ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I

UNIT – I
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1 .Write down the expression for reluctance. what is it’s unit?
S=NI/ ɸ AT/Wb
where N-number of turns
I-current in the coil

ɸ -flux

2 .Why the operating point of the magnetic systems is not selected in

the saturation zone of the B-H characteristics?

3 .Define coefficient of coupling.

The fraction of magnetic flux produced by current in one coil that
links with the other coil is known as coefficient of coupling.
4 . State ohm’s law for magnetic circuits.
 Ohms law states that the magnetomotive force across the magnetic
element is equal to the product of the magnetic flux through the
magnetic element and reluctance of the magnetic material.
5 .Write the relation between magnetomotive force and magnetic
field intensity.
The magnetic field strength is given by,
H=NI/L
where NI= Magnetomotive force in AT
H=MMF/L
6 .Why magnetic core of a transformer is producing noise in audible
bandwidth?
The main cause of transformer noise is the magnetostriction effect.
The alternation current that flows through an electrical transformers coil
has a magnetic effect on its iron core. It causes the core to expand and
contract , resulting in a humming sound.
7. What are the types of magnetic losses?
The magnetic losses can be classified as
1.Hysterisis loss
2.Eddy current loss
These two losses are together called as core losses.
8.How hysteresis and eddy current losses are minimized?
Eddy current loss is minimized by using laminated constructions.
Hysterisis loss is minimized by selecting material with small hysteresis
loop area.
9.Define relative permeability.
The relative permeability is defined as the ratio of flux density
produced in a medium other than free space to the flux density produced
in a free space under the influence of same magnetic field strength.
µr=B/Bo
10.Give the expression for hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Hysterisis loss = Kh(Bm)16 fV watts
Eddy current loss = Ke(Bm)2 f 2t2V
Ke,Kh-Characteristic constant of the materials
Bm-Maximum flux density
f-Frequency
V-Volume
t-Thickness of the laminations
11.Define magnetic flux density
The flux per unit area in a plane at right angles to the flux is
known as flux density.
 B=/a
12.Define self inductance.
The property of the coil which opposes any change in the current
passing through it is called self inductance.
13.Define leakage flux.
The flux setup in the air path around the magnetic material is known
as leakage flux.
14.State ampere’s law.
Ampere’s law states that the circulation of magnetic field strength
H around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by that path.
15.What is hysteresis loss?
When a magnetic material is subjected to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization , it results into disturbance of various domains.
Now energy gets stored when magnetic field is established and energy is
returned when magnetic field collapses. This loss of energy appears as
heat in the magnetic material . This is known as hysteresis loss.
16.Define flux linkage.
The product of flux and the number of turns of the coil to which
the coil is linked is called flux linkage.
Flux linkage = Flux * Number of turns of coil
17.What is mean by statically induced emf ?
The coil remains stationary with respect to flux , but the flux
through it changes with respect to time . The emf induced is known as
statically induced emf .
18.Mention the materials suitable for fabrication of permanent
magnets ?
The materials suitable for permanent magnets are alnico,rare
earth cobalt,iron,nickel,lodestone,samarium cobalt combinations,
neodymium etc…
19.Define stacking factor.
The stacking factor is defined as the ratio of the net cross section
area of magnetic core to the gross cross section area of the magnetic core
. Due to laminations net cross section area will be always lesser than the
gross cross section area.
20.What are quasi static fields?
All the electromechanical energy conversion devices are slow
moving devices because of inertia associated with the moving parts.
Therefore , the fields in the device are also slow in nature .
21.Define magnetic reluctance.
In an electric circuit , current flow is opposed by the resistance of
the material. similarly in magnetic circuit , there is a opposition by the
material to the flow of flux which is called as the reluctance .
22.Define MMF and EMF ?
An electrical effort required to drift the free electrons in one
particular direction to constitute the current is called electromotive force
The driving force in magnetic circuit which causes the production
of the flux in a magnetic circuit is called the magnetomotive force .
23.What is dynamically induced emf ?
 Flux density distribution remains constant and stationary but the
coils moves relative to it .The emf induced is known as dynamically
induced emf.

24.Draw the B-H Curve of a permanent dipicting the design

components in it ?

25.A coil of 300 turns wound on a ferro magnetic material has been
inductance of 10mH .calculate the flux produced by current of 5A.

Given,

N=300 turns

L=10mH=0.01H

I=5A

L=Nɸ/I

ɸ=LI / N

ɸ=0.01*5 / 300

ɸ=0.05/300
 ɸ=0.16mWb

26.What are the basic types of rotating machines ?

1. DC machines
2.Induction machines
3.Synchronous machines .
27.Draw the typical magnetization curve of ferromagnetic material

28.Where does eddy current loss occur in an electrical machine and

how it can be reduced?
Eddy current loss occurs in the core of the transformer and it can be
reduced by using laminated constructions
29.Why core loss is said to be a constant loss?
Both the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are dependent on the
magnetic properties of the material used in the construction and design
of the core of the transformer .So these losses are constant and do not
depend on the value of load .