Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

• Concept of magnetic field

• Oersted's experiment
• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire.
• Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment)
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field,
• Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field;
• Moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
• Deleted portion – Cyclotron (page 140, 141, 142)
Oersted's experiment.
• Danish Scientist Oersted observed that variation in electric field give
rise to induction of magnetic field.
• The current carrying conductor produces the magnetic field and
behaves like a magnet.
• Static charge produces only electric field.
• Moving charge produce both electric field and magnetic field.
• Current carrying wire produces only magnetic field.
• Strength of a magnetic field is the force experienced by a unit charge
moving with unit velocity at right angle to magnetic field.
Magnetic field
• They form closed loop.
• Tangent at any point will give the direction of force at that point.
• Concentration of lines gives strength of the field.
• They do not intersect each other.
• Transversely repel each other.(N-N)
• Longitudinal attract each other.(N-S)
• If magnetic lines of force are straight and parallel and equally spaced
the magnetic field is said to be uniform.
Difference between electric and magnetic field
Electric field Magnetic field

• Do not form closed loop. • Form close loop.

• Measured as newton per coulomb, volt per • Measured as gauss or tesla
meter
• Created around electric charge
• Created around moving electric charge and
magnets
• It is a mono pole • It has di pole
• It is the force or area around the charged particle. • It is the region where poles of magnets show a
force of attraction or repulsion.
• Its symbol is “E”
• Its symbol is “B”
• Its field lines originate from a positive charge and
terminate on a negative charge • Its field lines generate from the north pole and
terminate on south pole
Sources and fields
Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force
Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor
Biot - Savart law
The Biot-Savart law for the magnetic field has certain similarities, as
well as, differences with the Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field.

• Both are long range, since both depend inversely on the square of distance from
the source to the point of interest.
• The electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source, namely, the electric charge.
The magnetic field is produced by a vector source I dl .
• The electrostatic field is along the displacement vector joining the source and the
field point. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing the
displacement vector r and the current element I dl .
• There is an angle dependence in the Biot-Savart law which is not present in the
electrostatic case.
Along a circular conductor
Example 4.5
An element Δ𝑙 = Δ𝑥𝑖isƸ placed at the origin and carries a large current I = 10 A (Fig.
4.10). What is the magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5 m. Δ𝑥 = 1 cm.
Example 4.7
Consider a tightly wound 100 turn coil of radius 10 cm, carrying a current of 1 A.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil?
A 3.0 cm wire carrying a current of 10 A is placed inside a solenoid perpendicular to its axis. The magnetic field
inside the solenoid is given to be 0.27 T. What is the magnetic force on the wire?
A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of 500 turns. It carries a current of 5 A. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid?
Magnetic field at a point on the line of current carrying conductor is
a) Maximum
b) Infinity
c) Zero
d) Finite value
Magnetic line of force due to straight conductor carrying current are
a) Straight lines
b) Circular
c) Elliptical
d) Parabolic
If the direction of the initial velocity of a charged particle is neither along nor perpendicular to
that of the magnetic field then the orbit will be
a) A Straight line
b) A Circle
c) An Ellipse
d) A helix
An alpha particle moves from E to W in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the paper
and into the paper. The particle is deflected towards
a) East
b) West
c) South
d) North
Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
 Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole

We have shown that a current loop

(i) produces a magnetic field and behaves like a magnetic dipole at large distances, and
(ii) is subject to torque like a magnetic needle.
This led Ampere to suggest that all magnetism is due to circulating currents. This seems to be partly true and no
magnetic monopoles have been seen so far.
The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
https://youtu.be/EZ4qUCY0Tg4
Galvanometer as ammeter
Galvanometer as voltmeter