Topics to be Discussed

• Introduction

• Magnetic Field and Field Lines

• Magnetic Field due to a Current - Carrying Conductor

• Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

• Electric Motor

• Electromagnetic Induction
Magnet is any substance that attracts iron / iron–like substances.

Properties of Magnet :-
• A free suspended magnet always points towards the north and
south direction.
• The pole of a magnet which points toward north direction is called
north seeking or north pole.
• The pole of a magnet which points toward south direction is called
south seeking or south pole.
• Like poles of magnets repel each other while unlike poles of
magnets attract each other.
 Magnetic Field and Field Lines
The area around a magnet where a
magnetic force is experienced is
called the magnetic field. Magnetic
field is a quantity that has both
direction and magnitude.

The magnetic field lines can be

explained as imaginary lines that
graphically represent the magnetic
field acting around a magnet.
Properties of Magnetic Field Lines :-

• Outside the magnet, the direction of magnetic

field line is taken from North pole to South
Pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of
magnetic field line is taken from South pole to
North pole.

• They are continuous and form closed curves.

• Magnetic field lines never intersect each other.

• If field lines are close, field is stronger. If field

lines are far apart, field is weak .
 Magnetic Field due to a Current - Carrying Conductor
Oersted’s experiment :-

Hans Christian Oersted discovered that when electric current flows

through a current carrying conductor, it produces a magnetic field
around it.
This can be seen with the help of a magnetic needle which shows
deflection. The more the current, the higher the deflection. If the
direction of current is reversed, the direction of deflection is also
reversed.
Through this observation Oersted showed that electricity and
magnetism were related phenomena.
Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor :-

• A current carrying straight conductor

has magnetic field in the form of
concentric circles, around it.
• The direction of magnetic field
through a current carrying conductor
depends upon the direction of flow
electric current.
• The Magnetic field produced is
directly proportional to the current &
inversely proportional to the distance
from the conductor.
Maxwell 's Right Hand thumb Rule :-

It states that, if you hold the current carrying straight wire in the grip of
your right hand in such a way that stretched thumb points in direction
of current, then the direction of the curl of the fingers will give the
direction of magnetic field.
Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop :-

• Every point on the circular loop will

act as a straight conductor.
• Magnetic field lines are closer near
the conductor which means the
magnetic field is stronger near the
periphery of the loop.
• Magnetic field lines move away from
each other as we move towards the
centre of the current carrying loop.
• At the centre, the magnetic field
lines appear as straight lines
Factors affecting Magnetic Field of a
Circular Current Carrying Conductor :-

Magnetic Field ∝ Current passing through the conductor

𝟏
Magnetic Field ∝
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Magnetic Field ∝ No. of turns in the coil

Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid :-
• A coil of many circular turns of
insulated copper wire wrapped closely
in the shape of a cylinder is called a
solenoid. When current is passed
through it, it behaves similar to a bar
magnet.
• One end of solenoid behaves as the
north pole and another end behaves
as the south pole.
• The field lines inside the solenoid are
in the form of parallel straight lines.
This indicates that the field is uniform
inside the solenoid.
Electromagnet :-

A temporary magnet of soft iron core

with a coil wound around it which retains
magnetism only when current passes
through the coil.

It is used in electric bells, telephones,

electric motor etc.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule :-

The Fleming’s Left Hand Rule states

that if the left hand is stretched in a
way that the index finger, the middle
finger and the thumb are in mutually
perpendicular directions, then the
index finger and middle finger of a
stretched left hand show the direction
of magnetic field and direction of
electric current respectively and the
thumb shows the direction of motion
or force acting on the conductor.
Electric motor :-

An electric motor is a rotating device

that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.

Principle - When a rectangular coil

carrying current is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a force
which rotates it continuously.
Electromagnetic Induction :-

An electric current produced in a closed field

by a changing magnetic field is called as
induced current. This phenomenon is called
Electromagnetic Induction.
This was discovered by Michael Faraday.

A galvanometer is an instrument that can

detect the presence of a current in a circuit.
The pointer remains at zero for zero current
flowing through it. It can deflect either to the
left or to the right of the zero mark
depending on the direction of current.
Chapter Finished !!
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