SEE 2523 Theory Electromagnetic

Chapter 2 Electric Fields

You Kok Yeow

 Contents

1. Introduction the Electrostatic Fields

Maxwell’s Equations
Coulomb’s law

Gauss’s law

2. Electric Charge Distribution

Electric Intensity due to Single Point Charge

Electric Intensity due to Multiple Point Charges

Electric Field of a Line Charge
Electric Field of a Sheet Charge

Electric Field of a Ring Charge PREVIOUS NEXT

3. Electric Fields in Mediums

4. Electrical Properties of Materials

Permittivity, ε of Dielectric Materials
Conductivity, σ of Conducting Materials

5. Boundary Condition between Two Different

Materials

Tangential Fields and Normal Fields Components

Continuous and Discontinuous Field Component at Boundary

6. Application and Problems

Capacitor
 Electromagnetic Fields (Maxwell’s Equations )
1. Modern electromagnetism is based on four fundamental relations
Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law
   
  D  v  B  0
Electric Magnetic
Faraday’s Law Phenomenon Ampere’s Law Phenomenon
 
  B    D
 E    H  J 
t t

 
where E is the electric field, H is the magnetic field,

D is the electric flux density or electric displacement,
 
B is the magnetic flux density, J is the current density,
v is the charge density.
 Electrostatic Fields
1. In the static case, all charges are permanently fixed in space.


2. If the charges move, they move at steady rate, so  v and J are
constant in time ( dB dt  0 )

3. Thus, for electrostatics, Maxwell’s equations are:

  v  
E   E  0
o

(a) (b)

(a) The electric field intensity over any closed surface in free space is
equal to the total charge enclosed in the surface.

(b) The static electric fields are irrotational.

 Coulomb’s law (Experimental law) (1)

1. Coulomb’s law states that the force F between two point charges
Q1 and Q2 with distance R is:

a) Directly proportional to the product Q1Q2 of the charges.

F  Q1Q2
b) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between them.
1
F
R2
2. Formulation:
 kQ1Q2
F 2
aˆ n
R
where k is the proportionality constant depends on the choice of
system.
 Coulomb’s law (2)
Example
Determine force F between two point charges
Z 20 μC Q1 and Q2 with distance R21
Q1
(0, 1, 2) m Step 1

 R
R21  xˆ dx  yˆ dy  zˆ dz aˆ 21  21
-300 μC R21
Y  0  2xˆ  1  0 yˆ  2  0zˆ
Q2  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ
 2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
(2, 0, 0) m 3
X

Step 2 Step 3
 kQ1Q2
F aˆ 21 F
  

 20  10 6 C  300  10 6 C   2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 

R212
4 o 3 m   
2
3
kQ1Q2   2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
 2   N  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
3 m   3   6
 3
N

1
k  4 xˆ  2 yˆ  4 zˆ N
4 o
 Gauss’s law (Experimental law)

1. Electric field intensity, E is the force per unit charge when placed
in an electric field.

 F
E
Q
kQ
 2 aˆ n
R
Q
 aˆ
4o R 2 n

2. Gauss’s law state that the electric flux passing through any closed
surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by that surface.
 
Q S
D  dS
 Electric Intensity due to Multiple Point Charges (1)

1. If more than one charge at a different location in a vacuum, the total electric
field, E in the space external to the location of these charges is the vector
summation of the electric field originating from each individual charge.
    
E  E1  E 2  E3    E N
N 
  En
n 1

Example:
There has a point charge Q1  0.35 C at (0, 4, 0) m and
 another point charge Q2  0.55 C
at (3, 0, 0) m. Determine the total electric intensity, E at (0, 0, 5) m due to the both charges.
 
E1 E2
R1  4 yˆ  5 zˆ R2  3xˆ  5zˆ

E
   0.35  106   4 yˆ  5 zˆ    0.55 106   3 yˆ  5 zˆ 
R2 R1 E1    Vm 1 E2    Vm 1
4 o 41  41  4o 34  34 
  
E  E1  E2
 74.9 xˆ  48.0 yˆ  64.9 zˆ
 Distribution of Charges (1)

1) Electric field due to point charges (Spherical Coordinates)


 Q E
E aˆ r Q
4 o r 2

2) Electric field due to line charges (Cylindrical Coordinates)

 l 
E aˆ r E
2 o r
l
 l is the line charge density C m 

3) Electric field due to surface charges (Cylindrical Coordinates)

E
 
E  s aˆ n
2 o S

 S is the surface charge density C m 2  

E
 Distribution of Charges (2)
4) To determine the charge, Q for each distributions:
Line charge Surface charge
dQ  l dl dQ   s dS

Q   l dl Q    s dS
s
l

dQ   l dz dQ   l  d dQ   s  d dz dQ   s  d d
Q
Q

Q
Q

Volume charge (Special cases)

dQ   v dv
Q    v dv
v
 Distribution of Charges (3)
Electric Field of a Line Charge
   
E  dE1  dE2    dEN
Line charge

dE3 
 E
1
dQ1 aˆ1  dQ2 aˆ2    dQN aˆ N 
dQ1
dE 2 4o R 2

 1 N

2 
dE1  dQn aˆ n
4o R n1
1
2 
dQ2  dQ aˆ r dQ1  dQ2    dQN
4o R
dQ3
Summation = Integration, if dQ → 0

  
 Distribution of Charges (4)
Electric Field of a Line Charge

 dQ  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
dE   
4 o R 2   2  z 2 

z  ˆ  z  z zˆ 
dQ  l dl  l dz  

 l dz
4 o  2
z 2

2 
  2
 z 2 


z  The component z is cancel out, the charge

R is contribute from location z and –z.

ρ    l dz  ˆ 
 
E 
-z
P


4 o   2  z2 
2

  2  z 2 
dE   l  dz
 


4 o   z 2 2 32

ˆ

z   
l   z 
   ˆ
4 o   2
  z  
2 2

l
 ˆ
2 o 
 Distribution of Charges (5)
Electric Field of a Sheet Charge

 d Q   ˆ  zzˆ 
dE 
4o R 2   2  z 2 
Z
 s  d d   ˆ  zzˆ 
  


4o  
2

 2  z2    z 
2 2 

dE
The component radial, ρ is cancel out,
P because of all direction of component
dQ   s dS radial ρ around z
  s  d d
z   2   s  z d d
E  zˆ
 
R
0 0
4 o   z 2 2 32


ρ
Y s z  1 
Ø    zˆ
2 o   2  z 2  0

X s
   zˆ
2 o
 Distribution of Charges (Example)
Electric Field of a Sheet Charge

Determine the force, F between the point charge, Q1= 50 μC at (0, 0, 5) m

and the disk charge, Q2= 500 πμC with radial of ρ = 5 m and z = 0 m.

z Step 1 Q2 500  106 C

s  
A  2
Q1 500  106 C

 5m 2
z
dQ2   s dS  0.2  10 4 C m 2

ρ Step 2
y  ˆ  5 zˆ

R   ˆ  5 zˆ aˆ R 
 2  25
x
Step 3
 Q1dQ2    ˆ  5 zˆ 
 

F  

2 5 50  10
6

0.2  104 5 d d
zˆ

dF 
4o   25    25 
2 2 0 0
4o   25
2

32

Q1  s  d d  16.56 zˆ Newton
  ˆ  5 zˆ 

4o   25 2

3 2
 Distribution of Charges (6)
Electric Field of a Ring Charge
 d Q   ˆ  zzˆ 
z dE 
4o R 2   2  z 2 

  s  d   ˆ  zzˆ 
  
dE
4o   
 2  z2    z 
2 2 2 
z

The component radial, ρ is cancel out,

ρ because of all direction of component
y radial ρ around z

x dQ  l dl  2  l  z d
  l  d E zˆ
0
4o   z 
2 2 32

l  z
 zˆ
2 o   z 
2 2 32
 Electrical Fields in Materials (1)
Materials

Insulators Conductors Semiconductors

Lossy Lossless
Materials Materials

Homogeneous Isotropic Linear

Non-homogeneous Non-isotropic Non-linear

1. The electromagnetic constitutive parameters of a material medium are

a) permittivity,  . (Electrical study)

b) permeability, . (Magnetic study)

c) conductivity,  . (Electrical study)

 Electrical Fields in Materials (Maxwell’s Equations)

1. Modern electromagnetism is based on four fundamental relations

   
  D  v  B  0
 
  B    D
 E    H  J 
t t

For an isotropic, linear and non-dispersive medium, the relations are

     
D  εE B  μH J  σE Ohm’s law

2. In electrical study, we are concerned with only  and 

18
 Electrical Fields in Materials

3. A dielectric medium is linear if the magnitude of the induced

polarization field
 is directly proportional to the magnitude of
electric fields, E .
 
P   o e E

where  e is called the electric susceptibility of the material.


4. A dielectric medium
 is isotropic if the polarization field, P and
electric field, E are in the same direction.

5. A dielectric medium is homogeneous if the ε, μ, and σ are constant

throughout the medium.

19
 Conducting Materials (Conductors)
1. Conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical current.

2. Current through a given area is the electric charge passing through

the area per unit time.

3. Current density, J is the current through a unit normal area.

Example
8e charges across a unit area in 1 second

1m

1m

J  8 e Am 1
 Conducting Materials (Conductors)

4. In perfect dielectric, the conductivity,   0


J 0

5. But, in perfect conductor, the conductivity,  


E 0

6. Thus, perfect conductor cannot contain an electrostatic field within it.

7. The conductor is called an equipotential body, because the electric

potential is the same at every point in the conductor.

21
 Conducting Materials (Conductors)
8. In general, conductor has resistivity,  c because   

Conductor Conductivity, σ (S/m)

• Silver 6.2 107

• Copper 5.8 107
• Gold 4.1 107
• Aluminium 3.5 107

9. The relationship between conductivity,  and resistivity,  c

1
c 

 Conducting Materials (Conductors)


For non-perfect conductor, the E  0 , the resistance, R is occurred in the
conductor
V
R
I
 

v
E  dl
 
  E  dS
S
 Dielectric Materials (Insulators)
1. There are two type of dielectric materials.
a) Lossless materials
b) Lossy materials
2. In general, the relative permittivity,  r of lossy materials consist of real
and imaginary parts.

 r   r  j


3. The real part,  r is related to the ability of the material to store electrical
energy and the imaginary part,   is the energy-dissipating component.

4. For lossless materials, the    0


5. The lossy medium can be polarized by an external electric field, E

24
 Dielectric Materials (Insulators)

8. The electric flux density, D in a lossy medium is written as
  
D  oE  P Polarization vector

 
where P   o  e E and  e is called the electric susceptibility of the
material.

Example
Water  r  1 e
H+ 

H+
  r  j
O-

O-
H+

H+
+ -
H+

H+
O-

O-
H+

H+
 Dielectric Materials (Insulators)
9. The electric susceptibility,  e is the maximum electric field that a
dielectric can tolerate or withstand without electrical breakdown.

10. Dielectric breakdown occurred when a dielectric becomes conducting.

Example

Lossless Materials (PVA) Lossy Materials (Water)

1.8 80
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
1.6
,r 70
r,
1.4

r
Relative Permittivity, 
60

1.2
50

1 Water (25 oC)

40

r,,
0.8
30
0.6

20
0.4

0.2
,,r 10

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

26
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Two Extensive Homogeneous Isotropic Dielectric
En1
z
ε1

E1
y

x
Et 2 Et1 z=0


ε2 E2
En 2

ε1
Boundary (z = 0)

ε2
27
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (1)

1) Tangential E is always continuous.

E t1  E t 2


2) Tangential H is continuous.

H t1  H t 2


Tangential H is discontinuous
 by an amount corresponding to
any surface current, J s which may flow.

H t1  H t 2  J s


3) Normal B is always continuous.

Bn1  Bn 2
 BOUNDARY

CONDITIONS (2)
4) Normal D is continuous.

Dn1  Dn 2


Normal D is discontinuous by an amount corresponding to any
surface charge, ρ s which may be present.

D n1  Dn 2  ρs

Medium 2 (ε 2 μ 2 σ 2)
Dn 2 Bn 2
Et 2 Ht2
JS
S
Et 1 H t1
Dn1 Bn1 Medium 1 (ε 1 μ 1 σ 1)

29
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Proof (3)
Medium 1
For static fields,
 
 E  dl  0
Integrate in the loop clockwise starting from a,
Medium 2 b   c   d   a  
 E  dl   E  dl   E  dl   E  dl  0
Evaluate each segment, a b c d

b   w d   0
 E  dl   ET 1a T  dla T  ET 1w
a 0
 E  dl   ET 2a T  dla T   ET 2w
c w
h 2
 
c 0 h 2 a  0

  dl 
E E N1 a N  dla N  E N2 a N  dla N   dl 
d
E E
h 2
a  dla N 
N2 N E
0
a  dla N
N1 N
b h 2 0

h h
  E N 1  E N 2   E N 1  E N 2 
2 2
Summing for each segment, then we have the first boundary condition:
ET 1w  ET 2 w  0
ET 1  ET 2
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Medium 1 Proof (4)
The Gauss’s Law,

 D  dS  Qenc
Thus,
       
Medium 2  D  dS   D  dS 
top
 D  dS 
bottom
 D  dS
side

The pillbox is short enough, so the flux passes through the side is negligible.
 
 D  dS   DN1aN  dSaN  DN 1ΔS
top
 
 D  dS   DN 2a N  dS  a N    DN 2 S
bottom

Which sums to
DN1  DN 2 S  Qenc
Thus, it leads to the second boundary condition

DN1  DN 2  S
 Questions
Two extensive homogeneous isotropic dielectric meet on plane z=0. For z > 0,  r1  4

and z < 0,  r 2  3 . An uniform electric field, E1  5 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  3 aˆ z k V m exists for z ≥ 0
Find

a) E2 for z ≤ 0

b) The angles E1 and E2 make with the interface

c) The energy densities in both dielectrics

d) The energy within a cube of side 2 m centered at (3, 4, -5)

32
 Capacitance (1)
1. The amount of charge, Q that accumulates as a function of potential
difference, V is called the capacitance, C.

Q
C
V

2. The unit capacitance is the farad (F) or coulomb per volt.

3. Capacitor can be created using two conducting bodies separated

by an dielectric (insulator) medium.

33
 Capacitance (2)
4. The three general form of capacitors are
a) Parallel-plate capacitor
Q
b) Coaxial capacitor C 
V
c) Spherical capacitor 2l

lnb a 
+ b a
A +

d -
- l
Q
C 
V
Q

Ed
A Parallel-plate Coaxial

d capacitor capacitor
 Capacitance (3)

-
- - Spherical
- capacitor
-
-
-
+ Q
+ + - C
+ b +
V
a + 4

+ 1 1
+ + 
- + a b
-

- -

- -
-
 References

J. A. Edminister. Schaum’s outline of Theory and problems of electromagnetics, 2nd

Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1993.

M. N. O. Sadiku. Elements of Electromagnetics, 3th Ed. U.K: Oxford University Press.

2010.

F. T. Ulaby. Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics, Media ed. New Jersey:

Prentice Hall. 2001.

Bhag Singh Guru and Hüseyin R. Hiziroglu. Electromagnetic Field Theory

Fundamentals, 2nd Ed. U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2009.

W. H. Hayt. Jr. Engineering Electromagnetics, 5th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2009.