Electromagnetic

Induction
 EM Induction
• The phenomenon of inducing e.m.f in a circuit by
changing magnetic flux linkage.

• This can be done by moving a magnet near a stationary

conductor or by moving a conductor near a stationary
magnet.
• There has to be a relative motion between the
conductor and the magnet in such a way that magnetic
field lines are cut.
 A Moving Wire Between Poles
• When a conductor is moved in
the magnetic field such that it
cuts the magnetic field lines,
an e.m.f is induced.
• But if the conductor shown is
moved to the left or to the
right then magnetic field lines
are not cut and hence no
e.m.f is induced.
 Solenoid Experiment
• If a magnet is moved towards
the coil then the magnetic field
lines are cut and thus magnetic
flux linkage changes. This
induces an e.m.f in the coil.
• If the magnet is moved away
from the coil then again the
same thing happens and e.m.f is
again induced in the coil.
• e.m.f is also induced if the coil is
moved near the magnet.
 Note
• When the magnet is moved towards the coil,
the meter shows a brief deflection to one
side and then returns to zero.
• When the magnet is moved away from the
coil, the meter shows a brief deflection in the
opposite direction.
 Factors Effecting the magnitude of e.m.f
• No. of turns/loops • Michael Faraday observed that
in the coil. the magnitude of induced
e.m.f can be increased by:
• Speed of the
– Using more no. of turns/loops in
magnet relative to the coil.
coil. – Moving the magnet faster near
• Use of iron-core in the coil.
the coil. – Placing an iron-core in the coil.
Faraday’s Law of EM Induction
• The magnitude of induced e.m.f is
directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage.
 Lenz’s Law
• The direction of induced e.m.f and hence
induced current is always such as to oppose
the change/cause producing it.
 According to Lenz’s Law
• When the North-Pole of a
magnet is brought near one
of the coil then North-Pole is
also induced on the same
end of the coil.
• But when the N-Pole is taken
away from the coil, the S-
pole is induced on the same
end of the coil.
 Also
• When the South-Pole of a
magnet is brought near one
of the coil then South-Pole is
also induced on the same
end of the coil.
• But when the S-Pole is taken
away from the coil, the N-
pole is induced on the same
end of the coil.
 AC Generator
• A device that converts
mechanical/K.E into Electrical
energy.
• It has a coil which is rotated in
a magnetic field. Due to
rotation, the magnetic field
lines are cut and the magnetic
flux through the coil changes
which induces an e.m.f in the
coil.
 AC Generator
• The induced e.m.f is min.
(zero) when the coil is vertical
and max. when the coil is
horizontal.
• The direction of e.m.f reverses
when the coil moves past the
vertical position.
• The direction of e.m.f reverses
twice in one rotation.
 Factors Effecting e.m.f
• The number of turns/loops in the • The speed of rotation of the coil.
coil.  When the speed of rotation is
– When the no. of loops are doubled
doubled both the e.m.f and
the e.m.f is also doubled.
frequency are doubled.

After the no. of loops doubled.  After the speed is doubled.

• The strength of magnetic field.

 Transformer
• A device that converts an AC
voltage of one value into a
different value AC voltage
• It has two coils wound on an
iron core.
• One of the two coils is
connected to an AC supply
and the other is connected to
the load.
 Working Principle
• When an AC voltage is supplied to the primary coil, a changing
magnetic field is set up around it. These field lines pass through
the core and then through the secondary coil. The field lines are
cut by the secondary coil so the magnetic flux linking the
secondary coil changes which induces an e.m.f in the secondary
coil.
• A transformer works only on an AC input/voltage
• If a DC voltage is supplied then a constant magnetic field is set up
around the primary and no change in magnetic flux will be there
at the secondary and hence no e.m.f is induced.
 The Core
• The core of the transformer is made up of soft
magnetic material (iron) so that it magnetizes quickly
in the reverse direction.

• The core is laminated so as to reduce the energy loss

by reducing eddy currents.

• The core of iron enhances the magnetic flux linkage.

 Formula
• For
  an ideal (100% efficient) transformer the power input is
equal to power output. Also
voltage ratio = turns’ ratio

As P=IV

And
Example
Another Example
 Step-Up Transformer
• A transformer whose output
voltage is greater than the input
voltage.
• The no. of turns/loops in primary
coil are smaller than the no. of
turns/loops in the secondary
coil.
• The current in the secondary coil
is smaller than the current in the
primary coil.
Example
 Step-Down Transformer
• A transformer whose output
voltage is smaller than the input
voltage.
• The no. of turns/loops in primary
coil are greater than the no. of
turns/loops in the secondary
coil.
• The current in the secondary coil
is greater than the current in the
primary coil.
 Transmission of Electrical Energy
• At the production end we use a step-up transformer and
at the consumer end we use a step-down transformer.
• Electrical energy is transmitted over long distance at high
voltage and low current.
• When voltage is increased, the current decreases and
the wire remains at low temp. so the resistance remains
low and hence the loss of energy is lesser.
Example
One More