Title: The Use of DC and AC Machines in Electric Vehicle Powertrains

Introduction

Electric Vehicles (EVs) represent a significant shift in automotive technology, primarily due
to their reliance on electrical systems for propulsion, as opposed to the internal combustion
engines of traditional vehicles. Central to this system is the use of both Direct Current (DC)
and Alternating Current (AC) machines, which include the battery pack and the electric
motor, respectively. This report delves into the working principles and construction of these
machines within the context of EV powertrains.

Working Principles of Machine

1. DC Machines in EVs:
o Battery Pack: The EV's battery pack, a DC machine, stores electrical energy
in a chemical form and is the primary source of power.
o Working Principle: It converts chemical energy into electrical energy,
providing direct current to power the electric motor and other electrical
components.
2. AC Machines in EVs:
o Electric Motor: Typically, EVs use AC induction motors or permanent
magnet synchronous motors.
o Working Principle: These motors operate on electromagnetic induction,
where an AC in the stator windings produces a rotating magnetic field,
causing the rotor to turn and propel the vehicle.

Machine Construction

1. DC Machine - Battery Pack:

o Construction: Comprises multiple battery cells grouped into modules,
collectively forming the pack.
o Materials: Predominantly uses Lithium-ion cells for their high energy density.
2. AC Machine - Electric Motor:
o Construction: Consists of a stator and a rotor.
o Stator: Made of laminated steel with insulated wire windings.
o Rotor: Varies between induction motors (squirrel-cage type) and synchronous
motors (permanent magnets).

Conclusion

The integration of DC and AC machines in EV powertrains is a testament to the synergy

between different electrical machine types. The DC battery pack and the AC electric motor
are pivotal in the functionality of EVs, contributing to their growing popularity and
significance in the automotive industry.