Energy and Momentum of Light

Photoelectric effect:

ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓0 + 𝐸𝐾

Momentum of photon:

𝐸 = 𝑝𝑐

𝐸 ℎ𝑓 ℎ
𝑝= = =
𝑐 𝑐 𝜆
Compton Effect
𝐸= 𝑚2 𝑐 4 + 𝑝2 𝑐 2
p=p

Initial condition
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑖
𝑝 = ℎ𝑓𝑖 /𝑐

𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
p=0

𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑓
𝑝 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 /𝑐
Consider:
2
𝐸2 − 𝑝2 𝑐 2 = 2
𝑚𝑐 ,

𝐸 ℎ𝑓
for massless particle , E=pc , 𝑝 = =
𝑐 𝑐

Initial momentum = final momentum

Along original direction (x-axis)

ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓′
+0= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠Φ
𝑐 𝑐
Along perpendicular direction ( y-axis)

ℎ𝑓 ′
0= sin 𝜃 − 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛Φ
𝑐
Multiply the momentum equation with c, square them , and add them

𝑝2 𝑐 2 (sin2 Φ + cos 2 Φ) = ℎ𝑓 2
− 2 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 ′ cos 𝜃 + ℎ𝑓 ′ 2
(cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)

Total energy of particle

2 2 2 𝑝2 𝑐 2 = 𝐾𝐸 2 + 2𝑚𝑐 2 𝐾𝐸
𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑚𝑐
𝐸 2 = 𝑝2 𝑐 2 + 𝑚2 𝑐 4

The kinetic energy of particle

𝐾𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓 ′

𝑝2 𝑐 2 = ℎ𝑓 2 − 2 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 ′ + ℎ𝑓 ′ 2 + 2𝑚𝑐 2 (ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓 ′ )

2𝑚𝑐 2 ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓 ′ = 2 ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓 ′ (1 − cos 𝜃)
In wavelength form

𝑚𝑐 𝑓 𝑓 ′ 𝑓 𝑓′
− = (1 − cos \theta )
ℎ 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

1 1 ℎ 1
− = (1 − cos 𝜃)
𝜆 𝜆′ 𝑚𝑐 𝜆𝜆′

𝜆′ − 𝜆 = 𝜆𝑐 (1 − cos 𝜃)

For an electron
ℎ
𝜆𝑐 = = 2.426 x 10−12 m
𝑚𝑐
Example:

X-ray wavelength of 10 nm are scattered by an electron. Calculate:

a. The wavelength of scattered X-ray , if the scattering angle is 600 .
b. The maximum scattered wavelength of foton
c. The electron kinetic energy
d. The electron momentum
Pair products
positron

e+

photon
e-
elektron
 1.3.1 What is blackbody?
• Under thermal equilibrium, an object of a finite
temperature emit radiation (supposed to be EM
wave).
• It is found that an object that absorbs more also
emits more radiation.
• A perfect absorber is an object with black surface
that must of the incident energy is absorbed. It is
also expected to be a perfect radiator.
• Consequently, a blackbody is a perfect radiation.

Modern Physics Chapter One 8

 Phenomena for a blackbody
• Temperature-dependence emission spectrum.
• Reciprocal relation between wavelength at the peak
intensity max and ambient temperature T
• Inconsistency between observed spectrum and the
prediction from classical theory (Reyleigh and Jeans)
• A model suggested by Planck (quanta of light energy)

Modern Physics Chapter One 9

 Blackbody radiation – Stefan’s Law

An object having a surface temperature T will emit radiation power P which is

proportional to the surface area A of the object and to the fourth power of the
temperature.

P = AT 4

 is the Setfan’s constant and is equal to 5.67 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4(Jm-2s-1K-4)

 is the emissivity of the object and is 0   1
Temperature dependence of emission
spectrum

http://webphysics.davidson.edu/alumni/MiLee/java/bb_mjl.htm

http://surendranath.tripod.com/AppletsJ2.html

Modern Physics Chapter One 11

 Stefan ‘s law
The total power (area
below a constant
temperature curve P)

P = AT 4

Modern Physics Chapter One 12

Wein displacement Law

Modern Physics Chapter One 13

-Hitung panjang gelombang yang dipancarkan tubuh anda

- Berapa energi yang dipancarkan oleh tubuh anda?

Modern Physics Chapter One 14