Physics 12 : Electromagnetism

Mr. Wickson
 Major Topics Include:
MAGNETISM INDUCTION

• Magnetism and Current • Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnets  Induced EMF
 Magnetic Fields  Faraday’s Law
 Electric Current  Lenz’s Law
 Force on Current
 Right Hand Rule • Applications I
 Moving Conductors
• Magnetism and Charge
 Magnetic Flux and E-Field
 Force on Charge
 Right and Left Hand Rules • Applications II
 Circular Motion of Charges  Electric Generators
• Magnetism and Long Wires  Electric Motors
 Long Straight Wires  Back EMF
 Force Between Wires  Transformers
 Solenoids and Electromagnets
 Magnetic Poles cannot be isolated

Magnets
Made by ferromagnetic material
ex: iron, cobalt, and nickel

Magnets have two poles:

• North Pole (Points at geographic North)
• South Pole (Points at geographic South) Magnets may attract or
repulse each other

North Pole South Pole

 Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field – 3D area of influence in which magnets may interact with each other
• field lines reflect the attraction or repulsion of a north needle on a compass
• field lines continue inside a magnet (always form a closed loop)
• direction of the field is tangent to a field line at any point
• (# lines per unit area) α (magnetic field strength)
 Earth’s Magnetic Field

1
2

3 What a
MESS!
4

3 Magnetic Declination
*varies with location

4 Geographic north is
actually south magnet

5 Magnetic field line

1 The location to which the north needle of a compass points

2 The rotational axis of the Earth, labelled as “North Pole” on maps
 Uniform Magnetic Field

A Magnetic fields can be made uniform under the conditions that

• two magnets are placed sufficiently close together
• length of the magnets > distance between them

B Another way to make a uniform field:

This field will not change in
magnitude or direction while • make a coil out of a wire
between the parallel poles • pass a current through it
Magnetic Fields and Electric Currents
Electric currents produce magnetic fields

Right Hand Rule

• grasp the wire with your right hand
• thumb should follow the conventional current
• fingers will encircle the wire (direction of magnetic field)
Force on Currents in Magnetic Field
A current will produce a force on a magnet (compass needle)

Therefore, according to Newton’s 3rd Law…

…A magnetic field should produce a force on a current (wire)

The direction of the force is always perpendicular to the direction of the current
and also perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, B
Force on Currents in Magnetic Field
In the case where the current and the magnetic field are not perpendicular to each
other, we can use the following general formula to find the force:

F is force in N(ewton)
F  IlB sin  I is current in A(mpere)
L is length in m(eters)
B is magnetic field strength in T(esla)

Fmax will be when θ = 90°

F will be 0 when θ = 0°
 Major Topics Include:
MAGNETISM INDUCTION

• Magnetism and Current • Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnets  Induced EMF
 Magnetic Fields  Faraday’s Law
 Electric Current  Lenz’s Law
 Force on Current
 Right Hand Rule • Applications I
• Magnetism and Charge  Moving Conductors
 Magnetic Flux and E-Field
 Force on Charge
 Right and Left Hand Rules
• Applications II
 Circular Motion of Charges
 Electric Generators
• Magnetism and Long Wires  Electric Motors
 Long Straight Wires  Back EMF
 Force Between Wires  Transformers
 Solenoids and Electromagnets
Force on Moving Electric Charge in Magnetic Field

A B
A wire with live current will
experience a force when placed
in a magnetic field

D Current is the movement of

electric charge through a wire

A moving charge will experience a force

when place in a magnetic field Electric charges may be isolated
 Force on Moving Electric Charge in Magnetic Field

Recall for a wire in a magnetic field:

F  IlB sin 

Nq Current is the amount of charge (# of particles * charge)

I passing through an area per unit time
t
The distance through the magnetic field will be the
l  vt (velocity of the particle * the time spent in the field)

 Nq 
F  IlB sin    vt B sin  Fmax  qvB sin 90
 t 

F  qvB sin  Fmin  qvB sin 0

Force on Moving Electric Charge in Magnetic Field

The right hand rule can still be used for

positive charges moving through a
magnetic field

If the particle moving through the

magnetic field is negative, then use the
opposite of the right hand rule
 THINK-PAIR-SHARE

No , No , and No…

No movement of charge, no force!

Direction is north (into the page)
Moving Electric Charge in Magnetic Field (Circular Motion)

The path of a charged particle moving in a plane

perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field is a circle

Since the force is always perpendicular to the

velocity, the velocity will not change (constant)

Therefore the particle has radial acceleration

F  ma

mv 2
The electron is moving CW qvB 
r
A proton would move CCW
Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis)
 Major Topics Include:
MAGNETISM INDUCTION

• Magnetism and Current • Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnets  Induced EMF
 Magnetic Fields  Faraday’s Law
 Electric Current  Lenz’s Law
 Force on Current
 Right Hand Rule • Applications I
 Moving Conductors
• Magnetism and Charge
 Magnetic Flux and E-Field
 Force on Charge
 Right and Left Hand Rules • Applications II
 Circular Motion of Charges  Electric Generators
• Magnetism and Long Wires  Electric Motors
 Long Straight Wires  Back EMF
 Force Between Wires  Transformers
 Solenoids and Electromagnets
 Magnetic Field due to a Long Straight Wire

The magnetic field strength can be described as a

function of two variables:

1
B I B
r

We can replace the “α” sign with an “=“ by using a

constant called the permeability of free space

Permeability of free space: μ0 = 4π*10-7 T*m/A

0 0 I
 Then: B
2 2r Magnetic field
lines produced
by a current
*This relationship is valid so long as r << l (length of wire)
Direction is west (into the page)
 Force between Two Parallel Wires

Two current carrying wires will exert a force on each other

Each current produces a magnetic field. I1 makes B1 and I2

makes B2
 0 I1
B1  Strength of B1 at wire 2
2d

Recall: Fmax  IlB (When I ┴ B)

Then: F2  I 2 B1l2

 0 I1 I 2
Sub B1 in: F2  l2
2d
(Force by B1 on wire 2 of length l2)
Force between Two Parallel Wires

This observation is useful in designing wiring

Magnetic fields in a building may be minimized by

pairing inbound and outbound wires with opposite
current direction
  0 4 *10 7
  2 *10 7
2 2

 0 I1 I 2
F2  l2
2d

The currents would be in opposite directions and would repulse each other.
 Major Topics Include:
MAGNETISM INDUCTION

• Magnetism and Current • Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnets  Induced EMF
 Magnetic Fields  Faraday’s Law
 Electric Current  Lenz’s Law
 Force on Current
 Right Hand Rule • Applications I
• Magnetism and Charge  Moving Conductors
 Magnetic Flux and E-Field
 Force on Charge
 Right and Left Hand Rules
• Applications II
 Circular Motion of Charges
 Electric Generators
• Magnetism and Long Wires  Electric Motors
 Long Straight Wires  Back EMF
 Force Between Wires  Transformers
 Solenoids and Electromagnets
Electromagnetic Induction

What can you conclude

from this picture?
 Electromagnetic Induction
Recall: An electric current produces a magnetic field

Then: Is it possible for a magnetic field to produce an electric current? Yes 

Faraday’s experiment sought to generate a

current in circuit Y using the magnetic field
produced by coil X

Results:

How?!
However, when the switch was closed and a stead current
flowed through circuit X, no current was measured in Y

Only at the moment that the switch was just opened or just
closed was a current recorded in Y
 Conclusions:

• A constant magnetic field will not produce a current in a conductor

• A changing magnetic field will produce a current in a conductor

Called an “induced current”

Therefore:
• A changing magnetic field produces an emf (electromagnetic induction)
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday found that the emf produced was proportional
to the rate of change of the magnetic flux where
magnetic flux was defined as:

 B  B  A  BA cos 

Thus:
Фmax = BAcos0° The unit for Ф is the weber:
Фmin = BAcos90° 1 Wb = 1 T*m2
With our definition of magnetic flux we can now investigate Faraday’s Law:

 B
  N Faraday’s Law (for N loops of coil)
t
*The negative sign is there to remind us that a current produced by an induced emf moves
in a direction such that the magnetic field produced by the induced current will oppose the
change in magnetic flux. (Lenz’s Law)
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
An emf may be induced in three distinct ways:
• By changing the loop’s orientation θ with respect to the field
• By changing the area A of the loop in the field
• By changing a magnetic field B
CCW CW CCW No CCW
 Major Topics Include:
MAGNETISM INDUCTION

• Magnetism and Current • Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnets  Induced EMF
 Magnetic Fields  Faraday’s Law
 Electric Current  Lenz’s Law
 Force on Current
 Right Hand Rule • Applications I
 Moving Conductors
• Magnetism and Charge
 Magnetic Flux and E-Field
 Force on Charge
 Right and Left Hand Rules • Applications II
 Circular Motion of Charges  Electric Generators
• Magnetism and Long Wires  Electric Motors
 Long Straight Wires  Back EMF
 Force Between Wires  Transformers
 Solenoids and Electromagnets
EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
√ Moving a magnet through a coil can induce an emf.
 Changing the area of the coil in a magnetic field can induce an emf

Thus, the motional EMF produced is: B

Where B, l, v
v
 B BA Blvt must be ┴ to
    Blv each other
t t t l

A U-shaped wire rests in a constant magnetic field, B

A movable conductor bounds the area of the loop, A
The conductor moves with speed, v, in time, t
Moving the conductor changes the area, ΔA
Distance moved by the conductor is x = vΔt
Changing Magnetic Flux and Electric Field
 Major Topics Include:
MAGNETISM INDUCTION

• Magnetism and Current • Electromagnetic Induction

 Magnets  Induced EMF
 Magnetic Fields  Faraday’s Law
 Electric Current  Lenz’s Law
 Force on Current
 Right Hand Rule • Applications I
 Moving Conductors
• Magnetism and Charge
 Magnetic Flux and E-Field
 Force on Charge
 Right and Left Hand Rules • Applications II
 Circular Motion of Charges  Electric Generators
• Magnetism and Long Wires  Electric Motors
 Long Straight Wires  Back EMF
 Force Between Wires  Transformers
 Solenoids and Electromagnets
 Electric Generators
An electric motor uses an emf to produce mechanical energy
An electric generator uses mechanical energy to produce an emf

An electric generator consists of

rotating coils in a magnetic field.

Mechanical energy is used to rotate

the coils (falling water, steam, etc)

v⊥ In this example, an emf is induced into

I (induced)
segments ab and cd

B
The velocity components perpendicular
to the field are given as vsinθ
AC Generators
The rotating coils are supported by a cylinder called an armature

The wires from the coil terminate in slip rings which are
designed to maintain contact as the armature rotates

Brushes carry the current to and from the slip rings.

The rotation produces an alternating current according to:

   0 sin t where;  0  NAt

 DC Generators
In a DC generator, the slip rings are replaced with
split ring commutators that contain a gap

The power output of a dc generator can be smoothed out by

adding many sets of commutators and windings
 Motors and Back EMF
A motor uses a source emf to rotate an armature.

However, while the coils on the armature are rotating,

they also cut through the magnetic field lines and
produce an emf like in a generator.

The result is that a counter emf, or back emf is

produced that opposes the source emf. (Lenz’s Law)

This back emf will lower the overall voltage across the
Sample DC Motor armature and thus produce a lower current flowing into
the motor from the source.

 overall   source   back

The back emf produced is proportional to the speed of the rotating armature
 V 120V
At start up (no back emf): I   24 A
R 5.0

V  source   back 120V  108V

At full speed (back emf is max): I    2.4 A
R R 5.0

NOTE: Current is highest when the motor first starts (no back emf)
If the motor is connected on the same line as other devices you will see a
voltage drop across the other devices as the motor fires up
 AC Voltage and Transformers

Recall: Faraday’s Induction Experiment

Coil X induced a current in Coil Y

If NX = NY , then IX = IY It is possible to increase or decrease the current in a

If NX ≠ NY , then IX ≠ IY secondary coil by changing the number of loops.

Faraday’s Law for  B

Primary Coil Vp  N p
t VS N S

Faraday’s Law for  B VP N P
Secondary Coil
Vs  N s
t
 I PVP  I SVS
VS N S

VP N P IS NP

IP NS
 THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Why is It is far more efficient to use high voltage, low current lines than low voltage, high
current lines?

High current would dissipate more heat and lose power