EEE6012

Engineering Electromagnetism

Magnetism-1
 By,
Pramod Munasinghe
B.Sc. Engineering in AIT, Thailand)
M.Sc. in Mechatronic (AIT, Thailand)

2
 Things we did
• Magnetism
• Magnets and magnetic fields
• Earth's magnetic field
• Uniform magnetic field
• Force on an electric current in a magnetic
field; Definition of B
• Force on a electric charge moving on a magnetic
field
• Magnetic field due to long straight wire
• Force between two parallel wires
• Solenoids and electromagnets
Part 2
 Things for this week
• Ferromagnetism: domains and
hysteresis
• Ampere’s Law
• Field due to a straight wire
• Field inside a solenoid
• Torque on a current loop; magnetic
moment
 Ferromagnetism:
domains and hysteresis

• Ferromagnetic: materials that

can be made into strong
magnets
• Sources of ferromagnetism
– A magnet is made up of tiny
regions known as domains (at
most about 1 mm in length or
width)
– Each behaves like tiny magnet
– Magnetic effect is cancelled
with each other, so piece of iron
is not a magnet
– In a magnet they are
arranged in one direction
 Ferromagnetism: domains
and hysteresis
• A magnet can be made
from an unmagnetized
piece of iron by placing it
in a strong magnetic field
– Stroking with a strong
magnet
– Domains may slightly rotate
– Iron filings in a magnetic
field acquire aligned
domains and align
themselves to reveal the
shape of magnetic field
 Ferromagnetism: domains and
hysteresis
• Iron magnet can remain magnetized for a
long time
– Permanent magnet
• Ways to loss magnetism
– Drop on the floor, Strike it with a hammer
• Make domains random again
– By heating
• Temperature ↑ , random thermal motion of atoms ↑ ,
randomize the domains
• Above a certain temperature magnets cannot made
– Curie temperature (1043 K for iron)
 Magnetic permeability
• Magnetic field inside a solenoid B
• B = BO + BM
– BO: field due to current in wire
– B M: additional field due to inserted
material (>>BO)
• B=µNI / l
– µ: magnetic permeability
– Characteristic of the magnetic material inside
the coil
 Ampere’s Law
• Relationship between
current in any shape
of wire and magnetic
field around it
• Consider a any closed
path
around a current
– Made up of tiny
segments Δl
– Product of length and
magnetic field B parallel
to that segment
 Field due to a straight
wire
• Long straight wire
carrying a current I

• Ampere’s law is valid for any

situation where the
currents and fields not
changing with time.
Field inside a
solenoid
 Field inside a
solenoid
• From ampere’s law:

– First segment is zero, because field

outside solenoid is nearly zero
– B is perpendicular to segments bc and da,
so 2nd and 3rd segments are zero
 Torque on a current loop;
magnetic moment
• When an electric current flows in a
closed loop of wire placed in an
external magnetic field, the magnetic
force on the current can produce a
torque
• Uses: voltmeters, ammeters, motors
 Magnetic
•
moment
Magnetic field exert force
on vertical segments
• Forces F1 and F2 creates a
net torque

– A = ab, area of the coil

• If coil consists of N loops,
current
= NI
 Magnetic moment
• If coil makes angle θ
with magnetic field,
– Forces unchanged
– Lever arm is reduced
from b/2 to (1/2)b*sin θ

– Valid for any shape of

flat coil
– M = NIA
• M: magnetic dipole
moment
of the coil
• It’s a vector perpendicular to
coil
 Applications:
Galvanometer
• Basic component of an
analog meter (pointer
and dial)
– Analog ammeter,
voltmeter, ohmmeter
• Consists of
– A coil of wire (with
attached pointer)
suspended in the
magnetic field of a
permanent magnet
• When current flows through the loop,
magnetic field exerts a torque on the
loop
• τ = NIAB sin θ
• Opposite torque by a spring, τs = kφ
– φ: Turned angle
– k: stiffness constant of the spring
• Coil and attached pointer rotates till
torques balance
• kφ = NIAB sin θ
Galvanometer

• φ is proportional to current I
• Also depends on angle θ the coil makes with B
• But it should only depends on current I and independent of θ
• Solution
– Magnets with curved pole pieces
– Coil is wrapped around a cylindrical iron core
• Concentrates magnetic field lines, B always parallel to face of the coil,
force is
always perpendicular to face of coil, torque will not change with the
angle
• So φ α I
Applications: Electric motor
 Applications: Loudspeaker
• Magnet exerts a force
on a current carrying
wire
• Alternating current of an
audio signal flows through
the coil of wire
• Coil experiences a force
due to magnetic field of the
magnet
• As the current changes
sound waves are
produced
• How to transmit exact
frequencies as a
current?