Beam Analysis and Design

Chapter 5

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Beam Design Criteria and Definitions
1. Bending (including stability)
2. Shear
3. Deflection
4. Bearing

▪ Most often, bending stress is the most critical in beam design

• trial size is obtain based on bending stress
▪ Sometimes deflection governs
▪ And for relatively short, heavily loaded spans, shear stress governs

Most economical beam - the member the satisfy all the design criteria
having smallest cross-sectional area
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Beam Design Criteria and Definitions

Loading Conditions (Sawn Lumber)

Bending about the strong axis (x-axis)
• Loaded edgewise
• Edgewise bending
• Load applied to the narrow face of member
Bending about the weak axis (y-axis)
• Loaded flatwise
• Flatwise bending
• Load applied to the wide face of member
Bending stress (fb) normally refers to the bending
about the strong axis, unless explicitly stated to be
bending about the weak axis.
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Beam Design Criteria and Definitions

Beam Span L

• Clear span Ln plus half of the

required bearing length lb at each
end of the beam

• Conservative to assume as the

distance of the centerline of the
supports

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Beam Design Criteria and Definitions

Layout of Joists, Beams and Girders

Typical roof and floor framing layout

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Beam Design Criteria and Definitions

Lateral Stability
1. Beam may buckle due to
compressive bending

2. Reference design value does

not account for the effect of
buckling in beam

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Lateral Stability

▪ Unbraced length lu – distance

between points of lateral support in
the compression edge
• The beam provides lateral support
to the supporting girder

▪ Beam span L vs unbraced length lu

• L is used in computing moments, stresses and deflections
• lu is used to compute stability factor

▪ Full lateral support – unbraced length lu = 0

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Lateral Stability

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Lateral Stability
• Slenderness Ratio RB – measure of tendency of a member to buckle laterally
due to insufficient lateral support

𝑙𝑒 𝑑
𝑅𝐵 =
𝑏2
b = beam thickness
d = beam depth
le = effective unbraced length
= based on unbraced length, type of span, loading condition and lu/d ratio

• Acceptable range of slenderness ratio: 0 ≤ RB ≤ 50

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Lateral Stability
Beam Stability factor, CL
∗ ∗ 2 ∗
1+ 𝐹𝑏𝐸 Τ𝐹𝑏𝑥 1 + 𝐹𝑏𝐸 Τ𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝐸 Τ𝐹𝑏𝑥
𝐶𝐿 = − −
1.9 1.9 0.95

𝐹𝑏𝐸 = Euler-based ASD critical buckling value for bending members

′
1.20𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
𝑅𝐵2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
∗
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 𝐹𝑏𝑥 × 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐿
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
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Lateral Stability

The formula is result of the column studies of Ylinen and is confirmed by the work done
at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) as part of a unified treatment of combined axial
and bending loads for wood members.
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Laterally Supported Beam and Shear Stress
Laterally Supported Beam, CL = 1.0 𝑉
𝑓𝑣 = 1.5
𝐴

Shear stress in the region d distance from

face of support is neglected due to effect
of confinement.

The region near the support is somehow

rigid.
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Deflection

𝑃, 𝑤, 𝐿
max ∆ = 𝑓
𝐼, 𝐸 ′

Deflection is checked under live load alone (ΔLL) or combination of dead and
live loads (ΔTL).
𝐦𝐚𝐱 ∆𝑳𝑳 ≤ 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. ∆𝑳𝑳
𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∆𝑻𝑳 ≤ 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. ∆𝑻𝑳
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Deflection

𝑤𝐿4
max ∆ =
8𝐸′𝐼
→ 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑤

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Deflection Limits

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Bearing Stress

𝑅1 ′
𝑅1
𝑓𝑐⊥ = ≤ 𝐹𝑐⊥ → 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≥ ′
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝐹𝑐⊥
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Example 1 (Analysis of Rough Sawn Beam)
Rough-sawn Beam Solution (Example 1)
Determine if the 6 x 14 rough-sawn beam in
figure below is adequate to support the given 1. Reactions and shear and bending moment
loads. The member is 63% stress grade Dao diagrams
(from moderately high strength group). The
load combination is D + L. Lateral buckling is
prevented. The beam is exposed to weather
condition under normal temperature.

7.2 k 7.2 k
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Example 1 (Analysis of Rough Sawn Beam)
2. Section properties 3. Check Bending

Note: M = 21.6 k-ft = 21.6 x 12 = 259.2 k-in

Dimensions of rough sawn lumber is approximately 𝑀 259.2𝑒3
𝑓𝑏 = = = 1489.329181 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1/8 in larger than the standard dressed size. 𝑆 174.0

Nominal: 6 x 14 Fb = 12.8 MPa = 12.8(145.0377) = 1856.48256 psi

1
Standard dressed: 5.5 x 13.5 (from Table of Sections) 12 9
𝐶𝐹 = = 0.986 (three decimal is enough)
Rough-sawn: 5.625 x 13.625 13.625
Since Timber (b>5”), 𝐶𝑀 = 1.0
CD = 1.0 (for floor live load)
𝐴 = 5.625 × 13.625 = 76.640625 𝑖𝑛2
𝑏𝑑 3 5.625 13.625 3
𝐼= = = 1185 𝑖𝑛4 𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑖
12 12
𝐼 1185 = 1856.48. . 1.0 1.0 0.986 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑆= = = 174.0 𝑖𝑛3 𝑭′𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝒇𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑶𝑲
𝑐 13.625
2

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 Example 1 (Analysis of Rough Sawn Beam)
5𝑤𝑇𝐿 𝐿4 5 1200 12 4 12 3
4. Check Shear ∆ 𝑇𝐿 = = = 0.76 𝑖𝑛
𝑉 7.2𝑒3 384𝐸′𝐼 384 620.07615439𝑒3 1185
𝑓𝑣 = 1.5 = 1.5 ≅ 140.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐿 12 12
𝐴 76.64 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. ∆ 𝑇𝐿 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒊𝒏 < 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝒊𝒏 𝑵𝒐 𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅
240 240
𝐹𝑣 = 1.51 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Failed in deflection. Increase member size.
𝐹𝑣′ = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
𝐹𝑣′ = 1.51 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 × 145.0377 6. Bearing (This is optional for this case. Not required if a
𝑭′𝒗 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑶𝑲 previous criterion has already proved the beam to be
inadequate.)
5. Check deflection 𝐹𝑐⊥ = 1.79 𝑀𝑃𝑎
No breakdown of live and dead loads, thus, only ′
𝐹𝑐⊥ = 𝐹𝑐⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑏 𝐶𝑖
the deflection due to total loads will be checked. ′
𝐹𝑐⊥ = 1.79 0.67 1.0 1.0 1.0 × 145.0377
′
𝐹𝑐⊥ = 173.9437663 psi
𝐸 = 4.28𝑒3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝑅1 7200
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≥ ′ = = 7.36 𝑖𝑛
𝐸 ′ = 4.28𝑒3 1.0 1.0 1.0 × 145.0377 𝑏𝐹𝑐⊥ 5.625 173.9437663
𝐸 ′ = 620.07615439𝑒3 psi
Length of bearing is somehow unrealistic. There is a need of
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stronger wood species.
Example 2 (Design of Sawn Beam)
Design the typical joists B1 and girder G1 in the floor
frame shown in the figure.
Loads
DL = 35 psf (excluding weight of the frame)
LL = 40 psf (for the joist)
LL = 30 psf (for the girder)
Conditions
Dry service condition
Normal temperature
No incision
Reference Dimension Timber
Material
Design Value Lumber
Wood Species:
Douglas-Fir Larch Fb 1500 psi 1600 psi
Stress Grade: Fv 180 psi 170 psi
Select Structural Fc⊥ 625 psi 625 psi
Floor sheathing provides lateral support to Weight: E 1900 ksi 1600 ksi
35 lb/ft 3
the floor joists. Emin 690 ksi 580 ksi
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
Design of B1
L = 18’-6” = 18.5 ft
TW = B1 spacing = 16 in

Determine the uniform load w for B1

w = TL x TW
TL = DL + LL
TL = 35 + 40 = 75 psf
• weight of B1 not yet included; will be determined
later
w = (75 psf)(16 in x (1 ft / 12 in))
w = 100 lb/ft

Maximum moment for simple span beam:

Mmax = wL2/8
Mmax = 100(18.5)2/8 = 4278.125 lb-ft
Mmax = 51337.5 lb-in
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
fb = M/S Design the typical joists B1 and girder G1 in the floor
Fb’ = M/Sreqd frame shown in the figure.
Sreqd = M/Fb’ Loads
DL = 35 psf (excluding weight of the frame)
M = Mmax = 51337.5 lb-in LL = 40 psf (for the joist)
LL = 30 psf (for the girder)
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL Conditions
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L) Dry service condition
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) Normal temperature
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature) No incision
Ci = 1.0 (no incision) Reference Dimension Timber
Material
CL = 1.0 (floor sheathing provides lateral support) Design Value Lumber
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading) Species:
Douglas-Fir Larch Fb 1500 psi 1600 psi
Cr = 1.15 (spacing = 16 in < 24 in, a repetitive member)
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume by now) Stress Grade: Fv 180 psi 170 psi
Select Structural Fc⊥ 625 psi 625 psi
Fb’ = 1500(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.15)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) Weight: E 1900 ksi 1600 ksi
35 lb/ft 3
Fb’ = 1725 psi
Emin 690 ksi 580 ksi
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
fb = M/S
Fb’ = M/Sreqd
Sreqd = M/Fb’
M = Mmax = 51337.5 lb-in
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L)
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition)
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature)
Ci = 1.0 (no incision)
CL = 1.0 (floor sheathing provide lateral support)
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading)
Cr = 1.15 (spacing = 16 in < 24 in, a repetitive member)
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume by now)
Fb’ = 1500(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.15)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Fb’ = 1725 psi
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Sreqd = 51337.5 / 1725 = 29.76 in3
See Table of Sections for trial sections
1. 4x8 (3.5x7.25)
A = 25.38 in2 | S = 30.66 in3 | I = 111.1 in4
2. 2x12 (1.5x11.25)
A = 16.88 in2 | S = 31.64 in3 | I = 178.0 in4
3. 3x10 (2.5x9.25)
A = 23.13 in2 | S = 35.65 in3 | I = 164.9 in4
4. 2x14 (1.5x13.25)
A = 19.88 in2 | S = 43.89 in3 | I = 290.8 in4
Try 2x12 (one with smallest area)
1.5x11.25 | A = 16.88 in2 | S = 31.64 in3 | I = 178.0 in4
--> size factor can now be determined
There will be another correction about size factor.
Beam Analysis and Design 24
Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
For timbers:
1
12 9
𝐶𝐹 =
𝑑

For dimension lumbers:

Previously we use 1.0
(conservative)
Actually, in general, CF > 1.0

For 2x12:
CF = 1.0
We assumed correct CF.
Thus,
Fb’ = 1725 psi

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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
Solve for total w
For timbers:
1 --> includes weight of the beam
12 9 Given weight: 35 lb/ft3
𝐶𝐹 = --> wB1 = unit weight x Area
𝑑
wB1 = (35 lb/ft3)(16.88 in2 x 1 ft2 / 144 in2)
For dimension lumbers: wB1 = 4.102777778 lb/ft
Previously we use 1.0 (in psf) DLB1 = wB1/spacing
(conservative) (in psf) DLB1 = 4.102777778/(16/12) = 3.077083333 psf
Actually, in general, CF > 1.0 --> will be used for the design of girder

For 2x12: wTL = w + wB1 = 100 + 4.102777778

CF = 1.0 wTL = 104.102777778 lb/ft
We assumed correct CF.
Thus, Mmax = wL2/8 = 104.102777778(18.5)2/8
Fb’ = 1725 psi Mmax = 4453.646962 lb-ft = 53443.76354 lb-in

Trial Section 2x12

1.5x11.25 | A = 16.88 in2 | S = 31.64 in3 | I = 178.0 in4
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
fb = M/S Solve for total w
fb = 53443.76354 / 31.64 --> includes weight of the beam
fb = 1689 psi < Fb’ OK Given weight: 35 lb/ft3
--> wB1 = unit weight x Area
∴ The trial beam section 2x12 can resist bending wB1 = (35 lb/ft3)(16.88 in2 x 1 ft2 / 144 in2)
stress. wB1 = 4.102777778 lb/ft
Check shear (in psf) DLB1 = wB1/spacing
fv = 1.5 V/A (in psf) DLB1 = 4.102777778/(16/12) = 3.077083333 psf
Vmax = wL/2 = 104.102777778(18.5)/2 --> will be used for the design of girder
Vmax = 962.9506944 lb
wTL = w + wB1 = 100 + 4.102777778
fv = 1.5 (962.9506944/16.88)
wTL = 104.102777778 lb/ft
fv = 85.57 psi
Fv’ = FvCDCMCtCi
Mmax = wL2/8 = 104.102777778(18.5)2/8
Fv’ = (180)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Mmax = 4453.646962 lb-ft = 53443.76354 lb-in
Fv’ = 180 psi > fv OK
∴ The trial beam section 2x12 can resist shear Trial Section 2x12
stress. 1.5x11.25 | A = 16.88 in2 | S = 31.64 in3 | I = 178.0 in4
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
fb = M/S
Check Deflection
fb = 53443.76354 / 31.64
E’ = ECMCtCi = 1900(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
fb = 1689 psi < Fb’ OK
E’ = 1900 ksi = 1900000 psi
∴ The trial beam section 2x12 can resist bending I = 178.0 in4
stress.
Allow ΔLL = L/360
Check shear Allow ΔLL = 18.5 ft/360
fv = 1.5 V/A Allow ΔLL = 0.617 in
Vmax = wL/2 = 104.102777778(18.5)/2
Allow ΔTL = L/240
Vmax = 962.9506944 lb
Allow ΔTL = 0.925 in
fv = 1.5 (962.9506944/16.88)
fv = 85.57 psi
wLL = LL(TW) = 40 psf (16/12 ft)
Fv’ = FvCDCMCtCi
wLL = 53.33333333 lb/ft = 4.444444444 lb/in
Fv’ = (180)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Fv’ = 180 psi > fv OK wDL = wTL – wLL = 104.1027777778 – 53.333333333
wDL = 50.76944444 lb/ft = 4.230787037 lb/in
∴ The trial beam section 2x12 can resist shear
stress.
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
Solving for actual deflection:
5𝑤𝐿4 Check Deflection
∆= E’ = ECMCtCi = 1900(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
384𝐸𝐼
5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4 E’ = 1900 ksi = 1900000 psi
∆𝐿𝐿 =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼 I = 178.0 in4
5 4.4444444444 18.5 × 12 4
∆𝐿𝐿 =
384 1900000 178.0 Allow ΔLL = L/360
∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝒊𝒏 < Allow ΔLL OK Allow ΔLL = 18.5 ft/360
∆𝐷𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿
Allow ΔLL = 0.617 in
= → ∆𝐷𝐿 = 𝑤
𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐿 Allow ΔTL = L/240
Allow ΔTL = 0.925 in
0.415618199
∆𝐷𝐿 = 4.230787037
4.444444444 wLL = LL(TW) = 40 psf (16/12 ft)
∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.39563822 𝑖𝑛
wLL = 53.33333333 lb/ft = 4.444444444 lb/in
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿
wDL = wTL – wLL = 104.1027777778 – 53.333333333
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = ∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿 wDL = 50.76944444 lb/ft = 4.230787037 lb/in
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
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Example 2 (Part 1: Design of B1)
Solving for actual deflection: ∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿
5𝑤𝐿4 ∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5 0.39563822 + 0.415618199
∆=
384𝐸𝐼 ∆𝑻𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝒊𝒏 < Allow ΔTL = 0.925in OK
5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4
∆𝐿𝐿 =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼 ∴ The trial beam section 2x12 is adequate against live
5 4.4444444444 18.5 × 12 4 load, and long term deflections.
∆𝐿𝐿 =
384 1900000 178.0
∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝒊𝒏 < Allow ΔLL OK Check Bearing
Support detail is not given
∆𝐷𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿
= → ∆𝐷𝐿 = 𝑤 →Compute required length of bearing
𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐿
Fc⊥’ = Fc⊥CMCtCbCi
0.415618199
∆𝐷𝐿 = 4.230787037 Fc⊥’ = 625(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
4.444444444 Fc⊥’ = 625 psi
∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.39563822 𝑖𝑛
𝑅
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = ′
𝑏𝐹𝑐⊥
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
962.9506944
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = ∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒊𝒏
→ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1.5 625
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 30
Example 2 (Design of Sawn Beam)
Design the typical joists B1 and girder G1 in the floor
frame shown in the figure.
Loads
DL = 35 psf (excluding weight of the frame)
LL = 40 psf (for the joist)
LL = 30 psf (for the girder) DLB1 = 3.077083333 psf
Conditions
Dry service condition
Normal temperature
No incision
Reference Dimension Timber
Material
Design Value Lumber
Species:
Douglas-Fir Larch Fb 1500 psi 1600 psi
Stress Grade: Fv 180 psi 170 psi
Select Structural Fc(perp) 625 psi 625 psi
Floor sheathing provides lateral support to Weight: E 1900 ksi 1600 ksi
35 lb/ft 3
the floor joists. Emin 690 ksi 580 ksi
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 31
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
Design of G1
L = 25 ft
TW = 18.5/2 + 18/2 = 18.25 ft

Determine the uniform load w for G1

w = TL x TW
TL = DL + DLB1 + LL
TL = 35 + 3.077083333 + 30 = 68.077083333 psf
• weight of G1 not yet included; will be determined
later
w = (68.077083333 psf)(18.25 ft)
w = 1242.406771 lb/ft

Maximum moment for simple span beam:

Mmax = wL2/8
Mmax = 1242.406771(25)2/8 = 97063.02897 lb-ft
Mmax = 1164756.348 lb-in
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 32
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
fb = M/S
Fb’ = M/Sreqd Design the typical joists B1 and girder G1 in the floor
Sreqd = M/Fb’ frame shown in the figure.
Loads
M = Mmax = 1164756.348 lb-in DL = 35 psf (excluding weight of the frame)
LL = 40 psf (for the joist)
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL LL = 30 psf (for the girder) DLB1 = 3.077083333 psf
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L) Conditions
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) Dry service condition
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature) Normal temperature
Ci = 1.0 (no incision) No incision
Reference Dimension Timber
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading) Material
Design Value Lumber
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member) Species:
Douglas-Fir Larch Fb 1500 psi 1600 psi
CL = 1.0 (assume for now)
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume for now) Stress Grade: Fv 180 psi 170 psi
Select Structural Fc(perp) 625 psi 625 psi
(Assume timber for G1) Weight: E 1900 ksi 1600 ksi
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) 35 lb/ft 3
Fb’ = 1600 psi Emin 690 ksi 580 ksi
Beam Analysis and Design 33
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
fb = M/S
Fb’ = M/Sreqd
Sreqd = M/Fb’
M = Mmax = 1164756.348 lb-in
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L)
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition)
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature)
Ci = 1.0 (no incision)
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading)
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member)
CL = 1.0 (assume for now)
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume for now)
(Assume timber for G1)
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Fb’ = 1600 psi
Sreqd = M/Fb’
Sreqd = 1164756.348 / 1600
Sreqd = 727.97 in3 > max S for dimension lumber. ∴ TIMBER
Look for members having nearest S (Trial Sections)
1. 10x22 (9.5x21.5)
A = 204.3 in2 | S = 731.9 in3 | I = 7868 in4
2. 10x24 (9.5x23.5)
A = 223.3 in2 | S = 874.4 in3 | I = 10270 in4
3. 12x20 (11.5x19.5)
A = 224.3 in2 | S = 728.8 in3 | I = 7106 in4
4. 12x22 (11.5x21.5)
A = 247.3 in2 | S = 886.0 in3 | I = 9524 in4
5. 14x20 (13.5x19.5)
A = 263.3 in2 | S = 855.6 in3 | I = 8342 in4
Try 10x22 (one with smallest area)
→ With cross section above, solve CF.
→ This serves as temporary CF. 34
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
fb = M/S Sreqd = M/Fb’
Fb’ = M/Sreqd Sreqd = 1164756.348 / 1600
Sreqd = M/Fb’ Sreqd = 727.97 in3

M = Mmax = 1164756.348 lb-in Try 10x22 (one with smallest area)

→ With cross section above, solve CF.
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL → This serves as temporary CF.
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L)
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) 10x22 (9.5x21.5):
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature) A = 204.3 in2 | S = 731.9 in3 | I = 7868 in4
Ci = 1.0 (no incision)
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading) For timbers:
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member) 1
12 9
CL = 1.0 (assume for now) 𝐶𝐹 =
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume for now) 𝑑
1
12 9
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) 𝐶𝐹 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕
Fb’ = 1600 psi 21.5
Beam Analysis and Design 35
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
Solve Fb’ using temporary CF.
Sreqd = M/Fb’
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL
Sreqd = 1164756.348 / 1600
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L)
Sreqd = 727.97 in3
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition)
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature)
Try 10x22 (one with smallest area)
Ci = 1.0 (no incision)
→ With cross section above, solve CF.
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading)
→ This serves as temporary CF.
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member)
CL = 1.0 (assume for now)
10x22 (9.5x21.5):
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume for now)
A = 204.3 in2 | S = 731.9 in3 | I = 7868 in4
CF = 0.937
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(0.937)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
For timbers:
Fb’ = 1499.2 psi 1
12 9
Checking: 𝐶𝐹 =
fb = 1164756.348/ 731.9 = 1591.4psi > Fb’ NOT OK 𝑑
1
12 9
Thus, Solve for new Sreqd 𝐶𝐹 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕
Sreqd = 1164756.348 / 1499.2 21.5
Sreqd = 776.92 in3 Beam Analysis and Design 36
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
Solve Fb’ using temporary CF. See Table of Sections for trial sections
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL 1. 10x22 (9.5x21.5)
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L) A = 204.3 in2 | S = 731.9 in3 | I = 7868 in4
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) 2. 10x24 (9.5x23.5)
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature) A = 223.3 in2 | S = 874.4 in3 | I = 10270 in4
Ci = 1.0 (no incision) 3. 12x20 (11.5x19.5)
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading) A = 224.3 in2 | S = 728.8 in3 | I = 7106 in4
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member) 4. 12x22 (11.5x21.5)
CL = 1.0 (assume for now) A = 247.3 in2 | S = 886.0 in3 | I = 9524 in4
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume for now) 5. 14x20 (13.5x19.5)
CF = 0.937 A = 263.3 in2 | S = 855.6 in3 | I = 8342 in4
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(0.937)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) Try 10x24 (one with smallest area)
Fb’ = 1499.2 psi 9.5x23.5 | A = 223.3 in2 | S = 874.4 in3 | I = 10270 in4
Checking: → Actual size factor can now be determined
1
fb = 1164756.348/ 731.9 = 1591.4psi > Fb’ NOT OK 12 9
𝐶𝐹 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟖
Thus, Solve for new Sreqd 23.5
Sreqd = 1164756.348 / 1499.2
Sreqd = 776.92 in3 How about CL?? 37
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
CL = 1.0
d/b = 23.5/9.5 = 2.47 See Table of Sections for trial sections
1. 10x24 (9.5x23.5)
And it can be assumed that girder ends are held
A = 223.3 in2 | S = 874.4 in3 | I = 10270 in4
in position by the floor joists.
2. 12x22 (11.5x21.5)
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(0.928)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) A = 247.3 in2 | S = 886.0 in3 | I = 9524 in4
Fb’ = 1484.8 psi 3. 14x20 (13.5x19.5)
A = 263.3 in2 | S = 855.6 in3 | I = 8342 in4
Checking:
fb = 1164756.348/ 874.4 = 1332.06 psi < Fb’ OK Try 10x24 (one with smallest area)
9.5x23.5 | A = 223.3 in2 | S = 874.4 in3 | I = 10270 in4
Solve for wTL
→ Actual size factor can now be determined
Unit weight = 35 lb/ft3
wG1 = (unit weight) (area) = 35 (223.3/144) 1
wG1 = 54.27430556 lb/ft 12 9
wTL = 1242.406771 + 54.27430556 𝐶𝐹 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟖
23.5
wTL = 1296.681077 lb/ft
How about CL??
Mmax = wL2/8= 1296.681077(25)2/8
Mmax = 101303.2091 lb-ft = 1215638.509 lb-in Beam Analysis and Design 38
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
CL = 1.0 Solve fb (actual stress; self weight considered)
d/b = 23.5/9.5 = 2.47
And it can be assumed that girder ends are held fb = M/S
in position by the floor joists. fb = 1215638.509/874.4
fb = 1390.25 psi < Fb’ OK
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(0.928)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Fb’ = 1484.8 psi ∴ The trial beam section 10x24 can resist bending stress.

Checking: Check Shear

fb = 1164756.348/ 874.4 = 1332.06 psi < Fb’ OK fv = 1.5 V/A
Solve for wTL Vmax = wL/2 = 1296.681077(25)/2
Unit weight = 35 lb/ft3 Vmax = 16208.51346 lb
wG1 = (unit weight) (area) = 35 (223.3/144) fv = 1.5(16208.51346/223.3)
wG1 = 54.27430556 lb/ft fv = 108.88 psi
wTL = 1242.406771 + 54.27430556 Fv’ = FvCDCMCtCi
wTL = 1296.681077 lb/ft Fv’ = (170)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
Fv’ = 170 psi > fv OK
Mmax = wL2/8 = 1296.681077(25)2/8 ∴ The trial beam section 10x24 can resist shear stress.
Mmax = 101303.2091 lb-ft = 1215638.509 lb-in Beam Analysis and Design 39
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
Check Deflection Solve fb (actual stress; self weight considered)
E’ = ECMCtCi fb = M/S
E’ = 1600(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) fb = 1215638.509/874.4
E’ = 1600 ksi = 1600000 psi fb = 1390.25 psi < Fb’ OK
I = 10270 in4
∴ The trial beam section 10x24 can resist bending stress.
Allow ΔLL = L/360
Allow ΔLL = 25 ft/360 Check Shear
Allow ΔLL = 0.833 in fv = 1.5 V/A
Allow ΔTL = L/240 Vmax = wL/2 = 1296.681077(25)/2
Allow ΔTL = 1.25 in Vmax = 16208.51346 lb
fv = 1.5(16208.51346/223.3)
wLL = LL(TW) = 30 psf (18.25 ft) fv = 108.88 psi
wLL = 547.5 lb/ft = 45.625 lb/in Fv’ = FvCDCMCtCi
Fv’ = (170)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
wDL = wTL – wLL = 1296.681077 – 547.5 Fv’ = 170 psi > fv OK
wDL = 749.181077 lb/ft = 62.43175642 lb/in
∴ The trial beam section 10x24 can resist shear stress.
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 40
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
Check Deflection Solving for actual deflection:
E’ = ECMCtCi 5𝑤𝐿4
∆=
E’ = 1600(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) 384𝐸𝐼
E’ = 1600 ksi = 1600000 psi
I = 10270 in4 5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4
∆𝐿𝐿 =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼
Allow ΔLL = L/360 5 45.625 25 × 12 4
∆𝐿𝐿 =
Allow ΔLL = 25 ft/360 384 1600000 10270
Allow ΔLL = 0.833 in ∆𝐿𝐿 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏 < Allow ΔLL OK
Allow ΔTL = L/240 ∆𝐷𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿
Allow ΔTL = 1.25 in = → ∆𝐷𝐿 = 𝑤
𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐿
0.292843945
wLL = LL(TW) = 30 psf (18.25 ft) ∆𝐷𝐿 = 62.43175642
45.625
wLL = 547.5 lb/ft = 45.625 lb/in ∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.400718069 𝑖𝑛
wDL = wTL – wLL = 1296.681077 – 547.5
wDL = 749.181077 lb/ft = 62.43175642 lb/in ∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 41
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5 0.400718069 + 0.292843945 Solving for actual deflection:
∆𝑻𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝒊𝒏 < Allow ΔTL = 1.25in OK 5𝑤𝐿4
∆=
∴ The trial beam section 10x24 is adequate against live 384𝐸𝐼
load, and long term deflections.
5𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐿4
∆𝐿𝐿 =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼
Check Bearing 5 45.625 25 × 12 4
Support detail is not given. ∆𝐿𝐿 =
384 1600000 10270
→ Compute required length of bearing. ∆𝐿𝐿 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏 < Allow ΔLL OK
Fc⊥’ = Fc⊥CMCtCbCi ∆𝐷𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿 ∆𝐿𝐿
Fc⊥’ = 625(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) = → ∆𝐷𝐿 = 𝑤
𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐿
Fc⊥’ = 625 psi 0.292843945
∆𝐷𝐿 = 62.43175642
𝑅 16208.51346 45.625
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = ′ = ∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.400718069 𝑖𝑛
𝑏𝐹𝑐⊥ 9.5 625
𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝒊𝒏 ∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 42
Bearing Stress at Supports

Bearing parallel to the grain, fc ≤ Fc* Bearing perpendicular to the grain, fc⊥ ≤ Fc⊥’

𝑃 𝑃
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 𝑓𝑐⊥ = ≤ 𝐹𝑐′⊥
𝐴 𝐴𝑏
𝐹𝑐 * ′
𝐹𝑐 ∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 43
Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain
𝑃
𝑓𝜃 =
𝐴𝑏
𝑓𝜃 = bearing at an angle to grain
= bearing at the sloped rafter
𝑃 = reaction at the beam or header support
𝐴𝑏 = contact area or bearing area

'
𝒇𝜽 ≤ 𝑭𝜽⊥

𝐹𝐶∗ 𝐹𝐶⊥
′
𝐹𝜃 ′ = ∗ 2 ′
𝐹𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐶⊥ cos 2 𝜃
𝐹𝐶∗ = allowable bearing stress parallel to the
grain of the sloped member excluding stability
factor
′
𝐹𝐶⊥ = allowable bearing stress perpendicular to
the grain of the sloped member
𝜃 = angle between the direction of the reaction
or bearing stress and the direction of the grain
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design (of the member being considered) 44
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
The sloped rafter shown is supported on a
ridge beam at the ridge line and on the exterior stud
wall. The reaction from dead load plus the roof live
load on the rafter at the exterior stud wall is 1800 lb.

Assuming No. 1 spruce-pine-fir and normal

temperature and dry service conditions, determine:

1. The allowable bearing stress or allowable stress

′
perpendicular to the grain 𝐹𝐶⊥ and the allowable
bearing stress at an angle to the grain 𝐹𝜃′
2. The bearing stress at an angle to the grain 𝑓𝜃 in
~ 12 in the rafter
3. The bearing stress perpendicular to the grain 𝑓𝐶⊥
in the top plates
4. Is the rafter connection at the stud wall
adequate to support the load?
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 45
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 46
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
R = 1800 lb
No. 1 spruce-pine-fir
normal temperature
dry service conditions

Required:
1. 𝐹𝐶⊥′
for the top plates, 𝐹𝜃′ for the rafter
2. 𝑓𝜃
3. 𝑓𝐶⊥
4. Adequacy of the rafter connection
Ab = 1.5(3.5)
Ab = 5.25 in2 Rafter: 2x8 -> 1.5x7.25 Ab = 5.25 in2
~ 12 in
Rafter and top Top plates: 2x4 -> 1.5x3.5
plate have same
contact area No. 1 spruce-pine-fir:
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝐶 = 1150 𝑝𝑠𝑖
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 47
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝟏. 𝒂. 𝑭′𝑪⊥ for the top plate R = 1800 lb
No. 1 spruce-pine-fir
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) normal temperature
Ct = 1.0 (normal temp) dry service conditions
Ci = 1.0 (default: assume no incision)
Cb: length of bearing along the grain = 1.5 in < 6 in Required:
Distance from member end is ~12in > 3 in (the rafter is 1. 𝐹𝐶⊥ ′
for the top plates, 𝐹𝜃′ for the rafter
not located at the end of the stud wall) 2. 𝑓𝜃
3. 𝑓𝐶⊥
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 1.5 + 0.375 4. Adequacy of the rafter connection
𝐶𝑏 = = = 1.25
𝑙𝑏 1.5
Rafter: 2x8 -> 1.5x7.25 Ab = 5.25 in2
′ Top plates: 2x4 -> 1.5x3.5
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Top plate 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.25
No. 1 spruce-pine-fir
Top plate 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟓𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝐶 = 1150 𝑝𝑠𝑖
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 48
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝟏. 𝒃. 𝑭′𝜽 for the rafter
𝟏. 𝒂. 𝑭′𝑪⊥ for the top plate
∗ ′
′ 𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶⊥
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) 𝐹𝜃 = ∗ 2 ′ 2
→ 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
Ct = 1.0 (normal temp) 𝐹𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐶⊥ cos 𝜃
Ci = 1.0 (default: assume no incision) Where:
Cb: length of bearing along the grain = 1.5 in < 6 in 𝐹𝐶∗ = allowable bearing stress parallel to the grain of the
Distance from member end is ~12in > 3 in (the sloped member excluding stability factor
′
rafter is not located at the end of the stud wall) 𝐹𝐶⊥ = allowable bearing stress perpendicular to the grain
of the sloped member
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 1.5α + 0.375 𝜃 = angle between the direction of the reaction or bearing
𝐶𝑏 = = = 1.25 stress and the direction of the grain
𝑙𝑏 1.5
′ ~ 12 in 𝑭′𝑪⊥ :
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Top plate 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.25 CM , Ct , Ci = 1.0
Top plate 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟓𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 Cb: Distance from member end is > 3 in (based on the
figure)
Length of bearing along the rafter?
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 49
 Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 𝟏. 𝒃. 𝑭′𝜽 for the rafter
𝐶𝑏 =
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏 = 3.5/ cos 𝛼 𝐹𝐶∗ 𝐹𝐶⊥
′

−1
6 𝐹𝜃′ = ∗ 2 ′ 2
→ 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
cos 𝛼 = cos tan = 0.894427191 𝐹𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐶⊥ cos 𝜃
12
Where:
𝑙𝑏 = 3.913118961 𝑖𝑛 < 6in
𝐹𝐶∗ = allowable bearing stress parallel to the grain of the
3.913118961 + 0.375
𝐶𝑏 = = 1.096 3 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 sloped member excluding stability factor
3.913118961 ′
𝐹𝐶⊥ = allowable bearing stress perpendicular to the grain
This is incorrect. Cb is not applicable for bearing stress
of the sloped member
at notched part of the member. Thus, Cb = 1.0.
𝜃 = angle between the direction of the reaction or bearing
′ stress and the direction of the grain
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Rafter 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
′ 𝑭′𝑪⊥ :
Rafter 𝑭𝑪⊥ = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
CM , Ct , Ci = 1.0
∗
𝑭𝑪 : Cb: Distance from member end is > 3 in (based on the
∗
𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 figure)
∗
𝐹𝐶 = 1150 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 Length of bearing along the rafter?
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 50
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 CM , Ct , Ci = 1.0
𝐶𝑏 =
𝑙𝑏 CD = 1.25 (roof live load)
𝑙𝑏 = 3.5/ cos 𝛼 CF = 1.05 (Table 4A)
6
−1
cos 𝛼 = cos tan = 0.894427191 𝐹𝐶∗ = 1150 1.25 1.0 1.05 1.0 1.0
12
𝑙𝑏 = 3.913118961 𝑖𝑛 < 6in 𝑭∗𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
3.913118961 + 0.375 6
𝐶𝑏 = = 1.096 3 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝜃 = 90 − tan−1 = 63.43494882°
3.913118961 12
This is incorrect. Cb is not applicable for bearing stress ′ 1509.375 425
𝐹𝜃 =
at notched part of the member. Thus, Cb = 1.0. 1509.375 sin2 63.43° + 425 cos 2 63.43°

′ Rafter 𝑭′𝜽 = 𝟒𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Rafter 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2 & 3. 𝒇𝜽 & 𝒇𝑪⊥
Rafter 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑅 1800
𝑓𝜃 = 𝑓𝐶⊥ = = = 343 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑏 5.25
𝑭∗𝑪 :
𝐹𝐶∗ = 𝐹𝐶 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 4. Adequacy against bearing
𝐹𝐶∗ = 1150 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝑓𝐶⊥ < 531.25 psi (ok for top plate)
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 𝑓𝜃 < 496.31 psi (ok for rafter) 51
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
Determine the adequacy of a 4x14 Select Structural
Red Maple sawn beam to support a concentrated
live load of 2000 lb that can be located anywhere on
the beam. The beam span is 15 ft, normal
temperature and dry service condition apply, and wDL
the beam is laterally braced at the supports only.
Assume wood density of 35 lb/ft3. Available length
of bearing is 3 in. Consider the effect of Euler
buckling for the beam stability. Consider the effect
of creep in checking for deflection (∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 +
∆𝐿𝐿 ). Use CD = 1.0.

4x14 → 3.5x13.25
Select Structural Red Maple 𝒘𝑫𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕 → beam self weight
Fb = 1300 psi 𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 11.27 15 2 2000 15
Fv = 210 psi 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + = +
8 4 8 4
Fc(perp) = 615 psi 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7816.97 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃 ∙ 𝒊𝒏
E = 1700 ksi, Emin = 620 ksi
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 52
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported

wDL wDL

𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 11.27 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 𝒘𝑫𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕 → beam self weight

𝑤𝐿 11.27 15 𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 11.27 15 2 2000 15
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +𝑃 = + 2000 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + = +
2 2 8 4 8 4
𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7816.97 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃 ∙ 𝒊𝒏
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 53
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
′
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 93803.625 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 1.20𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2084.525 𝑙𝑏 𝐹𝐵𝐸 =
𝑅𝐵2
Check Bending 𝑙𝑒 𝑑
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL 𝑅𝐵 =
𝑏2
CD = 1.0 (given in the problem)
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition)
Effective length, 𝒍𝒆
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature) 𝑙𝑢 15 × 12
Ci = 1.0 (no incision) = = 13.58
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading) 𝑑 13.25
𝑙𝑒 = 1.63𝑙𝑢 + 3𝑑 = 1.63 15 × 12 + 3 13.25
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member) 𝒍𝒆 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝒊𝒏
CF = 1.0 (for 4x14)
CL: Beam stability considering Euler buckling 333.15 13.25
𝑅𝐵 = 2
= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 … < 50 𝑶𝑲
𝐹 𝐹 2
𝐹𝑏𝐸 3.5
1 + 𝑏𝐸 1 + 𝑏𝐸
𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗
𝐶𝐿 = − − ′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 620 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.9 1.9 0.95
𝑬′𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 54
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
1.20 620𝑒3 ′
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 1.20𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
360.34591837 𝐹𝐵𝐸 =
𝑭𝑩𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑅𝐵2
𝑙𝑒 𝑑
𝐹𝑏∗ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCi 𝑅𝐵 =
𝑏2
𝐹𝑏∗ = 1300 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑭∗𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 psi
Effective length, 𝒍𝒆
𝐹𝐵𝐸 2064.6827453 𝑙𝑢 15 × 12
= = 1.5882174964 = = 13.58
𝐹𝑏∗ 1300 𝑑 13.25
𝑙𝑒 = 1.63𝑙𝑢 + 3𝑑 = 1.63 15 × 12 + 3 13.25
2 𝒍𝒆 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝒊𝒏
𝐹 𝐹𝑏𝐸 𝐹𝑏𝐸
1 + 𝑏𝐸 1 +
𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗ 333.15 13.25
𝐶𝐿 = − −
1.9 1.9 0.95 𝑅𝐵 = 2
= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 … < 50 𝑶𝑲
3.5
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑 (3 decimal)
′
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐶𝐿 = 1300 0.933 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 620 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑭′𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑬′𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 55
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
1.20 620𝑒3 𝑀
𝐹𝐵𝐸 = 𝑓𝑏 =
360.34591837 𝑆
𝑭𝑩𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊 93803.625
𝑓𝑏 = = 𝟗𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝐹𝑏′ = 1212.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖 OK
102.4

𝐹𝑏∗ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCi
∴ The beam is adequate against bending stress.
𝐹𝑏∗ = 1300 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑭∗𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 psi
Check Shear
𝐹𝐵𝐸 2064.6827453 𝑉
= = 1.5882174964 𝑓𝑣 = 1.5
𝐹𝑏∗ 1300 𝐴
2084.525
𝐹 𝐹𝑏𝐸 2
𝐹𝑏𝐸 𝑓𝑣 = 1.5 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1 + 𝑏𝐸 1 + 46.38
𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗
𝐶𝐿 = − − 𝐹𝑣′ = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
1.9 1.9 0.95
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑 (3 decimal) 𝐹𝑣′ = 210 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝐹𝑣′ = 210 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑣 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑶𝑲
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐶𝐿 = 1300 0.933
𝑭′𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 ∴ The beam is adequate against shear stress.
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 56
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
Check Deflection 𝑀
15×12
𝑓𝑏 =
Allow ∆𝐿𝐿 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑆
360 93803.625
𝑓𝑏 = = 𝟗𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝐹𝑏′ = 1212.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖 OK
𝑃𝐿3 2000 15 × 12 3 102.4
∆𝐿𝐿 = =
48𝐸 ′ 𝐼 48𝐸 ′ 678.5
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 1700 1.0 1.0 1.0 ∴ The beam is adequate against bending stress.
𝐸 ′ = 1700 𝑘𝑠𝑖
∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒏 < 0.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲 Check Shear
𝑉
Allow ∆ 𝑇𝐿 =
15 12
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑓𝑣 = 1.5
240 𝐴
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿 2084.525
𝑓𝑣 = 1.5 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖
46.38
11.27 4
5𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝐿4 5 12 15 × 12
∆𝐷𝐿 =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼
= 𝐹𝑣′ = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
384𝐸 ′ 678.5
∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.011129424 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑣′ = 210 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
∆𝑻𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏 < 0.75𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲 𝐹𝑣′ = 210 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑣 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑶𝑲

∴ The beam is adequate against LL & TL deflection. ∴ The beam is adequate against shear stress.
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 57
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
Check Deflection Check Bearing
15×12 𝑅
Allow ∆𝐿𝐿 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
360
𝑃𝐿 3
2000 15 × 12 3 𝐴𝑏
∆𝐿𝐿 = = 2084.525
48𝐸 ′ 𝐼 48𝐸 ′ 678.5 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 1700 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 3.5
𝐸 ′ = 1700 𝑘𝑠𝑖
′
∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒏 < 0.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 615 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Allow ∆ 𝑇𝐿 =
15 12
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 199 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑶𝑲
240
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿
∴ The beam is adequate against bearing stress.
11.27 4
5𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝐿4 5 12 15 × 12
∆𝐷𝐿 = =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼 384𝐸 ′ 678.5
∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.011129424 𝑖𝑛
∆𝑻𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏 < 0.75𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲

∴ The beam is adequate against LL & TL deflection.

9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 58
Shear Stress in Notched Beams

9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 59

Shear Stress in Notched Beams

9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 60

Shear Stress in Notched Beams
• No notches are permitted within the middle
3 2 third of the beam
𝑉 𝑑 → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑡
𝑓𝑣 = 2
𝑏𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 • No notches are permitted within the outers of
the beam span on the tension face (except at
3 beam bearing supports) when the thickness of
𝑉
𝑓𝑣 = 2 → 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑡 a beam b is ≥ 3.5 𝑖𝑛.
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
𝑏 𝑑−𝑒
𝑑𝑛 • Within the outer thirds of the beam span, the
5
depth of the notched beam, dn, must be ≥ 𝑑.
6
𝑑 = unnotched depth
𝑑𝑛 = depth remaining at the notch • At the beam supports, the depth of the
3
𝑒 = horizontal distance from inside face notched beam, dn, must be ≥ 𝑑.
4
of support to edge of notch, ≤ 𝑑𝑛
1
• The notch length must be ≤ 𝑑.
3
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 61