School of electronics and telecommunications

Hanoi University of science and Technology

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY

LESSON 4: TIME VARIABLE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
TS. HOÀNG PHƯƠNG CHI
 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

CONTENTS
1. Definition of shift current
2. Maxwell equations
3. Energy of electromagnetic field
4. Energy conservation equation of
electromagnetic field
5. Boundary conditions
6. Classify of electromagnetic field
7. Summary

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

1. DEFINITIONS
• Time variable electromagnetic field is created
around alternating current.
• With the same amplitude, the higher the
frequency, the stronger the field is generated
• Basic quantities: 𝑬, 𝑫, 𝑩, 𝑯: continuously
time variable

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Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

1. Definition of shift current

• High frequency current: I varies in time
𝒅𝝆
• 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑱Ԧ = − and 𝝆 = 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝜺𝑬
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑬
• => 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑱Ԧ + 𝜺 =0
𝒅𝒕

• => shift current density vector

𝒅𝑬 𝒅𝑫
• 𝑱𝒅 = 𝜺 =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
• Electric field varies in time creates shift current
• Shift current: explains how magnetic field appears
in a vacuumn (where no current)

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Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. The First Maxwell equation.

• Ampres Law: ‫ = 𝒔𝒅 𝑯 𝑺ׯ‬σ 𝑰
𝒅𝑬
• 1st Maxwell equation: 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝑱Ԧ + 𝜺
𝒅𝒕

• Meaning:
• Conductive currents and shift currents play an
equal role in creating swirl fields
• Time-varying electric fields create swirl fields

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. Second Maxwell equation

• Faraday Law:

𝒅𝚽 𝒅
𝒆=− = − න 𝑩 𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑨

𝒆 = ‫𝒔𝒅 𝑬 𝑺ׯ‬
𝒅𝑯
• 2nd Maxwell equation: 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = −𝛍
𝒅𝒕

• Meaning:
• Time-varying magnetic fields create swirl electric fields

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. 3rd Maxwell equation

• Gauss Law:

ර 𝑩 𝒅𝑨 = 0
𝑨

• 3rd Maxwell equation: 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0

• Meaning:
• Magnetic field has no source

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. 4th Maxwell equation

• Gauss Law:

ර 𝑫 𝒅𝑨 = න 𝝆𝒅𝑽
𝑨 𝑽

• 4th Maxwell equation: 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆

• Meaning:
• Electric field has a source

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Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. Meaning of Maxwell equation.

• Represents the relationship between electric and magnetic fields
• Time-varying electric fields create swirl magnetic fields
• Time-varying magnetic fields create swirl electric fields
• A magnetic field is a field without a source
• The electric field is the field with the source
• The Maxwell equations system is the basis to solve the problem
of investigating the propagated radiation of electromagnetic
waves in different environments (dielectric or semiconductor or
conduction), investigating the radiation emitted from the
fundamental radiation sources.

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. Maxwell equations
𝒅𝑬
• ‫ = 𝒔𝒅 𝑯 𝑺ׯ‬σ 𝑰 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝑱Ԧ + 𝜺
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝚽 𝒅 𝒅𝑯
• 𝒆=− =− ‫׬‬ 𝑩 𝒅𝑨 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = −𝛍
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑨 𝒅𝒕

• ‫ = 𝑨𝒅 𝑩 𝑨ׯ‬0 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0

• ‫𝑽𝒅𝝆 𝑽׬ = 𝑨𝒅 𝑫 𝑨ׯ‬ 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆

• Material equations: 𝑫 = 𝜺𝑬; 𝑩 = 𝝁𝑯

• 𝑱Ԧ = 𝝈𝑬

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Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

2. Maxwell equation (complex form)

• 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝑱Ԧ + 𝜺𝒋𝝎𝑬
• 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = −𝛍𝒋𝝎𝑯
• 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0
• 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆

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2. Complete Maxwell equation (include both

electric source and magnetic source)
𝒅𝑬
• 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝑱𝒆 + 𝜺
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑯
• 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = −𝑱𝒎 − 𝛍
𝒅𝒕

• 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 𝝆𝒎
• 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆𝒆

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2. Maxwell equation. Principle of interchange

• Maxwell equation system is symmetry and can be
exchangeable
• 𝑬 ↔ 𝑯; 𝑱𝒆 ↔ −𝑱𝒎 ; 𝝆𝒆 ↔ −𝝆𝒎; 𝜺 ↔ −𝝁
• Advantage:
• Easier to solve Maxwell equation
• If the electric field components can be determined, it will be
easy to determine the magnetic field components thanks to
the principle of interchange

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Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

3. Energy of electromagnetic field

• Electromagnetic field has energy
• Energy of electromagnetic field = energy of electric field
+ energy of magnetic field
𝟏
• 𝑾 = ‫ 𝟐𝑬𝜺 𝑽׬‬+ 𝝁𝑯𝟐 𝑑𝑉
𝟐

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4. The energy conservation equation of the

electromagnetic field
𝒅𝑾
• − = ‫ 𝑨𝒅 𝑷 𝑨ׯ‬+ ‫ 𝒆𝑱 𝑬 𝑽׬‬dV
𝒅𝒕

• 𝑷 = 𝑬x𝑯: Poynting vector, electromagnetic power current

density vector
𝒅𝑾
• − : The variation in the energy of the electromagnetic field over
𝒅𝒕
time t

• ‫𝑨𝒅 𝑷 𝑨ׯ‬: The flux of the Poynting vector across the closed surface A

• ‫𝑉𝑑 𝒆𝑱 𝑬 𝑽׬‬: Heat loss of the electromagnetic field in volume V (can

be neglected)

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4. The meaning of Poynting vector

• Direction of Poynting vector is in the same direction of the energy
transfer of the electromagnetic field
• Poyting vector is the energy density vector of the electromagnetic
field
• Direction of Poyting vector is direction of propagation of
electromagnetic waves
• Complex Poyting vector:

Average power density 𝑷ሶ = 𝑅𝑒 𝑬𝒙

ሶ 𝑯ሶ ∗
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 ሶ
• Average electric field energy density 𝑾𝒆 = 𝑬x 𝑫ሶ ∗
𝟒
𝟏 ሶ
• Average magnetic field energy density 𝑾𝒎 = 𝑩x 𝑯ሶ ∗
𝟒

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5. Boundary conditions

• 𝑬𝒕𝟏 = 𝑬𝒕𝟐 𝑩𝒏𝟏 = 𝑩𝒏𝟐

• 𝑫𝒏𝟏 − 𝑫𝒏𝟐 = 𝝆 𝑯𝒕𝟏 − 𝑯𝒕𝟐 = 𝐽

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6. Classification of electromagnetic fields

𝒅
No time variable field, no current ( = 0; 𝑱Ԧ = 0)
𝒅𝒕

𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 0
𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = 0
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝟎
Static field (electric and magnetic)

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6. Classification of electromagnetic fields

𝒅
𝑭𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 ( =0; 𝑱Ԧ ≠0)
𝒅𝒕

𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝐽Ԧ
𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = 0
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆

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6. Classification of electromagnetic fields

𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅

𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝐽Ԧ
𝒅𝑩
𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = −
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆

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6. Classification of electromagnetic fields

𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅, Electromagnetic

𝒅
wave ( ≠0; 𝑱Ԧ ≠0)
𝒅𝒕

𝑑𝐷
𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑯 = 𝐽Ԧ +
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑩
𝒓𝒐𝒕𝑬 = −
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑩 = 0
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑫 = 𝝆

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Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

7. Summary
• Time Variable electromagnetic fields generated by high-frequency
currents
• Basic quantities E and H: variable in time
• Definition of shift current and meaning of shift current
• Maxwell equations and meaning of Maxwell equation
• Poyting Vector: is an electromagnetic propagation wave
vector
• Laws of energy conservation of electromagnetic fields
• Energy of electromagnetic field
• Boundary conditions

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 4: Time variable electromagnetic field

We have just learnt “Time variable

electromagnetic field”
Next lesson:
Propagation of plan electromagnetic waves

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