MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

BY TEAM-2
TEAM MEMBERS

1.CH.SRIHARSHA – 013
2.G.GUNASAKETH - 022
3.MD.SAHERA – 037
4.N.HAREESH - 038
TOPICS COVERED

1.INTRODUCTION
2.MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
3.MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
4.MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE
5.PERMEABILITY
6.RELUCTANCE
7.ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
8.MAGNETIC POTENTIAL DROP
INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetic field is the coupling medium for most of the electric apparatuses;
for example in generators and motors the interchange of energy from the electrical
system to mechanical system and vice versa may be explained using the concepts of
electromagnetic field. Practically all electric machinery and transformers use
magnetic materials for shaping and directing the magnetic field. Thus the analysis of
magnetic quantities is needed for understanding the operation of these devices.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
A closed restricted path in which magnetic flux is established is known as a magnetic
circuit. The magnetic circuits consists of a structure composed, for the most part, of
magnetic material of high permeability. The simplest form of a magnetic circuit is a ring
made of a ferromagnetic material such as iron, around which is wound a current carrying
conductor.
The iron ring is called the core.
The flux line is shown by dotted line.
A small flux take a path through air, this flux is called leakage flux.
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

The magnetic field intensity or field strength (H) is defined as ratio of the magnetic
flux density (B) and the absolute permeability(µ).
In simpler words magnetic field strength is quantitative measure of the strength or
weakness of the magnetic field produced by the conductor.
The units of magnetic field strength is A/m.
H=B/µ
we know that B=µI/2𝜋r
Then , H=I/2𝜋r A/m
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE

The ability of a coil to produce magnetic flux is called magnetomotive force.

The magnetomotive force (Fm) depends upon the number of turns of wire and the
current passing through the wire.
Fm=NI
It can also be presented as Fm=∅R
R
 PERMEABILITY

The term permeability was coined by William Thomson in the year 1872.
Permeability is a measure of the receptiveness of a material to having magnetic flux
set up in it.
In other words, the magnetic permeability of a material can also be said to be its
magnetization capability.
It is represented by µ.
µ=B/H
The SI Unit of the permeability Henry per meter(H/m) or newtons per ampere
square(N.A-2)
TYPES OF PERMEABILITY
1. Permeability of Free space :
Permeability of free space also known as permeability of vacuum. It is the ratio of
magnetic intensity in a vacuum to magnetising field
It is given by µ0=B0/H

2. Permeability of medium :
The ratio of magnetic intensity in the medium to the magnetising field
It is given by µ=B/H

3. Relative permeability :
Relative permeability is a dimensionless quantity. It is the ratio of two quantities
with the same units, so relative permeability has no units. Relative permeability of
free space is 1.
It is given by µr=µ/µm
RELUCTANCE
The term reluctance was coined by Oliver Heaviside in 1888.
Reluctance is the opposition of a magnetic circuit setting up of a magnetic flux in
it.
It is represented by letter R or S.
Reluctance =MMF/Magnetic flux.
It is given by R =F/Φ
=l/µrµ0A
=1/P
The units of reluctance is given by H-1 Or AT/Wb.
The reciprocal of Reluctance is permeance denoted by letter (P).
FACTORS AFFECTING RELUCTANCE

1. The reluctance is directly proportional to the mean length of the magnetic

circuit. i.e. S∝ 𝑙
2. The reluctance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the
1
magnetic circuit, i.e. S∝ 𝐴
3. The reluctance also depends upon the nature of material that makes up the
magnetic circuit, i.e. S ∝ 1/𝜇0 μr
ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT MAGNATIC CIRCUIT
1. Path traced by the current is known as electric circuit 1.Path traced by the magnetic flux is called as magnetic
circuit.

2. EMF is the driving force in the electric circuit. The unit 2.MMF is the driving force in the magnetic circuit. The unit is
is volts. ampere-turns.

3. There is current I in the circuit which is measured in 3. There is flux Φ in the magnetic circuits which is measured
amperes. in weber.

4. The flow of electrons describes the current in conductor. 4. The number of magnetic lines of force decides the flux.

5. Resistance(R) oppose the flow of the current. 5. Reluctance (R) oppose the setting up of magnetic flux.
The unit is ohm. The unit is ampere turn/weber.

6.R=𝜌l/A 6.R =l/µ0 µr A

Directly proportional to l, Inversely proportional to A and Directly proportional to l, Inversely proportional to A and
Directly proportional to nature of material. inversely proportional to µ.

7. The current I = EMF/Resistance 7. The flux = MMF/Reluctance

 Differences between electric and magnetic circuits

Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

1.For electric circuit, there are large number of perfect 1.For magnetic circuit, there is no perfect insulator. It can set
insulators like glass, air, rubber, PVC which do not allow it to up even in the non magnetic materials like air, rubber, glass.
flow through them.

2.The resistance (R) of an electric circuit is almost constant as 2.The reluctance (S) of a magnetic circuit is not constant rather
its value depends upon the value of ρ. The value of R and ρ it varies with value of B.
can slightly change if change in temperature takes place.

3.Energy is expanding continuously, as long as the current 3.Once the magnetic flux sets up in magnetic circuit, no
flows through the electrical circuit. energy is expanded. Only a small amount of energy is
The energy is dissipated in the form of heat. required at initial stage to create flux in the circuit.

4.Khirchoff voltage and current law is followed. 4.Khirchoff MMF and flux law is followed.
MAGNETIC POTENTIAL DROP

When a magnetic flux Φ is established in a magnetic circuit of reluctance R , there is

always a magnetic potential drop M along the direction of flux. The magnetic
potential drop is the product of the flux and reluctance. Thus ,
M=Φ×R=H×l
When an MMF is applied to a magnetic circuit it creates a flux in the magnetic
circuit which in turn causes a magnetic potential drop along the path of flux. It can
also b defined as the product of magnetic field intensity and length of the magnetic
circuit.
Magnetic potential drop is similar to the voltage drop in an electric circuit.
THANK YOU
BY TEAM-2