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Topic : Bohr’s Atomic Model

1. The first use of Quantum theory to explain the structure of Live Quiz
atom was made by
a) Heisenberg b) Bohr c) Rutherford d) Plank

2. According to Bohr's atomic model, false statements are

a) Electron in H-atom can have only certain values of angluar momentum
b) Electron have particle as well as wave character
c) Atomic spectrum of an element should contain only five lines
d) It can explain fine spectrum

3. The ratio of the radius of the second Bohr orbit for Li+2 to
the second Bohr orbit for is
a) 3 : 2 b) 4 : 3 c) 1 : 3 d) 2 : 3
• Bohr retained the essential features of
the Rutherford model of the atom.

• In order to account for the stability of

an atom and atomic spectra he
introduced the concept of the
stationary orbits based on quantum
theory.
• Important postulates of Bohr’s model
are,

(i) An atom consists of nucleus where

the total mass and positive charge is
concentrated.

(ii) Electrons revolve around the nucleus

in certain fixed circular paths called
orbits.
(iii) When an electron moves in a fixed
orbit it does not lose or gain
energy continuously.

• Hence such orbits are called

stationary or non-radiating orbits.

• Different energy levels are

indicated by 1,2,3,4 ….. or K, L,
M, N…. etc.
(iv) The angular momentum of revolving electron is
quantized.
• The angular momentum of revolving electron is an
integral multiple of h/2. where h is the Planck’s
constant.
• If ‘m’ is the mass and  is the velocity of electron in a
permitted orbit of radius ‘r’ then,

ℎ
Angular Momentum 𝐿 = 𝑛
2𝜋
n is referred as principal quantum number
(v) If sufficient energy is given to an electron, it may jump
(excite) from lower energy level to higher energy level by
absorbing energy.
• The quantum of energy absorbed is equal to the difference in
energies of the two orbits.
• When the excited electron loses energy and goes to lower
energy states energy is emitted.
• Energy absorbed or released in an electron transition is given
by,
𝛥𝐸 𝐸2 − 𝐸1
E = E2 – E1 = h 𝜈= =
ℎ ℎ
 1. Expression for radius of nth orbit of a hydrogen like species

• Consider an electron of mass `m’ and charge

v
`e’ revolving around the nucleus of charge Ze 𝑍𝑒 r 𝑒
(where, Z = atomic number and e is the
charge of the proton) with a tangential
velocity ‘v’.

• Let ‘r’ is the radius of the orbit in which

electron is revolving.
• The electrostatic force of attraction between nucleus
and electron is

𝑍𝑒(𝑒ሻ 𝑍𝑒 2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘 2 = 𝑘 2
𝑟 𝑟

1
𝑘= = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 𝐶 −2
4𝜋𝜀0
The centripetal force acquired by electron is

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟

For stable circular motion

𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑐

𝑍𝑒 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑘 2 =
𝑟 𝑟
 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑘
𝑟

As per quantization of angular momentum

ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛
2𝜋

𝑛 2 ℎ2
𝑣2 = 2 2 2
4𝜋 𝑚 𝑟
 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑍𝑒 2
𝑚× 2 2 2 =𝑘
4𝜋 𝑚 𝑟 𝑟

𝑛2 ℎ2 0.53 A0
𝑟𝑛 = 2
4𝜋 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒2

4.77 A0
+
Substituting all constants

0.529𝑛2
𝑟𝑛 = Å
𝑍
 2. Expression for Energy of electron:

• The total energy, E of the electron is the sum of kinetic energy and
potential energy.
• i.e., EK + EP = E
1 𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2𝑟

𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐹𝑒𝑟 = −
𝑟

𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 = −
2𝑟
 1 𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 =
2 2𝑟

𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐹𝑒𝑟 = −
𝑟
𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸

𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝐸=−
2𝑟
 𝑘𝑍𝑒 2 1
𝐸=− 𝐸 = −𝐾𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸
2𝑟 2

𝑛2 ℎ2
Substituting the expression of r in the above eqn. 𝑟𝑛 = 2
4𝜋 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒2

𝑘𝑍𝑒 2 4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒2

𝐸𝑛 = − ×
2 𝑛2 ℎ 2

2𝜋2 𝑚𝑘2𝑍2𝑒4
𝐸𝑛 = −
𝑛2 ℎ 2
Substituting the all the constant.

𝑍 2
𝐸𝑛 = −2.179 × 10−11 × 2 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1
𝑛

𝑍 2
= −2.179 × 10−18 × 2 𝐽. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1
𝑛

𝑍2
= −13.6 × 2 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1
𝑛

𝑍2
= −1312 × 2 𝑘𝐽. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑛
 Significance of negative energy
The energy of an electron at infinity (where
the nucleus has no hold over the electron) is
assumed to be zero.

As the electron approaches the nucleus, its

energy keeps on decreasing and reaches a
minimum at its orbit.

i.e., the electron is stabilized by that

amount of energy.
For H atom, Z = 1
If n = 1 𝐸1 = −13.6 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1

If n = 2 𝐸2 = −3.4 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1

If n = 3 𝐸3 = −1.51 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1

If n = 4 𝐸4 = −0.85 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1

As we move away from
the nucleus the energy
gap between two
If n =∞ 𝐸∞ = 0 adjacent orbitals keep
on decreasing
 Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove an electron from the

outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
For hydrogen like species, it is the energy required
to move the electron from n=1 to n= ∞

𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐼𝐸 = −𝐸1

= 13.6𝑍 2 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1

Energy required to remove an electron from nth
orbit
Energy required to remove an electron from nth
orbit of a hydrogen like species

= −𝐸n

𝑍2
= 13.6 × 2 𝑒𝑉. 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚−1
𝑛
3. Velocity of an electron
ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛
2𝜋
𝑛ℎ 4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒2 𝑛2 ℎ2
𝑣= × 𝑟𝑛 = 2
2𝜋𝑚 𝑛2 ℎ 2 4𝜋 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒2
2𝜋𝑘𝑍𝑒2
𝑣=
𝑛ℎ
𝑍
= 2.188 × 10 × 𝑐𝑚. 𝑠 −1
8
𝑛
Number of revolutions per second
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
=
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑣
=
2𝜋𝑟

𝑍 2
= 6.66 × 1015 × 3
𝑛
Time period (Tn)

2𝜋𝑟
𝑇𝑛 =
𝑣
𝑛3
= 1.5 × 10−16 × sec
𝑍2