INTRODUCTION

Dimensions and Units

Time, Length, Mass, Temperature, Amount of Substance, Electric Current, Luminous Intensity

Measures of Amount or Size

Mass 𝑚, Number of moles 𝑛, Total volume 𝑉 𝑡
𝑚
𝑛=
𝑀
Specific volume
𝑉𝑡
𝑉≡
𝑚
𝑉 is an intensive property. Whereas 𝑉 𝑡 is an extensive property. 𝑈 is intensive, whereas 𝑈 𝑡 is extensive.

Molar volume
𝑉𝑡
𝑉≡
𝑛
Molar density or specific density 𝜌 ≡ 𝑉 −1

Density = mass/volume, i.e., here: 𝑚/𝑉 𝑡

Force
In English engineering system of units, force is treated as an independent dimension. Therefore, the unit
of force, i.e., lbf should not be a derived unit. In order to do so, we introduce a dimensional constant 𝑔𝐶
in the Newton’s second law of motion.
1
𝐹= 𝑚𝑎
𝑔𝐶
1
1 (lbf) = 𝑔 x 1(lbm) x 32.174 (ft)(s) – 2
𝐶

𝑔𝐶 = 32.174 (lbm)(ft)(lbf) – 1(s) – 2

1 (lbf) = 4.4482216 N

Temperature
𝑡(oF)= 1.8𝑡oC+32

𝑡(oF)= 𝑇(R)−459.67

The “K” and “R” do not have a degree sign.

Pressure

𝑃 ≡ 𝐹/𝐴
𝐹/𝐴 = 𝑚𝑔/𝐴 = 𝐴ℎ𝜌𝑔/𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝜌𝑔ℎ is called static pressure. 𝑃/𝜌 is called static head.

Work

𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑙
In a piston of area 𝐴, if the small displacement is 𝑑𝑙, then the small change in total volume is:
𝑑𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑑𝑙.

𝑑𝑊 = −𝑃𝐴𝑑(𝑉 𝑡 /𝐴)

𝑑𝑊 = −𝑃𝑑𝑉 𝑡
𝑉2𝑡
𝑊 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 𝑡
𝑉1𝑡
Conditions to use this formula: we’ll study ahead.

The negative sign is required to follow the convention that work done by the system is negative and
work obtained by the system is positive.

W (+ve) W (-ve)

Energy
The general principle of conservation of energy was established at around 1850s.

Kinetic Energy
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑙 = 𝑚( ) 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑚( )𝑑𝑢 = 𝑚𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑚∆(𝑚𝑢2 /2)
1
𝐸𝐾 = ( )𝑚𝑢2
2
1 𝑚𝑢2
𝐸𝐾 = ( )
2 𝑔𝐶

Potential Energy
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑊 = 𝐹(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = ∆(𝑚𝑧𝑔)
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑧𝑔
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑧𝑔/𝑔𝐶

Mechanical Energy Conservation

∆𝐸𝐾 + ∆𝐸𝑃 = 0
Example 1.4

Heat
During the times of the law of conservation of mechanical energy, heat was considered a certain
indestructible fluid called “caloric”.

Now it is known as a form of energy due to works largely by Joule and others.

Like work, it is a form of energy in transit. Work is also energy in transit. Kinetic energy and potential
energy are stored forms of energy.

Conduction, convection, radiation.

Two objects at different temperatures. The hotter object cools, and the cooler object warms. So
something is transferred. There is something called “cool”.
Problem 1.4

Let the value be x.

X = 1.8X + 32

Problem 1.9

Search for spherical tanks (storage) from internet.

P=F/A

Minimum area for a given volume is for a sphere.

So min material, min tensile stress, lesser insulation, lesser sunlight, so lesser warming.

Problem 1.13

xe= mass in lb.

F=kx, Hooks law

F=mg/gc

Fe=kxe and Fe=mge/gc

Fm=kxm and Fm=mgm/gc

xe/xm=ge/gm

Calculate xe. Then wm=mgm/gc

Solve all examples.

Solve Problems 1,2, 5 to 19, 22.