CHAPTER 5

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, ELECTROMAGNET

AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
MAGNETISM
• A magnet is any piece of iron, steel, nickel or cobalt that has the property of
attracting iron or steel.
• It has a magnetic field surrounding it, that consists of lines of force, or flux lines.
• Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion.
• For clarity, only a few lines of force are shown in the figure below:
Magnetic field is an
Magnetic force area round the
lines/flux, radiate magnet, which can
from North to South be represented by
pole magnetic force
lines/flux
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC FORCE
LINES/FLUX
Not Has a direction
crossing Closed loop
each other

Declined each
other
Flux Lines Characteristics
 
THE MAGNETISM TERMS AND DEFINITION

• Magnetomotive Force @ mmf, Fm

- The current in a conductor produces a magnetic field.The cause of a
magnetic field is called the magnetomotive force (mmf).
- The unit of mmf, the ampere turns (AT) is established on the basis of the
current in a single loop (turn) of wire.
- The formula , Fm = IN
• Magnetic Field Intensity @ Magnetizing force, H ,

- identifies the magnetic flux density per unit length of a coil

- The unit is ampere turns / meter (AT/m)
- The formula H = IN/l
- l  flux path
- l  2r = circular path
• Magnetic Flux Density, B
- The amount  of   flux  per  unit  area, perpendicular to the magnetic field.
- The unit is weber/meter2( Wb/m2) or Tesla (T)
- The formula, B  
A
• Reluctance, S ,

- The opposition  to  the  production  of  flux  in  a  material ,which  corresponds  to
resistance.
- The unit is Ampere turns / weber (AT/Wb)
- Formula,
• Permeability,µ
mmf Fm IN
S   
  
- The permeability is the ability of a material to concentrate magnetic lines of flux.
The higher the permeability, more easily a magnetic field can be established.
- The absolute permeability    o  r for air, vacuum and other non magnetic material

 r so
1,   o
B
7 
- Permeability of free space  o  4  10 , ( H / m) for air H

- Relative permeability Bmaterial  B

r  
Bvacuum  Bo
THE COMPOSITE SERIES MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT
• For a series magnetic circuit having n parts, the total reluctance,S is given by:
S  S1  S 2  ......... Sn

• This is similar to resistors connected in series in an electrical circuit

PROBLEM 1:
A closed magnetic circuit of cast steel contains a 6 cm long path of cross-
sectional area 1 cm2 and a 2 cm path of cross sectional area 0.5 cm2. A coil of
200 turns is wound the 6 cm length of the circuit and a current of 0.4 A flows.
Determine the flux density in the 2cm path, if the relative permeability of the
cast steel is 750

PROBLEM
2:
Calculate the reluctance of an iron ring which has a length of 300mm, cross
sectional area of 150mm2 and relative permeability of the iron ring is 2000.
THE ELECTRICAL & MAGNETIC
QUANTITIES
• Comparison between electrical and magnetic quantities:
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism describes the relationship between
electricity and magnetism

 Electromagnetism works on the principle that an electric current through a wire

generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field is the same force that makes metal objects
stick to permanent magnets.
 • Magnetic field direction can be determine using:
i. Compass The pointer of the compass is always in
the direction of the magnetic field. In
figure above, we can see that when a few
compasses are put near to a bar magnet,
the pointer of the compasses are all in
the direction of the magnetic field

ii. Right Hand Rules

Grip the wire with the right hand, with the thumb
pointing along the direction of the current. The
other fingers give the direction of the magnetic
field around the wire.
iii. Screw Rules

If a right-handed screw is turned so that, it moves

forwards in the same direction as an electric current, its
direction of rotation gives the direction of the magnetic
field due to the current.
 Force between Two Conductors Carrying Currents

• Figure (a) and (b) show that the two conductors A and B carry current in the same direction and in the
opposite direction, respectively.
• When they carry current in the same direction, the flux distribution is exhibited in Figure (a).
• The magnetic fields set up by the two conductors are in opposite direction. Hence, they attract each other.
• When they carry current in opposite direction, the flux distribution is shown in Figure (b).
• The magnetic fields are set up by two conductors are in same direction. Hence, they repel each other.
Conductor A Conductor B
Direction of current Direction of current

Magnetic field Magnetic field

in opposite in same
direction direction

(a) Current in same direction (b) Current in opposite direction

Figure: Two current carrying conductors

 EXAMPLE 1
• A 5A current flow through 960 winding iron core, having cross sectional area
12cm2 and average magnetic cable length is 320cm. Calculate the total flux
in the iron core based on the data B-H below:
H (TA/m) 500 800 1500
B (Wb/m2) 0.8 1.0 1.2

• Solution
NI 960  5
H   1500
l 320  10  2

From the table, H = 1500; B=1.2T

  B  A  1.2  12  10 4  0.00144Wb
EXAMPLE 2

• A coil has 100 turns and current flow is 0.5A. If the magnetic circuit length is
10cm, find mmf and magnetic field force
Solution :
Fm  IN  100  0.5  50TA
Fm 50
H   500TA / m
l 10  10  2
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• When a conductor is moved across a magnetic field, there is a relative motion
between the conductor and the magnetic field. Likewise, when a magnetic
field is moved past a stationary conductor, there is also relative motion. This
principle is known as electromagnetic induction and the resulting voltage is
an induced
Vindvoltage,

•Magnetic field moving upward

•Conductor moving downward
THE LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

• Voltage is only induced when the conductor cuts magnetic lines/flux.

• The amount of the induced voltage depends on :
• The flux density, B
• The length of the conductor, l which is exposed to the magnetic field
• The faster the relative speed, the greater the induced voltage.
FARADAY’S LAW
  Vind  N (d / dt ), volt

1st faraday law’s

- The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil,(d / dt )

As the magnet moves slowly to the As the magnet moves more rapidly to
right, its magnetic field is changing the right, its magnetic field is changing
with respect to coil, and a voltage is more rapidly with respect to coil, and a
induced. greater voltage is induced.

 
• 2nd faraday law’s
- The amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the number
of turns of wire in the coil (N).

Magnet moves through Magnet moves at

a coil and induces a same rate through a
voltage. coil with more turns
and induces a greater
voltage.
LENZ’S LAW

• When the current through a coil changes, an induced voltage is created as a

result of the changing electromagnetic field and the polarity of the induced
voltage is such that it always opposes the change in current.
FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE FOR
RELATIVE DIRECTION
• Fleming's right hand rule (for generators) shows the direction of induced current flow when a
conductor moves in a magnetic field.
• The right hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger mutually perpendicular to
each other (at right angles), as shown in the figure above:
- The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.
- The First finger represents the direction of the Field. (north to south)

-The Second finger represents the direction of the induced or generated Current (the
direction of the induced current will be the direction of conventional current; from positive to
negative).
QUESTIONS:
1. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. What is Len’z
law?
2. State: (i) Fleming’s Right Hand Rule and
(ii) Fleming’s Left hand Rule
3. Calculate the relative permeability of an iron ring with reluctance of 350/ H,
length of 200mm, cross sectional area of 150mm2 (Assume: µ0 = 4π x 10-7 H/m)
(µr = 3031)