Introduction

• Importance

• Although the lines of magnetic flux have no physical existence, they do form a very convenient and
useful basis for explaining various magnetic effects and to calculate the magnitudes of various
magnetic quantities.

• Practically all electric power machinery (e.g. transformers, generators, motors) depend for
their operation upon the magnetism produced by the magnetic circuits.

• What is magnetic Circuit

• The complete closed path followed by any group of magnetic flux lines is referred as magnetic circuit.
The lines of magnetic flux never intersect, and each line forms a closed path. Whenever a current is
flowing through the coil there will be magnetic flux produced and the path followed by the magnetic
flux is known as magnetic circuit.

• The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called a magnetic circuit just as the closed path
followed by current is called an electric circuit.
• There is a lot of similarity between the magnetic and electric circuits
 Introduction

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that focuses on the interaction between

electricity and magnetism. It plays a major role in most objects encountered in daily life.
Electromagnetism is the interaction between conductors and fixed magnetic fields.
 Introduction

Electromagnets: Moving charges create magnetic fields, so when the coils of wire in
an electromagnet have an electric current passing through them, the coils behave like a magnet.

Principle: An electric current flowing in a conductor creates a magnetic field around it.
 Strength of the field is proportional to N
the amount of current in the coil.
 The field disappears when the current
is turned off.
 A simple electromagnet consists of a
coil of insulated wire wrapped around
an iron core. I
 Widely used as components of
motors, generators, relays etc.

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

 Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field encircle their current source.
• Field is perpendicular to the wire and that the field's direction
depends on which direction the current is flowing in the wire.
• A circular magnetic field develops around the wire follows right-
hand rules.
 Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

Magnetic lines of force are directed from north to south outside a magnet.
Magnetic lines of force are continuous.
Magnetic lines of force in the same direction tend to repel each other.
Magnetic lines of force tend to be as short as possible.
Magnetic lines of force occupy three-dimensional space extending (theoretically) to infinity.
Magnetic lines of force enter or leave a magnetic surface at right angles.
Magnetic lines of force cannot cross each other.
magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted from one form to another in motors,
generators, and transformers.
 Continue…..

Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in these devices:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it passes through that coil.
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force induced on it.
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it.
 Magnetic Circuit and its basics

• A magnetic circuit consists of a structure composed for the most part of high permeability
magnetic material. The presence of high permeability material causes the magnetic flux to
be confined to the paths defined by the structure, much as currents are confined to the
conductors of an electric circuit.

• A simple example of a magnetic circuit is shown in Fig. 1. The core is assumed to be

composed of magnetic material whose permeability is much greater than that of the
surrounding air.

• The core is of uniform cross-section and is excited by a winding having N turns and carrying
a current of I amperes. This winding develops a magnetic field in the core, as illustrated in
the figure.

• The magnetic field can be visualized in terms of flux lines, which form closed loops
interlinking with the winding.
 Magnetic Circuit and its basics
……(1)

According to basic law of magnetic field, called the Ampere’s circuital law (sometimes referred to as
Ampere’s work law) the line integral of H around a closed path is equal to the net current enclosed
by that path i.e.

Fig: 1
 Continue…..

FLUX: Flux is defined as the number of field lines passing

through a given closed surface. It gives the measurement of the
total field that passes through a given surface area.
It is denoted by Φ. S.I unit is weber (Wb).
1 weber = 108 lines of force

FLUX DENSITY: The flux density is the number of magnetic

lines of flux that pass through a certain point on a surface. Flux
density is the amount of flux per unit area perpendicular to the
field. The SI unit is T (tesla), which is weber per square meter
(Wb/m2) and the unit in the CGS system is G (gauss).
B= ϕ/A Wb/m2
 Continue…..

MMF: It stands for Magnetomotive force (mmf).The current flowing in an electric circuit is
due to the existence of electromotive force similarly magnetomotive force (MMF) is required
to drive the magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit. The magnetic pressure, which sets up the
magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit is called Magnetomotive Force.

It is denoted by Fm.
Fm = NI ampere-turns (At),
where N = number of conductors (or turns) and I = current in amperes. Since 'turns' has no
units, the SI unit of mmf is the ampere(A), but to avoid any possible confusion 'ampere-turns',
(A t)
 Continue…..

Magnetic field Intensity(H)

• The magnetic field intensity is the mmf per unit length along the path of the flux.
• It is also known as magnetic flux intensity and is represented by the letter H.
• Its unit is ampere turns per meter. H= mmf / Length. H = NI/l AT/m Where H is magnetic field
intensity N is the number of turns l is average path length of the magnetic flux

Magnetic Flux Linkage(𝝀)

The product of magnetic coupling to a conductor, or the flux thru a single turn times the
number of turns in coils.
𝜆 = 𝑛∅
Which also relates to define inductance as 𝜆 = 𝐿𝑖
Where 𝑣 = 𝜆 (𝑑/𝑑𝑡) and 𝑣 = 𝐿𝑖(𝑑/𝑑𝑡), L is inductance
 Continue…..

RELUCTANCE: It is defined as the ratio of magnetomotive force to magnetic flux. It

represents the opposition to magnetic flux, and depends on the geometry and composition
of an object. V= IR, R= V/I

S= MMF/ Φ

• S is the reluctance in ampere-turns per weber (a unit that is equivalent to turns

per henry). Turns refers to the winding number of an electrical conductor
comprising an inductor.
• MMF is the magnetomotive force (MMF) in ampere-turns
• Φ is the magnetic flux in webers.
 Continue…..

Φ = MMF/S

S= l/ µA = l/ µ0 µr A ampere-turns/weber
Φ = MMF/S =AT/S
AT= Φ* S = Φ* l/ µ0 µr A = B* l/ µ0 µr = H*l
NI=H*l
l is the length of the circuit in metres.

µ0 is the permeability of vacuum,

µr is the relative magnetic permeability of the material (dimensionless)

µ is the permeability of the material

A is the cross-sectional
Permeance area of the
(µ): The reciprocal ofcircuit in m2 reluctance is known as
the magnetic
the magnetic permeance. The quantity µ expresses the property of the magnetic
material called its permeability. Permeability is a measure of the receptiveness of
the material of having magnetic flux developed in it. For free space, the permeability
to equals H/m in the SI system. The relative permeability of magnetic material
may range up to thousands.
 Continue…..

PERMEABILITY: The magnetic permeability is defined as the property of the

material to allow the magnetic line of force to pass through it. The magnetic
permeability of the material is directly proportional to the number of lines passing
through it. It is denoted by μ. SI unit is Henry per meter (H/M or Hm 2) or newton per
ampere square (N-A2). The permeability of the air or vacuum is represented
by μ0 which is equal to 4π×17-7 H/m.

It is expressed by the formula shown below.

Where,
B – magnetic flux density
H – magnetic field intensity
SI unit is Henry per meter (H/M or Hm ) or newton per ampere square (N-A ).
2 2
 First, An Analogy

Magnetic circuit
The complete closed path followed by any group of magnetic lines of flux

Equivalent electrical circuit

Magneto Motive Force, MMF (F)

 Force which drives the magnetic lines of force through a magnetic circuit
 MMF, F = ΦS, where ‘Φ’ is the magnetic flux and ‘S’ is the Reluctance of the magnetic path.
 Also, For Electromagnets: Analogy: EMF, V=IR MMF= N I (No. of turns*Current),
where N is the number of turns of the coil and I is the current flowing in the coil
 Unit: AT (Ampere Turns)

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

 Anatomy of a Flashlight

Magnetic flux (Φ):

Number of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic circuit.
Unit : Weber (Wb), Analogy: Electric Current, I
Reluctance [S]
Opposition of a magnetic circuit to the setting up of magnetic flux in it.
Flux    BA; F  mmf  Hl; B  H
 BA μ0 μr A  μ0 μ r A 
  ; Hence    F
F Hl l  l 
F F  l 
  ; where S    • S=F/ɸ
 l  S  0  r A  • Unit: AT / Wb
 
 0  r A  • Analogy: Resistance=V/I

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

 Flux Density(B) & Field Intensity (H)

Magnetic Flux Density (B):

No. of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic circuit per unit
area normal to the direction of flux lines
B = Φ/A Analogy: Current Density
Unit : Weber/m2 (Tesla)
Magnetic Field Strength (H)
The magneto motive force per meter length of the magnetic circuit
H = (N I) / l
Unit : AT / meter Analogy: Electric field
strength

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

 Analogy
Analogy with Electric circuits
Similarities
Electric circuit Magnetic circuit
Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
EMF (E=IR) Volt (V) MMF (F=ɸS) Ampere-turns
Current (I) Ampere (A) Flux (ɸ) Weber (Wb)
Current density (J) A/ m2 Flux density (B) Wb / m2 or Tesla
Resistance (R) Ohm (Ω) Reluctance (S) Ampere-turns/Wb
Electric field Volts/m Magnetic field Ampere-turns/m
strength (E) strength (H)
H = NI/l AT/m
Conductivity (σ) Siemen/m Permeability, µ Henry/m
σ=l/RA µ=l/SA

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

 Analogy

Differences between electric and magnetic circuits

 In electrical circuit current actually flows.

 In magnetic circuit flux is created, and it is not a flow.

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

 Electric and Magnetic circuit analogy

Faculty Name: Saravanan D Program Name:

Thank You