LECTURE 10

Last lecture was about …

Application for the adjustments of Stresses for
designing a beam considering the following:

◦Bending;
◦Shear; and
◦Actual and nominal sections
This lecture is about …
◦Design of Columns;

◦Slenderness Ratio;

◦Design Formulas and application of these formula; and

◦Design of Glued-laminated and built-up columns.

 Design of Columns
➢Compression member, the length of which is several
times greater than its least lateral dimension
➢Generally is sufficiently long that the possibility of
buckling needs to be considered
➢ Short column: will not buckle and its strength is
related to the crushing capacity of the material
 Slenderness Ratio
➢primary measure of buckling
➢ratio of the effective unbraced length (unsupported)
to the least radius of gyration, le/r
➢for rectangular wood columns, it is the ratio of the
effective unbraced length of the column divided by
the least dimension of the cross section, le/d
 Slenderness Ratio
➢column can be viewed as having two slenderness
ratios:
o(le/d)x - buckling about strong x-axis
- column movement in y-direction
o(le/d)y - buckling about weak y-axis
- column movement in x-direction
 Slenderness Ratio
➢column can be viewed as having
two slenderness ratios:

obuckling about strong x-axis

column movement in y-direction
obuckling about weak y-axis
column movement in x-direction
 Slenderness Ratio
➢If the column is loaded to failure, buckling will occur
about the axis that has the larger slenderness ratio
➢Effective unbraced length (le) is the distance
between inflection points of the buckled column
➢Inflection point corresponds to a point of reverse
curvature of the deflected shape and represents a
point of zero moment
 Slenderness Ratio
➢When only 1 point of inflection is on the sketch, the
mirror image of the column is drawn to give the
second inflection point

➢Side sway occurs when the top of the column is

relatively free to displace laterally with respect to the
bottom of the column
 Design Formulas
➢Columns are designed to resist failure in direct compression and
buckling

Where:
F’C= allowable compression parallel to grain design value adjusted
for service conditions and lateral stability
FC*= compression parallel to grain design value adjusted for service
conditions (moisture and load duration)
E’ = adjusted modulus of elasticity (moisture)
 Design Formulas
➢Columns are designed to resist failure in direct compression
and buckling

Where:
c' = accounts for material non-homogeneity and initial
eccentricity associated with member warp
0.80 - for sawn lumber
0.85 - for round timber poles and piles
0.90 - for glued-laminated
 Design Formulas
➢FcE or critical buckling value

Where;
E’ = allowable modulus of elasticity adjusted for service conditions (moisture,
temperature)
d = dimension of column in plane of lateral support
le = effective column length in plane of lateral support
KcE = Euler buckling coefficient
0.300 - for visually graded lumber & round timber poles & piles
0.418 - for machine stress-rated lumber, glue-laminated lumber, & structural
composite lumber
Wood Section Dimension:
 Sample Problem # 1
1. Calculate the maximum allowable load that a nominal
152.4 x 152.4 mm (6”x6”) sawn lumber column, 5.0m
long, can carry. The applied loading is for 20-year
duration and the wood used is visually graded sawn
Apitong (E = 7.31 GPa, Fc = 9.56 MPa). The column is
effectively held in position at both ends and is
restrained against rotation at one end only. Consider
adjustments for load duration and moisture condition.
Table 8.1 – Load Duration Factor
LOAD
CUMMULATIVE LOAD
TYPE OF LOAD DURATION
DURATION
FACTOR, CD
Dead Load Permanent or > 10 years 0.9
Floor Live Load 10 years or normal 1.0
duration
Snow Load 2 months 1.15
Roof Live Load 7 days 1.25
Wind Load 10 minutes 1.6
Seismic (Earthquake) 10 minutes 1.6
Load
Impact Load 1 second or less 2.0
Note: Use the
store function of
your calculator.
No rounding off
in the solution.
Stored in A: Fc* = 6.8832 MPa
Stored in B: FCE = 3.1444 Mpa
Stored in C: c’ = 0.8

Substitute and calculate F’c: Substitute the value of F’c and calculate Pallow:
 Glue-laminated Columns
➢Glulam timber is an
engineered wood product
manufactured from an assembly
of individually machine stress
rated laminations
➢arranged for optimum strength
and bonded with waterproof
adhesives.
 Built-up Columns

➢A timber built-up column

is constructed from several
parallel wood members
which are nailed or bolted
together to function as a
composite column.
 Design steps for layered built-up columns
Step1. Determine Fc’ for the equivalent solid column, assuming
buckling about the weak axis of individual laminations. Apply
reduction factors Kf:
0.75 - for bolted built-up column
0.60 - for nailed built-up column
Step2. Same but assuming buckling about the strong axis of
individual laminations. Do not apply a reduction to this Fc’ value.
Step3. The allowable design value for the built-up column is the
lesser value of Fc’ obtained from the above steps.
 Sample # 2
Determine the allowable load on a 5m long layered built-up
column made up of 5 nominal 5.08x20.32 cm (2”x 8”)
pieces of Apitong lumber. The column does not have full
lateral bracing to prevent weak axis buckling of individual
laminations. However, the specified fastening requirements
for bolted built-up columns are satisfied. Assume column
pinned-end conditions, dry service condition and normal
duration of loading. The column used is visually graded
sawn lumber.
Step1. Determine Fc’ for the equivalent solid column, assuming buckling about
the weak axis of individual laminations. Apply reduction factor Kf.

(Kf)
Step2. Same but assuming buckling about the strong axis of individual
laminations. Do not apply a reduction to this Fc’ value.

No need to
multiply with (Kf)

Step3. The allowable design value for the built-up column is the lesser value
of Fc’ obtained from the above steps.
3.) Choose smaller F’c; Use F’c = 2.194 MPa from the y-axis

Pallow = F’cA = 2.194MPa (184.15mm) (190.5mm)

Pallow = 76, 968.55 N or 76.97 KN