Magnetism

&
Electromagnetism
 What’s a Magnet
• A body that attracts/repels other
magnets

• Like poles always repel each other.

• Unlike poles always attract each other.
• If a magnet is suspended freely then it
will align with North-South of earth.
Categories of Materials
Magnetic Non-magnetic
• These are the • These are the materials
materials which can which cannot be
be magnetised. magnetised.
• Examples:
– Glass, Rubber, Plastic
• Examples : and Wood.
– Iron – Copper, Aluminum, Tin,
Tungsten and Silver
– Steel
– Brass
Example
Types of Magnetic Materials
Soft Hard
• Those materials • Those materials
which can be easily which are difficult to
magnetised and be magnetised and
demagnetised. demagnetised

• Example : • Example:
– Iron – Steel
 Magnetic Induction
• The phenomenon of inducing magnetic poles
on magnetic materials by bringing a magnet
closer to it.
• When we bring a magnet closer to an iron bar,
the magnet induces the opposite poles on the
ends of the iron bar.
• Same thing can be done by using an iron nail.
 Inducing Poles

And

And
 Domain Theory
• All magnetic materials
are made up tiny
magnets arranged in
groups. Each group is
called “magnetic
domain”.
• In one domain, all tiny
magnets point in the
same direction.
 Magnetising & Demagnetising
• When we arrange the
domains, the material
becomes magnet.

• When the arrangement

of domains is disturbed
the magnet is
demagnetised.
 Methods of Magnetisation
• Stroke method • Electrical
– Single touch method
method
– Divided-touch
method
 Stroke Method
Single-Touch Method Divided-touch Method
 Electrical Method
• A steel bar is placed
in a coil connected
to a D.C source. The
current is turned on.
• The magnetic field
of the coil arranges
the magnetic
domains of the steel
bar turning it into a
magnet.
 Two Iron Bars in a Coil
• Right ends of both bar
will be N-poles and the
left ends of both will be
S-poles.
• The distance between
two bars will decrease
as they will attract each
other.
 Two Iron Bars in a Coil
• The left end of both
the rods will be N-
pole the right will be
S-pole.
• As like poles repel
each other so the
two rods will move
apart.
 Now
• If one of the two
rods in each case is
of iron and the other
is of copper then
nothing will happen
as iron will be
magnetised but not
the copper. (copper
is a non-magnetic
material)
 Test of Magnets
• A magnet and a
magnetic material
always attract.
• Two magnets may
attract or repel each
other.
• A is a magnet
• Repulsion is the only
test of magnets • B is also a magnet
• C is Iron bar
• D is Copper rod
 Methods of Demagnetisation
• A permanent magnet can be demagnetised by
one of the following methods:
• Heating the magnet on a flame until it becomes
red hot.
• Placing the magnet in East-West direction and
hammering it many times.
• Dropping the magnet from a height for many
times.
• Electrical method.
 Electrical Method
• Place the magnet in a • Place the magnet inside
coil carrying AC current the coil carrying AC
and pull the magnet current. Slowly reduce
slowly out of the coil by the current in the coil.
2-3 meters. AC
Magnetic Properties of Iron & Steel
• If we attach iron nails at one pole of the
magnet and the steel clips on the other then
we will see that chain of iron nails will be
longer than steel clips. If we detach both the
chains then chain of nails will collapse but not
of steel clips.
 Magnetic Field
• The region of space around a magnet with in
which it exerts a force of other magnets.
• Inside the magnetic field there are magnetic
field lines.
• Magnetic field lines start at the N-pole and
end at the S-pole of the magnet.
• The strength of magnetic field decreases as
we go away from the magnet.
 How to Draw Magnetic Field Line?
• Place a magnetic compass
near the N-pole of the
magnet and put a dot in front
of the arrow head. Move the
compass to such a position
that tail of the compass
points to the dot. Put another
dot in front of arrow head.
Repeat the process until we
reach the south pole. Join the
dots to get a field line.
Important to Remember
Magnetic Field Patterns
 Magnetic Shielding
• If we use an iron ring
inside the magnetic
field then filed lines
pass through the ring
but there is no field
inside the ring.
• Same thing happens if
we use a shielding box.
 Electromagnet
• When a current flows through a conductor, a
magnetic field is set-up around the conductor.
The strength of the field depends on the
magnitude of current. The strength of the field
decreases as the current decreases and
becomes zero when the current is turned off.
Field Around a Straight Wire
• Field around a straight
conductor/wire is in the
form of concentric circles.
• As we go away from the
wire, the magnetic field
strength decreases
• The gaps between the circles
is shown as increasing to
show the weaker field.
• The direction of field is
found by Right-Hand-Grip
Rule
Top View
Field Around a Straight Wire
• If the current is reversed
then the direction of
magnetic field is also
reversed but no change in
the shape of the field.

• Note: In Right-Hand-Grip
Rule the thumb is kept in
the direction of current and
curling fingers show the
direction of magnetic field.
Top View
 Field Around a Loop/Flat Coil
• We use the same rule
but here fingers are
curled in the direction
of current and the
thumb shows the
direction of the
magnetic field
 Field Around a Coil(Solenoid)
• Again the curling fingers are
for the direction of current
and the thumb shows the
direction of magnetic field.
• Field pattern is same as of a
bar magnet.
• Field strength increases if
we:
 Increase the no. of loops
 Increase the amount of
current
 Use an iron core
Applications of Electromagnets
• Magnetic Relay
• Circuit Breaker
• Reed Switch
• Electric Bell
 Magnetic Relay
• It works at low
voltage but operates a
switch at high voltage.
• When the current in
the coil is turned on,
the magnetic field
around it attract the
iron lever in front,
which rotates to turn
the switch close.
 Circuit Breaker
• It prevents the
excessive flow of
current.
• When the current
exceeds the breaker
rating, the stronger
magnetic field of
the coil attracts the
iron armature and
the contact is
opened.
 Reed Switch
• It is used to prevent the hazard of the spark
produced during switching.
• Due to magnet or electromagnet the magnetic poles
are induced on iron strips which attract each other to
touch.
• As a result the current starts flowing and if there is
some spark, it stays inside the glass tube.
 Electric Bell
• When the switch is closed, the
current starts flowing and the
coil is magnetised.
• It pulls the iron strip and the
hammer hits the gong to
produce sound. But at the
same time the contact breaks
to stop the current.
• The electromagnet releases
the strip which goes back to
touch the contact again.
• The process is repeated.
Force on a Current Carrying Conductor
in Magnetic Field
• When a current carrying wire is placed in a
magnetic field, a force acts on it due to the
interaction between the fields of magnet and
the wire(the electromagnet).
• The magnitude of the force applied by the
magnet on the wire is the same as force applied
by the wire on the magnet.
• The direction of the force on the wire can found
by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
• The force acting
on a current
carrying conductor
in magnetic field is
perpendicular to
both the direction
magnetic field and
the current.
 The Force on a Wire
• Apply the rule and check if
the direction shown in the
diagram is correct?????
• If we reverse the direction
of the current then the
direction of the force will
also reverse.
• Magnitude of force will be
larger if we use a larger
current or if we use a
stronger magnet.
The Force Between Two Parallel Wires
• The wires carrying current in the same
direction always attract each other.
• The fields between the wires cancel out each
other so the field becomes relatively weaker
than the fields on the sides.
• A force acts on each wire from stronger field
region to weaker field region.
The Force Between Two Parallel Wires
• The wires carrying current in
the opposite directions
always repel each other.
• The fields between the wires
are in same direction so the
field becomes relatively
stronger between the wires
than the fields on the sides.
• A force acts on each wire
from stronger field region to
weaker field region.
Example
Another Example
 Moving-Coil Loudspeaker
• When an alternating current
flow through the coil in the
magnetic field, a force acts on
the coil. The direction of the
force keeps reversing due to
change in the direction of
current.
• The coil vibrates, the cone
vibrates which produces
compressions and rarefactions
in the surrounding air.
 Charged Particle in Magnetic Field
• Stationary charged particle experiences no force in the
magnetic field.
• A charged particle moving parallel to the magnetic field
experiences no force.
• A charged particle moving at an angle to the magnetic
field experiences a force.
• A charged particle moving at right angle to the field
experiences maximum force.
• The force on the particle is right angle to the field and
the velocity.
 Charged Particle in Magnetic Field
• Positively charged • For simplicity we apply
particle obeys Fleming’s Fleming’s Left-Hand
Left Hand Rule in the Rule for an electron in
magnetic field. the magnetic field.
Force on a Rectangular Loop
• A rectangular loop is placed
in the magnetic field and a
current flows through it.
• The force on side AB is up
and the force on side CD is
down and these forces form a
couple.
• No force acts on sides AD and
BC.
• The couple starts rotating the
loop in clockwise direction
until the loop is vertical.
• Loop stops at the
vertical position.
• In order to make it
rotate continuously we
need to reverse the
direction of forces in
vertical position and
this is done by reversing
the current.
 DC Motor
• We reverse the
direction of current by
using split-rings
commutators.
• The direction of current
reverses when coil is
vertical (twice in one
rotation).
 Factors Affecting the Rate of Rotations

• Rate of rotation of the coil increases if we

use:
More no. of coils/loops/turns.
Larger current.
Stronger magnetic field.
By using stronger magnet.
By using an iron core at the center of coil.
 Important
• The torque/moment of the coil is
maximum when it is in the horizontal
position (parallel to the magnetic field)
• The torque/moment of the coil is
minimum(zero) when it is vertical
(perpendicular to the magnetic field).
Graph