Energy and Environment

ENEN671
Instructor: Prof. A.A. Mohamad
Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering
Schulich School of Engineering
The University of Calgary
Email: mohamad@ucalgary.ca

Lecture: Introduction 1

All the lectures are for the class use, only 1

Learning Outcomes:
1. Understand various sources of energy from the sources to the end usage;
2. Concept of energy and efficient utilization of energy; concept of exergy;
3. Understand sources of renewable energies with drawbacks and environmental impacts;
4. Understand sources of non-renewable energies with drawbacks and environmental impacts;
5. Efficient utilization of energy in buildings;
6. Sources of pollutions and technical issues to control their impacts;
7. Etc.
Textbook: Energy Studies
W. Shepherd and D.W. Shepherd 3rd Edition, 2014, World Scientific
Evaluation:
Exam 1 and 2, 40% and 30, Reports 30%. The exams are open book.
Report:
➢ Up to four students can share a report. Learn time management and collaborative work.
➢ I will post the topic of the report before two weeks from the deadline;
➢ Report should be typed and contains sufficient technical materials;
➢ Report may be formatted as: title, students’ name, abstract; introduction; body of the topic
(such as details explanations, analysis, statistics, etc., conclusions or remarks and references;
➢ Try not to relay heavily on web for references;
➢ The report submitted to the dropbox;
➢ No excuses will be accepted for delaying a report.
Road map for ENEN671
Textbook: Energy Studies, by W. Shepherd and D.W. Shepherd, 3rd Edition, Imperial College Press.
Chapter one: all sections.
Chapter two: sections: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 must read and understand; Sections: 2.5.1 get an idea about the world energy production and consumption; Section 2.5.2 not
that important; Section 2.5.3 get an idea about energy in USA; Section 2.5.4 read and understand; Section 2.6 and 2.7 read and understand
Chapter three: sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 read and understand; Section 3.6 is not that important; Section 3.7 get an idea; Section 3.8 read and understand the
concept of Combined Heat and Power.
Chapter four: Section 4.1 read and understand; Section 4.2 get an idea; Section 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 read and understand
Chapter five: Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 read those sections; Sections 5.6 and 5.7 read and understand
Chapter six: Sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 read; Sections 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 read and understand
Chapter seven: Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 and 7.6 read and understand; Sections 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10 and 7.11 read; Section 7.12 read and understand
Chapter eight: Sections: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5 and 8.6 read and understand; Section: 8.7 read; Section 8.8 read and understand
Chapter nine: Sections: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4 read and understand the fundamentals.
Chapter ten: Section 10.1 read and understand; Section: 10.2 read; Sections: 10.3, 10.4, 10.5 and 10.6 read and understand; Section: 10.7 read; Sections: 10.8 and
10.9 read and understand
Chapter eleven: Sections: 11.1-11.6 read and understand
Chapter twelve: 12.1-12.10 read and understand the fundamentals.
Chapter thirteen: Sections131-13.6 read and understand the fundamentals.
Chapter 14: Open discussion.
Introduction
Energy drives society and produces pollutions.
Engineers try to utilize the energy safely, efficiently and economically with fewer pollutions.
Energy needs to be extracted (harvested); converted (another type of
Air
energy or to work), transported and utilized.
Water
Each of the mentioned processes has efficiency of less than 100%.
Soil
The overall efficiency at the end-users is the multiplication of the efficiency of the
each process. 𝜂𝑡 = 𝜂𝑒 𝜂𝑐 𝜂𝑡 𝜂𝑢 t=total, e=extraction, c=conversion, t=transportation,
u=utilization.
When we consider any energy system, we need to analysis the life-span (from the cradle to the
grave) of the system and pollutions produced at each stage (locally and globally).
Losses Pollution Losses Pollution Losses Pollution Losses Pollution

Extracting, Conversion Transportation Utilization

Harvesting
Energy System:
Pollution

Energy: Energy Systems,

Fissile fuels (oil, gas, coal) such as Heat;
Thermal, powerplant; gas Electrical Work;
Solar; Wind; Hydro; Nuclear; turbine, Internal Mechanical
Etc.. Work
combustion
engines, etc.
Concepts and definitions:
Forms of the Energy:
Kinetic Energy (K.E.); Potential Energy (P.E.); Mechanical Energy (M.E.);
Heat Energy (H.E.); Nuclear Energy (N.E.); Electrical Energy (E.E.), etc.
𝒅(𝒎𝑽) 𝒅𝑽
Newton Second Law: σ 𝑭 = for a constant m: σ 𝑭 = 𝒎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Work (W): F.d (N.m=J), where F is the force and d is the direction vector

W=F.d = |F||d|cosq, where q is the angle between the F and d.

F
q

d
Power (Po): Work per unit time (Watt, W=J/s)
Kinetic Energy:
Understanding the kinetic energy is important to analysis wind power.
𝒅𝑽
σ
Newton Second Law: for a constant m: 𝑭 = 𝒎 , which can be
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝒔
manipulated as: 𝑭 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒎 𝒅𝒔; 𝑽 = ; Hence
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝛅𝐖 = 𝑭 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒎𝑽𝒅𝑽; Integration:
𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟏
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = 𝒎 − = 𝑲. 𝑬.𝟐 − 𝑲. 𝑬.𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
Note that Work is a path function, while kinetic energy is a state function.

𝑾 𝑽𝟐
Power (Po)= = 𝒎ሶ ; where 𝒎ሶ is mass flow rate (kg/s).
𝒕 𝟐
Mass flow rate through a conduct is =density * cross sectional area* velocity:
= r A V.
Hence Po=r A V3/2. Notice that the power is proportional to velocity to power
three. Small fluctuations in velocity lead to significant fluctuations in the
power
Rotational Motion:
Consider a disk, as shown in the diagram, a Force, F (N), applied tangentially to F
rotate the disk with rotational velocity , w (rad/s), The tangential velocity, V
(m/s) is v
r
V=w r and Torque:
T=F r (N.m)
𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝝎
Acceleration 𝒂 = = 𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝝎
Newton second law: F= m a = m 𝒓
𝒅𝝎
𝒅𝒕 w
T=m 𝒓𝟐 = m 𝒓𝟐 𝜶, where a is the angular acceleration (rad/s2)
𝒅𝒕
The term, m r2 is the moment of inertial, J (kg. m2), therefore:

T=J a
The kinetic energy K.E.=1/2 m V2 =1/2 m r2 w2
𝟏
𝑲. 𝑬. = 𝑱 𝝎𝟐
𝟐
Note that J=m r2 for a disk, has different formula for different shapes.
Potential Energy:
We are referring to gravitational energy. It is important in analyzing hydropower.
𝒅𝑽
Newton Second Law: for a constant m: σ 𝑭 = 𝒎 = 𝒎𝒂, where a is the acceleration
𝒅𝒕
vector. For an object in the gravitational field is subjected to the gravitational
acceleration, a=g, where g is the gravitational acceleration (gravity) at the see
level, g=9.81 m/s2.

Work =F.h=mgh, where h is the direction parallel to the gravity vector.

𝑾
Power (Po)= ሶ
= 𝒎𝒈𝒉 ; where 𝒎ሶ is mass flow rate (kg/s).
𝒕
Mechanical Energy (Pressure Energy):
Internal combustion engines are mainly designed on converting chemical energy (fuel) to heat
energy (combustion) and finally to the mechanical energy.
Work =F.d; pressure is force (F) per unit area (A); hence F=PA.
Work = P A d= P V, V is volume. A
𝟐
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = ‫𝑽𝒅𝒑 𝟏׬‬ For constant Pressure W1-2=P(V2 –V1).
P is the gauge pressure (N/m2) d
Pgauge =Pabsolute - Patm
P
Internal Energy (U):
Due to the heat (molecular motion); It is related to the temperature of the system:

DU=m c DT, where m=mass (kg), c=specific heat (J/kg.K), T=temperature (C or K).
Notice: for gases there are two definition of specific heat (specific heat at constant
volume and specific heat at constant pressure).
 Flow Energy:
Energy associated in forcing a flow in or out of a system. Let assume a fluid flow in a conduit,
As show in the figure.
The pressure is needed to push the flow through a conduit to a certain distance.
Force, F= PA, and work, W=F.d, Then W=PA d. Hence, Work which energy (J) equal to
Pressure multiplied by volume, W=PV.
Hence, any flow in or out of the system contains two kind of energy, internal energy (due to
Temperature difference) and flow energy (due to pressure difference). This total energy is
call Enthalpy (H).
H=U+PV (J) and per unit mass h=u+ Pv (J/m), which call specific enthalpy and v is
specific volume (v=1/r), r is the fluid density (kg/m3).
Electrical Energy:
Electrical energy usually rated by kW.hr. The reason for that because Joule is small unit.
Since watt (W) is J/s. Hence
1kW.hr =1000*3600 J=3.6 MJ.
I=DE/R, where I (Amp), DE (Volt) and R (Ohm) are electric current, voltage and resistance,
respectively. Power (W): Power=I DE= DE2/R

Chemical Energy: energy stored within the materials and can be released by combustion or
other chemical reaction.
Nuclear Energy: energy stored within an atomic nucleus. The energy released by nuclear
fission and nuclear fusion.

Surface tension energy: due to unbalance molecular

force at the interface of substances.
Etc..
Energy Balance Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics):
Energy is globally conserved quantity (J).
General Balance equation:
෍ 𝑺 − ෍ 𝑺 + ෍ 𝑺 = ∆𝑺𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏
where S stands for (mass, energy, entropy),
in=input, out=output and gen=generated.
Per unit time:
𝚫𝐒
෍ 𝑺ሶ − ෍ 𝑺ሶ + ෍ 𝑺ሶ = |𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝚫𝒕
𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏
dot= per unit time.
Energy Balance (J): σ𝒊𝒏 𝑬 − σ𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑬 + σ𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝑬 = ∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
𝚫𝐄
෍ 𝑬ሶ − ෍ 𝑬ሶ + ෍ 𝑬ሶ = |𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
Rate of Energy Balance (J/s=W): 𝚫𝒕
𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏

Note: For steady state system, there is not change in the system with time.
Hence, DS/Dt=0.
Mass Balance:
Mass enters a system minus mass out of the system equal mass stored (accumulated)
in the system. However, there is no mass-generated in the system. For a chemical reaction,
there is a possibility that some species may be converted from one form to another but
there is no mass-generated in the system. For an open system, we usually deal with the rate of
𝚫𝒎
mass flow: σ𝒊𝒏 𝒎ሶ − σ𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒎ሶ = |𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 . For steady state system Dm/Dt=0.
𝚫𝒕

For example:
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
➢ The first law of thermodynamics states that the quantity of energy is conserved. However, the
2nd low of thermodynamics states that not all kinds of energies have the same quality.
➢ Also, it states that not all the energy process is possible. For example, it is not possible to
convert all heat energy to work (energy). However, it is possible to convert all work to heat.
➢ There are always losses in any process.
Entropy: One of the concepts of entropy is the measure of the disorder of a system. A highly
ordered system (such as crystals) has low entropy. Entropy is a property of a system.
It is defined as,
𝛿𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑑𝑆 = where Qrev is reversable process heat (J), T is temperature (K). Unit of S (J/K).
𝑇
Specific entropy (J/(kg.K) or (kJ/kg.K).
𝛿𝑄
For non-ideal system (irreversible): 𝑑𝑆 > . In another words:
𝑇
𝛿𝑄
𝑑𝑆 = + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 , where Sgen is entropy generation
𝑇
Entropy:
Consider a reversible closed system with constant pressure, as shown in the figure. A
The first law of thermodynamics:
dQ-pdV=dU, since dS=dQ/T, hence d
TdS-pdV=dU, which relates entropy with internal energy.
P
Entropy balance equation:
ሶ 𝒅𝑺
෍ 𝑺ሶ − ෍ 𝑺ሶ + 𝑺𝒈𝒆𝒏 = |𝒔𝒚𝒔 For steady state system the right hand side set to zero.
𝒅𝒕
𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕 Heat, dQ
Consider an open, steady state system:

Notice that work, W, does not contribute to the entropy generation.

Entropy Generation:
Importance of estimating entropy generation:
➢ In comparing the performance of a few systems. The system with less entropy
generation is considered the best as far as the thermal performance is considered.
➢ For a system with different quality outputs, using efficiency may not be a good
indication of the system performance. For instance, in the co-generation system, the
output is work (electricity) and useful heat. However, the value (quality) of the
electricity is different than the value (quality) of the heat.

Energy Quality:
Work (mechanical energy), electrical energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, etc. are high-quality energy.
However, heat is considered low-quality energy, and its quality is related to its temperature. Higher
temperature heat source has higher quality.
The quality of the energy increases as its statues deviates from the reference state (dead state). For example,
the quality of potential energy increases as the height of the system increases. The quality of kinetic energy
increases as the velocity of the system deviates from zero.
Exergy:
Exergy is defined as the maximum useful energy available to produce work.
➢ Exergy always decreases in any process due to entropy generation.
It has unites of Joules (J).
We introduced the concept of entropy generation. A system that is communicating with the surrounding at
temperature, To , suffer from losses equal to To Sgen. Hence, The actual work:
Wact=Wmax-To Sgen.
Carnot Engine:
We need to explain the ideal engine cycle introduced by Carnot before further elaborating on
exergy.
A heat reservoir at a high temperature of T1 supplies heat, Q1, to a cyclic engine, which produces
work, W. The reset of the heat dissipated, Q2 , to the surrounding at a temperature of T2. First
law of thermodynamics:
Q1 – (W + Q2)=0. Therefore, W=Q1-Q2. Notice that only part of the supplied
heat can be converted to the work.
𝑊 𝑄 −𝑄 𝑄 𝑇
Efficiency of the cycle is: 𝜂𝑐 = = 1 2 = 1 − 2 = 1 − 2 .
𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑇1
𝑇2
This leads us that the maximum work: 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 − 𝑄1 .
𝑇1
Therefore, the exergy of heat, Q, is (1-Ta/Ts )Q, where Ts and Ta are the
Exergy:
Exergy of a flow: applying first law of thermodynamics:
H-Ho-Q-W=0., replace Q=To S, W=H-ToS. Where Ho set to zero (reference).
Therefore, the maximum work available in the flow is Wmax=H-ToS.
Energy of kinetic energy, potential energy and electrical energy are
equal to quantity of the energy or rate of energy because all the metioned
kind of energies can be converted to the work, totally.

Efficiency:
Efficiency of any system is usually defined as: The ratio of useful output to the input,
𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝜼= =𝟏−
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

The last term, is the irreversibility ratio.

Example:
Hot water flows through a pipe of diameter 5 cm and the length of the pipe is 10 m. The inlet temperature is
60 C and the outlet temperature is 45 C. For flow velocity of 0.1 m/s, calculate the rate of heat losses. Neglect
the pressure drop.
Solution: assuming steady state; the first law of thermodynamics:
mcTin – mcTout-Q=0. Q=mc(Tin – Tout ), where m is the mass flow rate=density*velocity* cross
sectional area: m= 1000*0.1*pi*0.05*0.05/4=0.196 kg/s. V2,P2, m2
Q=0.196*(4186 J/kg)*(60-45)=12306 J=12.306kJ.
Example:
Apply first law of thermodynamic for isothermal flow in a pipe as shown in a diagram.
Where V,P, m are velocity, pressure and mass flow rate.
Solution: assuming steady state, no losses; first law of thermodynamics:
(KE+PE)inlet – (KE+PE)outlet =0.
Mass balance:
𝒎𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝑷 𝒎𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝑷𝟐
m1=m2 =m , + 𝒎𝒈 ∗ 𝟎 + 𝟏 = + 𝒎𝒈𝒉 + h
𝟐 𝝔 𝟐 𝝔
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ = + 𝒈𝒉 +
𝟐 𝝔 𝟐 𝝔

Bernoulli Equation
V1,P1, m1
Exercise:
An empty tank of two cubic meters in volume is setting on the roof of a building at 5 m in height. The tank
needs to be filled with water from the ground level within two hours. Select a pump that can do the job.

Approach:
We know the amount of water needs to be lifted, 2 m3. Also, we know the time needed to carry the job,
which is 2 hr=2*3600= 7200 s. Therefore, the mass of the water is =1000*2=2000 kg. The mass flow rate:
m= 2000 (kg)/7200 (s)= 0.278 kg/s.
The power of the pump= 0.278 *9.81*5= 13.6 W.
Hence, we select a pump with 13.6 W power that handles a flow rate of 0.278 kg/s. However, if we use this
pump, it will not work, because the efficiency of the pump is not 100%. For such a small pump,
efficiency is about 70%. Therefore, the pump should have a least 13.6/0.7=19.4 W approximated to 20 W.
Again if we install 20 W pump, it may not work because we did not take into account the friction losses in
the piping system.
The question is: where we install the pump, at the ground, or the roof?
To avoid cavitation, we install the pump at the ground.
Example:
Apply the first law and second law of thermodynamics for a cyclic engine as shown:
Example:
Two liquid streams, 1 and 2 at different mass flow rate and temperature flow into an adiabatic chamber. The
mixture leaves the chamber. Apply first and second law of thermodynamics for the system
Thanks