(c) OC= 42 + (1) 2 + (2)=
2
21

1 3

3 (a) 2 . 2 = 3 + 4 2 = 5
1 2

Not Perpendicular
1 0
(b) 4 . 1 = 0 + 4 4 = 0

2 2
Perpendicular
2 2
(c) 3 . 2 = 4 + 6 2 =0

2 1
Perpendicular
4 0
(d) 2 . 1 =0 + 2 5 = 3

5 1
Not perpendicular

4 (a) = OB OA
AB

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 2 4

=
1 4 =
3
3 1 2


AB = (4) 2 + (3) 2 + 22 = 29

A unit vector in the direction of AB is
4 29

3 29

2 29

(b) = OC OA
AC
1 2 3

= 1 4 = 5
1 1 0


AC = (3) 2 + (5) 2 = 34

A unit vector in the direction of AB is
3 34

5 34

0


(c) = OC OB
BC
1 2
= 1 1

1 3
1

= 2
2


BC= (1) 2 + (2) 2 + (2) 2

= =
9 3

A unit vector in the direction of AB is
1/ 3

2 / 3
2 / 3

5 (a) Let be the angle between a and b

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 3
4 . 2

1 2
cos =
2 3
4 2

1 2
6+42
=
21 17
8
=
21 17
= 65
(b) a.c = 0
1 2

p . 4 = 0
2p 1 1

2 + 4p 2p + 1 = 0
2p = 3
3
p=
2
6

2 3 1

BA 1 2 =
= 1
4 1
5
1 3 2

=
BC 1 2 = 1
1 1 2


BA . BC
cos =
BA BC

1 2
1 . 1

5 2
=
1 2
1 1

5 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 + 1 + 10
=
27 9
13
=
9 3
= 33.5
6 3

7 =OA = 2 , OB 1
1 2


AC = 2 AB

OC OA= 2 OB OA


OC = 2 OB 2 OA + OA

= 2 OB OA
3 6
= 2 1 2

2 1
6 6
= 2 2

4 1
0
= 0

3

OC= = 9 3

0 / 3 0

A unit vector in the direction of OC is 0 / 3 =
0
3 / 3 1


8 (a) = OQ OP
PQ
3 2
= 2 3

4 2
1
= 1

2

= (1) 2 + (1) 2 + =
PQ 22 6

1 6

A unit vector in the direction of PQ is 1 6

2 6

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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(b)

OP . OR = 0
3 2
2 . 1 =
0

4 a
6 + 2 + 4a = 0
4a = 4
a=1

(c) = OS OP
PS
1 2
= 3 3

b 2
3
= 0

b 2

PS = 5

(3) 2 + (0) 2 + (b 2) 2 =
5
9 + 0 + (b 2) 2 =25
(b 2) 2 =16
b 2 = 4
b = 6, 2
2

9 (a) OA = 4
2

3

OB = 1
1

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 3
4 . 1

2 1
cos =
2 3
4 1

2 1
6 + 4 + 2
=
24 11
=0
= 90

(b) = OB OA
AB
3 2

= 1 4
p 2

5

= 3
p 2


AB = 8

(5) 2 + (3) 2 + (p 2) 2 =8
34 + (p 2) 2 =
64
(p 2) 2 =
30
p 2 = 30
p= 2 30
3 5

10 (a) OP = 2 , OQ = 4
5 5

3 5
2 . 4

5 5
cos =
3 5
2 4

5 5
15 8 + 25
=
38 66

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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32
=
38 66
= 50.3
5

(b) Since A is on OQ OA = 4
5

5

= 4
5


= OA OP
PA
5 3 5 3
= 4 2 = 4 2

5 5 5 5

PA OQ = 0
5 3 5

4 2 . 4 =0
5 5 5

25 + 16 + 25 15 + 8 25 =0
66 =32
16
=
33

Exercise 11B

1 2

1 (a) =r 2 + 1 ,
4 3

1 3

(b) r = 1 + 2 ,
4 4

4 3

(c) r =+
1 t 0 , t
4 2

2 (a) Using r = a + (b a),
2 4 2

=r 1 + 1 1 ,
1 3 1

2 2
=r 1 + 0

1 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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1 4 1

(b) r = 0 + t 2 0


2 4 2
1 5

r= 0 + t 2 ,t
2 2

4 6 4
(c) r =4 + s 2 4


5 7 5

4 2

r = 4 + s 2 , s
5 2

3 Using r. n = a. n.
1 2 1
(a) r. 4 = 4 . 4

1 2 1
1

r. 4 = 2 + 16 2 = 16
1

1
r. 4 = 16

1
x+ 4y + z = 16
4 2 4
(b) r. 2 = 2 . 2

2 5 2
4 2

r. 2 = 22 r. 1 =
8 + 4 + 10 = 11

2 1
4x + 2y + 2z = 22
2x + y + z = 11
1 6 1
(c) r. 0 = 7 . 0

4 3 4
1 1
r. 0 = 6 12 = 18 r. 0 =
18

4 4
x 4z = 18
x + 4z = 18
4 vector equation of l :

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 1

=r 1 + 2 ,
3 1

x 2

y = 1 + 2
z 3

x 2
y = 1 + 2

z 3 +
x= 2

y = 1 + 2 parametric equations
z = 3 +
=2x
y 1
=
2
= z 3
y 1
2 x = = z 3 cartesian equation
2
x2
5 = 4= x 2
4
x = 2 + 4
y3
= 5 = y 3
5
y = 5 + 3
2z
= 3 = 2 z
3
z = 2 3
x = 2 + 4
y = 3 + 5
z = 2 3
x 2 4
y= 3 + 5

z 2 3
2 4

=r 3 + 5 ,
2 3

6 x=2+
y = 3 + 4
z = 2 + 2
x 2 1

y= 3 + 4
z 2 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 1

r = 3 +4 ,
2 2

2 4

7 (a) r = 3 + t 5 , t
4 3

x 2 + 4t
(b) y = 3 + 5t

z 4 + 3t
x = 2 + 4t

y = 3 + 5t t , parametric equations
z = 4 + 3t
x2
(c) x = 2 + 4t t =
4
y+3
y = 3 + 5t t =
5
z4
z = 4 + 3t t =
3
x2 y+3 z4
= = is the cartesian equation
4 5 3
8 A vector parallel to li is: i 2j k
A point on l1 is : 2i 5j k
A vector parallel to l2 is 3i + 5j k
A point on l2 is 4i + j + 2k
x + 2 y 1 z + 2
= =
3 4 1
x (2) y 1 z (2)
= =
3 4 1
2 3

A point on l3 is 1 and a vector parallel to l3 is 4
2 1

6 12

9=OC =4 , OD p
5 q


6 1
(a) =r 4 + 1

5 0
6 12 6

: r 4 + p 4
Equation of CD =

5 q 5

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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6 6
=
r 4 + p 4


5 q 5

1
6 p 4
= r 4 + 6
6
5 q 5

6
Comparing the direction vectors:
p4
= 1 p = 6 + 4 = 2
6
q5
=0q =5
6
6 1
(b) =r 4 + 1


5 0
6 +
= 4

5
Since A is on the line
6 +

OA= 4
5


Since OA is perpendicular to CD
1

OA . 1 = 0
0

6 + 1
4 . 1 =0

5 0
6+4+=0
2 + 2 = 0
= 1
6 1 5

OA= 4 (1) = 5
5 5

1 2

10 l: r = 1 + 1 ,
2 3

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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1 + 2

OP = 1 +
2 + 3


Since OP is perpendicular to l
2

OP . 1 =0
3

1 + 2 2
1 + . 1 =0

2 + 3 3
2 1 + 6 + 4 + + 9 =0
14 = 7
1
=
2
1
1 + 2
2
0
1
OP = 1 = 3 / 2
2 1/ 2
1
2 + 3
2
Since Q is on l:
1 + 2

OQ = 1 +
2 + 3


OQ = 4

(1 + 2) 2 + ( 1 + ) 2 + (2 + 3) 2 =4
(1 + 2 ) 2 + ( 1 + ) 2 + (2 + 3 ) 2 =42
1 + 4 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 2 + 4 + 12 + 9 2 =16
14 2 + 14 10 =0
7 2 + 7 5 =0
7 49 (7) ( 5)4
=
14
7 189
=
14
7 3 21
=
14
0 2 2s

11 r =+
1 s 2 = 1 + 2s
0 3 3s

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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-9 5 -9 + 5t

r = 36 + t 2 = 36 + 2t
1 5 1 + 5t

-2s -9 + 5t

1 + 2s = 36 + 2t
3s 1 + 5t

2s = 9 + 5t [1]
1 + 2s = 36 + 2t [2]
3s = 1 + 5t [3]
[3] [1] 5s = 10
s=2
Subst. into [1] 4 = 9 + 5t
t=1
Subst. s = 2, t = 1 into [3] 3(2) = 1 + 5(1)
6=6
Since all three equations are satisfied by s = 2 and t = 1 the lines intersect.
-2s

Point of intersection: Substituting s = 2 into 1 + 2s
3s

2(2) 4

We get 1 + 2(2) = 5
3(2) 6

12 Using r . n = a. n, we have
0 1 0
r . 2 = 2 . 2

3 1 3
0
r. 2 =
43

3
0

r. 2 = 1
3

2y + 3z = 1
2 4

13=OA = 3 , OB 2
2 2

Equation of the plane:
2 4 2

r . 3 = 2 . 3
2 2 2

2

r . 3 =8 + 6 4
2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2

r . 3 = 10
2

2

Now 3 = 22 + 32 + (2)=
2
17
2

2 17
10
r . 3 17 =
17
2 17

Which is of the form r.n = d
The distance from the origin to the plane:
10 10 17
=
17 17

14 OP = 2i + j + k, OQ = 32i + 4j + 2k, OR =
2i + j + 4k
(a) Equation of PQ:

r= OP + t OQ OP , t

2 32 2

= r 1 + t 4 1

1 2 1
2 34

r = 1 + t 3 , t
1 1

(b) Since PQ is perpendicular to the plane,
34

3 is a vector perpendicular to the plane
1

Using r . n = a . n
34 2 34
r. 3 = 1 . 3

1 4 1
34

r . 3 = 68 + 3 + 4
1

34
r . 3 = 61

1
34

The equation of the plane is r . 3 = 61
1

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2

15 A vector parallel to l1 is 3
4

3

A vector parallel to l2 is 1
4

Let be the angle between l1 and l2:
2 3

3 . 1
4 4
cos =
2 3

3 1
4 4

6 3 + 16 19
= =
29 26 29 26
= 46.2, No
-1 1

16 r = 1 + t 2
0 2

p -1 + t

(a) q = 1+2t 3 = 2t
3 2t

3
t=
2
3 1
p = 1 + =
2 2
3
q = 1 + 2 = 4
2
1 + 2 1

(b) t=
2, OB =
1 + 2(2) =
5
2(2) 4

-1 + t

(c) OC = 1 + 2t
2t


Since OC is perpendicular to l
1

OC . 2 = 0
2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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-1 + t 1

1 + 2t . 2 = 0
2t 2

1 + t + 2 + 4t + 4t = 0
9t + 1 = 0
1
t=
9
1
1
9 10 / 9

1
OC = 1 + 2 = 7 / 9
9
2 / 9
1
2
9

Review Exercise 11

2 2 4

BA =OB OA = 1 4 = 5
1 5 6

1 2 3

BC= OC OB= 1 1 = 2
1 1 2

Let be angle ABC:
4 3
5 . 2

6 2 12 10 12 34
=cos = =
4 3 77 17 77 17
5 2

6 2
= 160
2
2 r . 1 = 6

2
2
1 = 22 + 12 + 22 = 9= 3

2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 / 3
6
r . 1 / 3 = = 2
2 / 3 3

The equation is of the form r . n = d
d = 2
The distance from the origin to the plane is 2 units
1 1
3 =
r 0 + 2


1 3
4 1

=r 2 + 3
1 2

1 4 +

2 = 2 + 3
1 + 3 1 2

1 = 4 + [1]
2 = 2 + 3 [2]
1 + 3 = 1 2 [3]
[1] 2 2 2 = 8 + 2 [4]
[2] + [4] 2 = 6 + 5
8
=
5
24
2 = 2 +
5
17
=
5
17 8 51 16
Substitute = and = int o [3] 1 + = 1 which in inconsistent
5 5 5 5
Since the lines are not parallel and do not intersect, the lines are skew
x 2 y 4 z 1
4 l1 : = =
3 2 2
2 3

= r 4 + 2,
1 2

0 1

r = 2 + t 4
3 1

2 + 3 t
Equating : 4 + 2 = 2 + 4t

1 + 2 3 + t
2+ 3 = t [1]
4 + 2 = 2 + 4t [2]
1 + 2 = 3 + t [3]
Solving [1] and [3] simultaneously :

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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[1] + [3] 3 + 5 = 3
=0
Substitute into [1] 2 = t
t = 2.
When = 0, t = 2, substitute into [2]
4 = 4(2) + 2
4 = 6
l1 does not intersect l2
Since the lines are not parallel and do not intersect, the lines are skew
5 x + 2y + z = 4
2x y z = 1
1 2

The normal to the planes are 2 and 1
1 1

1 2

2 . 1
1 2 2 1 1
=
cos 1 = =
1 2 6 6 6

2 1
1 1

= 99.6
2

6 OA = 1
1

1

OB = 2
3


= OC OA
AC

= OB OC
CB

OC OA (1 = p) p OB OC


(1 p) OC (1 p) OA= p OB p OC


(1 p) OC+ p OC= p(i 2 j + 3k) + (1 p) (2i + j k)

OC = pi + 2i - 2pi - 2pj + j - pj + 3pk - k + pk
= (2 p) i + (1 3p)j + (4p 1)k

AB = OB OA = (i - 2j + 3k) - (2i + j - k)
= i 3j + 4k

OC . AB = 0

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 p 1
1 3p . 3 =
0

4p 1 4
2 + p 3 + 9p + 16p 4 = 0
26p = 9
9
p=
26
9 27 18
OC = 2 i + 1 j + 1 k
26 26 13
43 1 5
= i j+ k
26 26 13

2 1

1 2
1 3 3
=cos =
2 1 6 14

1 2
1 3

2p 1

1 3p . 2

=cos = 4p 1 3 3
2p 1 6 14

1 3p 2
4p 1 3

2 p 2 + 6p + 12 p 3 -3
=
(2 p) 2 + (1 3p) 2 + (4p 1) 2 14 16 14
3
17p
= 3 (2 p) 2 + (1 3p) 2 + (4p 1) 2
16
3
(17p =
3) 2 (2 p) 2 + (1 3p) 2 + (4p 1) 2
16
3
289p2 102p + 9 = (4 4p + p2 + 1 6p + 9p2 + 16 p2 8p + 1)
16
4624p2 1632p + 144 = 78p2 54p + 18
4546p2 1578p + 126 = 0
2273p2 789p + 63 = 0

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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789 7892 4(2273)(63)

p=
2(2273)
789 49725
=
4546
= 0.223, 0.125

4 + t 3 + 2s

7 9 + 6t = 15 + 8s
12 + 5t 19 + 8s

4 + t = 3 + 2s [1]
9 + 6t = 15 + 8s [2]
12 + 5t = 19 + 8s [3]
Solving [2] and [3] :
[2] [3] 3 + t = 4
t=7
9 + 6(7) = 15 + 8s
s = 8.25
Substituting into [1] 4 + 7 = 3 + 2(8.25)
11 = 13.5
the lines do not intersect
1 0

8 = r 2 + 1
1 4

3

OA = 2
1

1

= 2+
ON
1 + 4

1 3 2

AN = ON OA = 2 + 2 =
1 + 4 1 4

0

AN . 1 = 0
4

2 0

.1 = 0
4 4

+ 16 = 0
=0
1

ON = 2
1

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2

AN = 0
0


AN = (2) 2 =2

1 2
9 l1 : r = 1 + 1

0 2
1 3

l 2=
: r 2 + 0
2 4

1 + 2 1 3

1 + = 2
2 2 + 4

1 + 2 = 1 3 [1]
1 + = 2 [2]
2 = 2 + 4 [3]
From [2] = 3
Substitute into [3] 6 = 2 + 4
= 2
Substitute = 3, = 2 into [1] 1 + 6 = 1 + 6
All three equations are satisfied by = 3, = 2
l1 and l2 intersect and hence l1 and l2 are not skew
1 2

10 =
OA = 3 , OB 1
1 1


OC= OA + AB
1 2

(a) OA. OB = 3 . 1 = 2 + 3 + 1 =2
1 1


OA . OB 2
(b) cos= = 11 6 = 75.7
OA OB

1 3 1 3

(c) OC= 3 + 2 = 3 2
1 0 1

1 3 3

OC . AB = 3 2 . 2 = 0
1 0

3 + 9 6 + 4 =0
13 =9

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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9
=
13

(d) OC = (1 3 ) 2 + (3 2 ) 2 + 12

1 3 1 3

AC = OC OA 3 2 3 = 2
1 1 0


AC = 9 2 + 4 2 = 13 2

OC =
AC

1 6 + 9 2 + 9 12 + 4 2 +=
1 13 2
13 2 18 + 11= 13 2
18 = 11
11
=
18
5 4

11 OA =
1 , OB = 4
3 1

5 4
1 . 4

3 1 21
(a) =
cos =
= 128.2
5 4 35 33
1 4

3 1
(b) Eq. of BC is
4 5 4

=r 4 + 2 4

1 11 1
4 9

= 4 + 6 ,
1 12

1 2 1

(c) r . 1 = 1 . 1
2 4 2

1

r . 1 = 9
2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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1 9

1 . 6
2 12
(d) cos=
9
=
76.9
1 9 6 261

1 6
2 12

Angle between the line and the plane = 180 (90 + 76.9) = 13.1
s
10

12 t = 5
t 5s

10 = s
t=5
t = 5s
5 = 5(10) Inconsistent
Since the lines are not parallel and do not intersect they are skew
3 5

=
13 OA = 4 , OB 7
1 6

5 3 2

(a) Direction of AB = 7 4 = 3
6 1 7

Equation of the plane:
2 3 2
r . 3 = 4 . 3

7 1 7
2

r . 3 = 11
7

3 6

=
(b) OA = 4 , OC 23
1 8

Equation of plane :
3 6 3

=r 4 + 23 4
1 8 1

3 3

=r 4 + 19
1 9

x = 3 +3

y = 4 + 19
z = -1 + 9
(c) Substitute the line into the plane :

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2(3 + 3) + 3(4 + 19) + 7(1 + 9) = 11

11 + 126 =11
=0
The point of intersection is
x=3
y=4
z = 1
3

4
1

14 : 2x 3y + z =
6
2 1
=
l:r 1 + t 2


1 2
x=2+t

(a) y = 1 + 2t t
z = -1 + 2t
(b) 2(2 + t) 3(1 + 2t) + (1 + 2t) = 6
2t 6t + 2t = 6
2t = 6
t = 3
23 1

Point of intersection is 1 6 = 5
1 6 7

1 2

2 . 3
2 1 2
(c) =
cos = =
100.26
1 2 9 14

2 3
2 1

Acute angle is 180 100.26 = 79.7
2

15 (a) OA = 1
1

3 3

=r 4 + s 1
1 2

3 3s

= 4+s
OB
1 + 2s

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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3 3s 2 1 3s

AB= OB OA= 4 + s 1= 5+s
1 + 2s 1 2s

Since AB is perpendicular to l:
3

AB . 1 = 0
2

1 3s 3

5 + s . 1 = 3 + 9s + 5 + s + 4s =0
2s 2

1
14s = 2,s=
7
3
3 + 7
24 / 7
1
OB = 4 = 27 / 7
7
5 / 7
1 2

7
3
1 + 7
10 / 7
1
(b) AB = 5 = 34 / 7
7
2 / 7
2

7
2 2
10 34 2
2

=
AB + + = 5.1
7 7 7

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 11 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013