MIMAY, NOEH M.

BSEE – 2B
ELECTROMAGNETICS

Tutorial Problem 62
Part 2
Similarities:

Similarities between electrical and magnetic circuits are given below.

Magnetic circuit Electric circuit

The close path for the magnetic flux is called magnetic The close path for the electric current is called electric
circuit. circuit.

The number of magnetic lines of force decide Flow of electron decide the current passing through the
the magnetic flux. conductor.

Flux (ф) = MMF/Reluctance Current (I) = EMF/Resistance

MMF is the driving force in the magnetic circuit. The unit EMF is the driving force in the electric circuit. The unit of
of MMF is ampere-turns (AT). EMF is volts (V).

Reluctance (S) opposed by the magnetic path to the flux. Resistance (R) oppose the flow of current. The unit of
The unit of reluctance is AT/wb. resistance is ohm (Ω).

Flux (ф) measured in weber (Wb). Current (I) measured in Ampere (A).

MMF measured in Amp Turns (AT). EMF measured in Volts (V).

Permanence = 1/Reluctance = 1/S Conductance = 1/Resistance = 1/R

Permeability (μ) Conductivity (σ)

Reluctivity Resistivity

Flux Density (B) = ф/A (Wb/m2) Current Density (J) = I / A (A/m2)

Magnetic Intensity (H) = NI/L (AT/m) Electric Intensity (E) = V/d (V/m)

Kirchhoff MMF Law and Flux Law is applicable to the Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff Voltage Law
Magnetic Flux. (KVL) is applicable to the electrical circuit.

Similarities and Difference Electrical Circuit and Magnetic Circuit

Dissimilarities:

There are few dissimilarities between the two circuits which are listed below:
 Magnetic circuit Electric circuit

There is no magnetic insulator as flux can pass through There are many materials which used as insulators.
all the materials, even through the air as well. From which current cannot pass.
For magnetic flux there is no perfect insulators. i.e. air, PVC, glass, synthetic resin etc.

Magnetic flux does not flow but it set up in the magnetic The electric current actually flows in an electric circuit.
circuit.

At constant temperature, the reluctance (S) of a At constant temperature, the resistance of an electric
magnetic circuit is not constant but varies with μr. circuit is constant as its value depends on resistivity
which is almost constant.

Once magnetic flux is setup in a magnetic circuit, no Energy needed as long as current flows through electric
energy needed. circuit.

From the given data, length of mean path in the ring (= Lm) is to be calculated.
For a mean diameter of 25 cm, with 1 mm of air-gap length. Lm = (π × 0.25) − (1 × 10−3) = 0.7844 m
Cross-sectional area of a 3 cm diameter ring = 7.065 × 10−4 sq.m.
Total m.m.f. due to coil = 700 × 2 = 1400 amp-turns
Since iron-path takes 30% of the total mmf, it is 420.
Remaining mmf of 980 is consumed by the air-gap.
Corresponding H for air-gap = 980/ (1 × 10−3) = 980000 amp-turns/m
If Flux density is Bg, we have
Bg = μ0Hg = 4π × 10−7 × 980000 = 1.2315 Wb/m2
Iron-ring and air-gap are in series hence their flux is same. Since the two have some cross-sectional area, the
flux density is also same. The ring has a mean length of 0.7844 m and needs an mmf of 420. For the ring.
H = 420/0.7844 = 535.44 amp-turns/m
μ0 μr = B/H = 1.2315 /535.44 = 2.3 × 10−3
μr = (2.3 × 10−3)/ (4π × 10−7) = 2.89 x 10- 9
Flux = Flux density × Cross-sectional area = 1.2315 × 7.065 × 10−4 = 8.7 milli-webers
 A scalar quantity characteristic of a location in a magnetic field, whose negative gradient matches the
magnetic field's intensity or strength, and which represents the labor necessary to move a unit north pole
from an infinitely distant point up to the point in question

The degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field is measured by

magnetic susceptibility, which is a dimensionless proportionality constant. The interaction of electrons and
nuclei with the external magnetic field causes it.

The B-H bend is commonly utilized to clarify the nonlinear magnetization behavior of
ferromagnetic fabric in reaction to an connected attractive field. The B-H bend is commonly utilized to characterize
the porousness of such materials in arrange to clarify their attractive characteristics. A ferromagnetic substance is
subjected to a attractive field. On the Y-axis, it shows a nonlinear increment. Flux Thickness slacks after
the connected outside field (called as hysteresis). As all of the spaces adjust parallel to the connected field,
the fabric comes to immersion. We may plot the hysteresis properties of a particular ferromagnetic fabric employing
a chart with B-H coordinates. A hysteresis circle may be a bend just like the one appeared within the outline. We may
plot the changing values of B inside the fabric by occasionally switching a magnetizing constrain.

i. Magnetic Saturation
The most noteworthy attractive constrain which will be connected to a steel bar inconclusively. A bar can be
magnetized beyond this limit, but it'll inevitably sink to it. The retentivity or coercive constrain of a
bar anticipates the attraction made in it from depolarizing. The inclination for depolarization increments as the degree
of magnetization increments. It's moreover known as the most extreme escalated of attraction created in a
paramagnetic substance by a attractive field, as influenced by the substance's penetrability. The lower
the leftover porousness of a substance, the more lines of force flowed through it. After a certain point, this is
often thought to gotten to be zero, and after that the immersion point is come to. The inclusion of any lines
of constrain after this point is alluded only to the field and not at all to the porousness of the substance. Be that as it
may, such a zero can as it were be approximated.

ii. Hysteresis
 The lag of a ferromagnetic material's magnetization behind the magnetizing force H is known as
hysteresis.
iii. Residual Magnetism
A permanent magnet's magnetism is the magnetism that remains in a magnetized body after it has
been exposed to external magnetic fields.
iv. Coercive Force
The greatness of invert field vital to completely demagnetize the steel taking after a past magnetization to
a particular sum of attractive flux thickness is the major reviewing trait of delicate press.

(i) MMF

The quality of a few substances or events that causes attractive areas is known as magnetomotive drive,
or attractive potential. Electromotive drive or voltage in power is comparable to magnetomotive force.

(ii) Reluctance

The restriction displayed by a attractive circuit to the creation of attractive flux

is depicted as attractive hesitance (too known as hesitance, attractive resistance, or a attractive covers). It could be
a fabric property that avoids attractive flux from being made in a attractive circuit.

(v) Flux Density

The number of attractive lines of drive voyaging through a surface within the typical heading is known
as attractive flux over a surface. The number of attractive lines of constrain voyaging through the
unit region encompassing a point within the typical course is known as attractive flux thickness.

(vii) Susceptibility

The measures of how much a fabric will be magnetized in an connected attractive field. The degree of magnetization of
a fabric in reaction to an connected attractive field is measured by attractive vulnerability, which may be
a dimensionless proportionality steady. The interaction of electrons and cores with the outside attractive field causes it.

(viii) Relative Permeability

Magnetic permeability, also known as penetrability in electromagnetism, could be a highlight of a attractive substance
that permits a attractive field to be shaped. Oliver Heaviside concocted the word within the year 1885.
The highlight of attractive porousness permits magnetic lines of constrain to stream through a substance. To put it
another way, a material's magnetic permeability is additionally its magnetization capacity. This makes a
difference decide how much attractive flux the fabric can back because it passes through it.

When the flux flowing in a magnetic core spreads out (or fringes out) into the surrounding medium, such as in
an air gap, the phenomenon of magnetic flux fringing occurs. Although flux leaking is usually considered a
different phenomenon, flux crowding and flux fringing are closely related.
Field lines that travel through the air instead of the armature in a field magnet are useless and waste fields.
These lines produce magnetic leakage.
A "virgin" ferromagnetic material becomes magnetically saturated when the external applied field is increased.
As internal magnetization develops, the boundaries of the domains change, as does the rotation of electron
spin alignment with the external field. This condition is known as magnetic saturation.
A ferromagnetic material's nonlinear magnetization behavior in response to an applied magnetic field
is frequently explained using the B-H curve. The B-H curve is frequently used to characterize the permeability
of such materials and explain their magnetic properties.
 When an electric current travels through a conductor, it produces a magnetic field; if the current is
alternating, the field varies in proportion to the current. The fluctuating magnetic field will induce currents in
the core if an ac current carrying wire is coiled around an electrically conductive core, such as in a transformer,
according to Faraday's induction equations. Magnetic currents in closed loops at right angles to the magnetic
field are known as eddy currents.