^

+
- 8 -
>

and propagating
The waves in space in such that two
way
a

and
electric
perpendicular to magnetic
each field varying and perpendicular
other propagating
direction is called
to
of propagation of wave

Electromagnetic waves .

Manwell 's
equation predicted the existence
of toelectromagnetic
waves . The
speed of the wave
according these
equations
came out to be
very close to the
speed of light This led to
•

light electromagnetic
the conclusion that is an wave .

Displacement current The current produced -

is called
due to
changing
electric
field ( electric displacement ) displacement
current .

Consider a capacitor c. Let us observe

the
process of charging the
circuital
capacitor
Law
and apply Ampere's
-

§B→ .de?--uoit
To
find the
field at
point P just
consider
a
outside the
capacitor
radius or with
,
a

plane circular loop of direction

its
plane perpendicular
From
to the
the current
of we wire
symmetry
.

is directed
say that
can the
field along the
circumference
and is
of the
loop of the same
magnitude
at all
points .

% Bo 217h = Mori t

Now consider another surface with the same boundary and a

like has its bottom between the
pot surface and plates of
the capacitor : and another
surface like a
tiffin bonii .

Applying ACR to them

,
we
find that the
left side
of the
 equation has not
but the
right side changedzero
becomes
as no current passes
through the surface .

Therefore
we conclude a term must
be
missing from ACL .

To
find this
consider
missing term
,
the electric
field I
passing between the two plates .
ii

let the the plates

charge on

be 0 Area .
A then the
magnitude of field between
the
plates -

E = -

Eo

E = 0 /A
to
E = Q
A Eo

Flung
0€ = E→ .
A = Q .
A = Q
A Eo Eo

d∅E =
do
dt dt to

DOE =
I do
dt c- ◦ dt

Eo d∅E =
i
dt
is the town in circuital law and is
This
missing Ampere's
id
called the
displacement current

id = to d∅E
dt

current carried
Note The total
by conduction
conductors due to
: -
1

I
flow of charges is called the current

maxwell concluded that the source

2 Thus
magnetic
of but
field
rate
is not just the conduction current also the

of change of electric w.at time i. e. the total

field
-

current is the sum of conduction current and

displacement current .

id tic
i
Eod0 tic
= =
 Ampere -
Maxwell Law Modified Ampere 's circuital Law PYQ 2020 ,

2016
"
The total
which
current
passing isthrough any surface of is the
loop
"

the closed the

perimeter
sum of the conduction current and the
displacement
current .

∅ B. de do :c + Moto
d¥-
=

Note conduction current

: -
There are
regions where there is no

but
only / displacement current for e. g. between the plates of a
charging discharging capacitor .

conduction
And there
regions where there is
are
only
current and
displacement current
no
for g.
wire e. a

carrying steady current outside capacitor PYQ or a .

2018

Maxwell 's Equation

The
following four equations are called Maxwell 's equation -

1 ∅E?dA→ = 9
Eo

2
Of B→odÑ = 0

3 Of E?dl→ = -
did
dt

a §B?Ñ =
uoic + Moto d$E
dt

Illustration 1 : A
parallel plate capacitor with circular plates
radius 1m has
capacitance -1=0
of a
of 1nF At .
,
it is

for charging in series with resistance at

connected a R= 9- MR
across Zr a
battery Calculate the
magnetic field . a

point P in between the plates

,
and
half way between
the centre and the
periphery of the
plates after 10 -3s ,
.

Solution Time constant

of
QR -1m
-

PQ 0.5m
RC circuit
=
-

C- Rc =
106 ✗ 10-9 E- P
=
R← -
→ •
-

-3
C- =
10 s
ZV
; 9- Mr
-

MM
 the
charge ison capacitor plate
by
at
any instant t during charging
given :

HRC
qt = CV 1 -
e-
ᵗ
-

/ 10-3
= 10-9 ✗ 2 [ 1 -
e ]
The electric
field in between the
plates at time t is -

E =
qlt ) =
% =
9
2
E. A Eo Ir C-◦ IT

NOW , OE = E ✗ Area of the loop

∅,
= E ✗ Tl
122 [ ✗ % = =
9 . # = 9- .

◦ Eo # 4 4 Eo

Displacement current ,

ddE to d 9
Id =
to =

dt It 46

]
-410-3
d9µ ¥ ddt [ 2×10-9
A
=
= 1- e-
,

t / 10-3
2×10-9
Id
%
-

= -

e •

,
4
t ✗ 103
0.5×10-6 @
-

At t = 10-3
-6 •

Id =
0.5 ✗ to e-

Applying ampere
's circuital law to this loop ,
we
get
B 12Th ✗
9-2 No Ic Id
=
+

B ✗ IT
=
Mo 0 + 0.5×10-6 e-
'

B = No 0 5 ✗ 10-6
•

TI e
7- 6
At ✗ 10 ✗ 0 5 ✗ to
- -
•
=

IT ✗ 2 •

718

B = 0 •
74 ✗ 10 -13T

Problem
for Practice

clues A
parallel plate capacitor of area and plate
'
9- ◦
50cm

separation
radioactive
3.0mm is
charged initially
the medium
to 80 uc
between the
.
Due to
source
nearby , plates
slightly a conducting and loses plates charge initially direction
at the
getrate and
of Cs What is the
magnitude
•
5×10-8
-
• .
 current ? What is
of displacement magnetic field
the between the
?
plates
Ques plates of a parallel plate capacitor
voltage between the
2° The -

changing inatthe the rate

1.0nF is 5115 !
isof
capacitance of ?
What
the
displacement current
capacitor
Source Of Electromagnetic Waves PYQ 2016

accelerated
According of Maxwell 's theory charge radiate
electromagnetic ware .
An
oscillating charge is an
example of
accelerating charge .
-

electric
The
oscillating
which charge produces oscillating field in
space , produces an
oscillating electric
magnetic fieldand ,

in turn
of oscillating
which is
,
source
a
field
so on The
frequency of EMKI naturally equals the
frequency
.

oscillation the
of
the
of charge .

Nature ofElectromagnetic waves 2016,13 PYQ

Electric
each
and
magnetic
and
fields in Era
the direction
perpendicular an wave are

to other to
of propagation .

The electric and

other and the
magnetic fields
direction
oscillate in phase with each

E→xB?
of energy transfer velocity of
wave is
given by
Consider an em
travelling
ware in the z direction The
- .

electric
field Ea is
ants along the a- anis and
magnetic field
By is
along y
-
.
The electric and
magnetic fields are
perpendicular each other and direction of
propagation
to to the

write En and
we can
By as -

En = E- ◦
Sin kz - wt

Bo Sin kz wt
By
= -

where K is the wave no .

k=2
\
And w is the
angular frequencyis of the ware .
The speed
of propagation the
of wave
given by
11 =
W and W = Ck
K
 2-11 V C
2¥
= .

C = v6

Also maxwell 's equation conclude that

from ,
we can

Bo =

Note : -

Brings = ERMS
C

Velocity of EM ware in
any
Medium -

doesn't depends
light
1-
C = i. e.
speed of electric and
Info upon
the
but electric magnetic
field on the and
Magnetic properties of the medium .

and
Energy Energy density of EM
PYQ 2019 waves

be derived that
From maxwell 's
equations , it can

ME
1-2 C- EZ
=
◦

Mrs =

1-2 Bµ ?
where ME and ups are the instantaneous electric and
magnetic
energy density respectively
Note : -
instantaneous electrical and
magnetic energy
densities
are
equal .

Iz ¥
2

Proof B2 Eo C2 C2
12 B_µ ±
C- ◦
Mpg
: =
- =
=

,
,

EZ
£ to ME
=
Mps =

instantaneous
% The net
energy density
-

M =
ME +
MB =
2 ME =
2 My
2
=
Eo EZ =

13%
M = Eo Eosin ( K2 - wt )
2

B. Sin ( kz wt )
U =

µ÷
-
The
average
net
energy density -

12 B¥
<µ
1-2 C-◦ Ei
=
=

÷ Bµ÷ 12T¥
< C- C2
Ups > = =

,
◦

(MB>
÷ Eo Ei < ME >
=
=

Illustration 2 The
magnetic field in plane electromagnetic
: a ware

is
given by 2×10-7 Sin 0.5 ✗ 103N 1 5 1- 10
"
t tesla
By
= + ◦

what is the
wavelength and frequency
of the ?
a wave
(b) Write an
expression for the electric field .

Solution -
a
standard eqn we have ,

By =
Bo Sin 21T n - Vt
✗

On
comparing it with given equation
103
get
we 2K = 0.5 ✗
,
✗
✗ = 21T

0.5 ✗ 103
✗ = 1 ◦ 28 cm

"
ALSO 272 = 105×10
,
' '
V = / 5 ✗ 10
◦

2×3.14

V =
23.9 GHz

b
Bo =
2×10-7 I

Eo = C Bo
= 3×108 ✗ 2×10-7

to = 6 ✗ 10

60 Vm
•

Eo
-

The Electric direction

field is
perpendicular to the
of propagation
n anis
-
and the direction
of magnetic field y
-anis

so the expression for electric

field is

Ez 60 sin 0.5 ✗ 103N I 5×10

"
t VM
'
-

= + •
 Illustration A
plane is
propagating in
3 : e. m .
wave the
direction has a electric is
n -

in the y direction
wavelength
and its
of manimum
6mm .
The
field
magnitude
-
is
suitable equations for electricand
magnetic
'
33 Vm Write the
-

fields as a
function of n and t .

Solution -

✗ =
6mm =
6×10 -3m ,
'
Eo 33 Vm
-

w = 2kV = 2K C = I ✗ 10
''
rads -1
✗

B.
7-
to 33 9- I ✗ 10 g-
-

= ◦
=
=

C 3×108

The equation for the electric field along y ants

-

can be written
AS 8
E- -

Ey = Eosin W T -
N
C

=
33 Sint ✗ 10
"
t -
n rm
-
l

The
written
equation for the
as
magnetic field along 2- ants can be

D= Bz =
Bosinw t -
n

t
B = 9- ◦
1×10-7 sink ✗ 10
"
t -
n
tesla
C

Problem for Practice

clues 1 . Calculate
radiation
the Electric
field and
magnetic fields produced
the
by distance coming from a 100 Walt bulb at a

and of 3m
it is
. Assume that the
efficiency of the bulb is
2.5% a
point source .

with
Ques 2°
Light an
energy flier
normal of
18 watts cmz
falls on a

incidence
non
reflecting surface at
If the
surface
-
.

find the exerted

has
of am ?
average force
an area 20 on

min time
the
surface during a 30
span
.

Properties of EM Haves PYQ 2017,2012

9-
Electromagnetic do not require a material medium to
waves
material medium is involved in vibration
propagate no
electric and
of
magnetic fields .
 Scientists in the 19th that there must some
material medium
century in
thoughtall
present and matter
space for
wares to called Medium Ether This
propagate They this
EM .
-

theory was
disproved by the experiment of Michelson
and
Morley .

2
Electromagnetic waves can be polarized .

3 The speed of EM Ware in free space or vacuum is a

fundamental
and
a
Electromagnetic waves
carry and
energy
momentum .
since EM waves
contain
there is
both Electric
Magnetic fields Therefore .

Consider
a non
energy
-

zero
plane perpendicular
density associated with them
to direction
.

a the
of propagation -

All the
charges in this plane will be set in sustained motion

due to the electric and

magnetic field . The
charge thus acquires
momentum and
energy from
the wave .

If the total transferred to U in time it

surface istotal momentum ( )
t
energy that a
,
be shown
magnitude of
the
can
p
delivered to this
surface 1
for complete absorption is -

p ¥
=

Since
5
Electromagnetic
momentum
waves
also
exert
pressure
exert
the wares
carry
called
they This is
.
pressure .

radiation pressure
.

Intensity of wave - I=c

Marg

Electromagnetic Spectrum PYQ 2020119118,16 , 15,14 111,10

1- Radio ware
500 kHz 1000MHz
frequency rangeaccelerated to

production :
By Receivers motion
of charge in
conducting wires
.

Detection : aerials

Use :-

radio and television communication

• In
AM Band -

530 kHz to 1710kHz

system .

SIN Band -
1710kHz to 54MHz
TV
-

54MHz to 890MHz
FM Band -
88 MHz to 108MHz .

•
In cellular phones to transmit voice communication in UHF ) .
2 Micro Have " "
10 Hz to 10 Hz
frequency range
-

Production %) Gun diode)

:
Special vacuum tube

klystron valve or
magnetron valve .

Detection I] their short

: Radar
System Due to
ball
wavelength
To measure speed of fast ,
tennis Serres

and automobiles .

Use : -

Radar
system 1 Due to their short
wavelength )
•

speed of and automobiles

To
fastball tennis
•
measure serves .

,
•
Microwave ovens -

microwave is selected to match

working The
frequency of
the
: -

water molecules that

the resonant
frequency of
so
energy
from the wave is
transferred efficiently to KE
of
molecules .

This rises temp of any food containing

the water .

3
Infrared Waves Heat waves

frequency
"

range and-
10 10kHz .

from vibration atom and molecules hot

production :

bodies .
of of
Detection : ④
Thermopiles
di) Bolometers
Iiis infrared
photographic film .

Uses : -

used in
•

•
Infrared lamps
Use in earth satellite
physical therapy
•
To observe
growth of TV
crops sets
.

video recorders and hi

•
Remote switches in ,
-

fi
diode )
maintain earth light emitting 1
LED 1
system
as

atmosphere By greenhouse effect ]

•
To .

& Visible
rays A ✗ 1014172 to 7- ✗ 10
"
Hz
frequency range
- .

production
one
:

level
Electrons in atom
to lower
emit
level
light when
they
more
from
energy a
energy
.

Detection : in The
% eye
Photo cells
%
Photographic film .

Uses : -

sensitive which enables

Our
eyesto
to this
wavelength
range of information
•
are
and about world
us see
things provide .
 Ultra ooilet
rays
5
's "
10 to 10 Hz
frequency range
-

production : Inner shell electrons in atoms

moving from one

Detection energy
level to a lower level , special lamps
: Photocells
, photographic film .

Use : -

used to kill in water purifiers

UV
lamps
•

used in
are
LASIK
germs
eye surgery
• .

X
Rays
6 -

102° Hz
frequency range 1016
to -

production : By bombard -

a metal
target by high energy
electron .

Detection :-41
Photographic film
%
Geiger tubes
Ionisation chamber

Use : -

used as a tool in medicine

✗
diagnostic
•

rays
are
-

• used
for certain forms of cancer .

7- Gamma Rays "

above 10 Hz
frequency range
-

Production
Detection :-D
: -
Radioactive
Photographic
decay of the nucleus .

tubes film
Ii
Geiger
④ Ionisation chamber

Use : -

used medicine
• It is in to
destroy cancer cells .
 Important Note points : -

9- •
Molecules like H2O ,
NH } ,
CO2 absorbs infrared waves
Snakes detect waves The visible of
2.
insects
can
extends
IR
to ultraviolet
.

region many
up
.

3. UV radiation
of
induces the production
skin UV radiation is
ofabsorbed
more melanin
by glasscausing
tanning ;
-

tanned sunburned
hence one
window
cannot
get or
through
glass
.

V4 radiations be
a. can
focused beams for
into narrow
precision applications like LASIK 1 Laser assisted
highsitu
-

in keratomileusis ) .

5. Ozone
layerUV in atmospheretheplays sun protective layer a

against rays fromCFC's ) like Freon

and is
destroyed
by chlorofluorocarbons (
.

tissues and
6. ✗
rays
-

should not
can
destroy living exposed organisms ,
so one

get over .