DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND

RADIATION
Photoelectric emission: The emission of electron due to action of light of suitable energy is called
photoelectric emission. The e– emitted are called photoelectrons.

Properties of photon: (a) Photon is a bundle of energy

(b) Photon travel with speed of light
(c) Rest mass of photon is zero.
(d) Momentum of photon is 𝑝 = 𝐸/𝑐
ℎ𝑐
(e) Energy of a photon : E = h  or 𝐸 = 𝜆

Photoelectric effect: The emission of e– from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency is
incident on it is called photoelectric effect. Alkali metals like Li, Na, K show
photoelectric effect with visible light metal like Zn, Mg, Ca respond to
ultraviolet light.

Laws of photoelectric emission:

(a) Minimum energy required called threshold energy or work function. The frequency corresponding to
threshold energy called threshold frequency.
E =  = work function = h  0
Where  0 is threshold frequency.
(b) Every photon interact with a single electron.
(c) Increase in energy of incident photon, the kinetic energy of e– emitted increase.

Effect of Intensity: (Assuming frequency constant)

Effect of Frequency: (Assuming Number of photons falling per second is constant)

Determination of Plank’s Constant: frequency from Einstein Photoelectric equation

ℎ = ℎ0 + 𝐾. 𝐸
𝑒𝑉𝑜 = 𝐾. 𝐸
ℎ = ℎ𝑜 + 𝑒𝑉𝑂

Einstein Photoelectric Equation: Photoelectric effect was explained using quantum theory by
Einstein.
𝐸 = 𝜙 + 𝐾. 𝐸 In terms of wavelength
1 𝐶 𝐶 1
ℎ = ℎ𝑜 + 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ℎ (𝜆 − 𝜆 ) = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑜
1
ℎ − ℎ𝑜 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
1 1 1 1
ℎ( − 𝑜 ) = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ℎ𝑐 (𝜆 − 𝜆 ) = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑜
 Dual nature of matter
De-Broglie Hypothesis: According to de broglie a wave is associated with every moving particle. This
wave is called matter wave and its wavelength is known as debroglie
wavelength.

Expression for 𝝀:- In term of energy: - In term of charge & potential:-

𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑞𝑉
By particle nature,
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 1 ℎ
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝜆=
By wave nature, 2 √2𝑚𝑞𝑉
𝐸 = ℎ 2𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 For electron: -
Equation both the energy 2𝑚𝐸 = 𝑚2 𝑣 2
𝑚𝑐 2 = ℎ ℎ
2𝑚𝐸 = 𝑝2 𝜆=
ℎ𝑐 √2𝑚𝑒𝑉
𝑚= 2
𝜆𝑐 𝑝 = √2𝑚𝐸
ℎ Therefore, 12.3𝐴
𝑚= 𝜆=
𝜆𝑐 ℎ ℎ √𝑉
ℎ 𝜆= =
𝜆= 𝑝 √2𝑚𝐸 temp:-
𝑚𝑐
(p = momentum) 𝜆=
ℎ 3
𝐸 = 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
ℎ √3𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝜆=
𝑝 𝑘𝐵 = Boltzmann constant

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