Ray Optics Sign conventions -

All distances have to be measured from the pole of

Optics :It is the branch of physics which deals with study of light the mirror .

and the phenomena associated with it.It is divided into two branches.
-

Distances measured in the direction of incident light are positive ,

and

Geometrical optics or optics 9t treats propagation of light in those measured in opposite direction are taken as -ve
ray
-

- .

terms of rays and is valid only if wavelength of is much lesser Heights measured upwards and normal to the principal axis of the
light
-

.It deals with formation of

than the size of obstacles while those measured downwards
images by mirror are taken as +ve ,
are taken as -Ve .

Ordinary geometrical methods and the laws of reflection & refraction

. Spherical Mirror Formula

Physical optics optics.

F for concavemirrororconvergingmirrosee
or wave e
-
=
-

9t deals with the theories of the nature of light and provides

an explanation for different phen omena like reflection & R =
Radius of mirror .

refraction on the basis of Huygens principle , Interference , Linear

magnification m-height of image or m =

-
diffraction
8 polarisation .

height of object
m =
-ve ,
the image is inverted wort object

Reflection of light : When a

ray strikes the surface
separating two m = tue
image is ,
the erect wort object
media ,
a part of it gets reflected. i.e returns back in the initial Practical applications of spherical mirrors

medium
. It is known as Reflection
.
-

If convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror in Vehicle cars etc.

Normal
angle of incidence r angle of
i =
reflection . A convex mirror is used as a reflector in street lamps
inciden
= -

Reflected
-

Pyx I ray Note-velocity wavelength & frequency ,

of light
-

A concave mirror is used as a reflector in search light ,

head lights of
do not change motor vehicles , telescope ,
solar cookers etc.
/19999999999999999999

↳But amplitude or intensity of reflected ray is less than that of incident ray
.
-

A concave mirror is used in the opthalmoscope .

Retraction of Light : When a

ray of light passes from one medium to
Laws of reflection -( The incident ray , the reflected ray and . normal
another, in which it has a different velocity ,
there occurs a change in the
to the surface all lie in the same plane.
,
direction of propagation of light except when it strikes the surface of
angle of incident (i) is of reflection
(2) The
.
always equal to the angle .
separation of two media normally This .

bending of a
ray of light is known
ie i =
f
as refraction
.
Normal
Reflection by plane mirror focal length infinite ⑭Laws of retraction
insider
a = >
-

Radius of curvature ① ,
Lay Rarer The incident ray , the normal & the retracted ray
O
-
infinite I
>
-

↳The formed by the plane mirror is at the same distance behind all lie in the same plane.
image
the mirror as the object is in front of it. The image formed by the sini-constant 12

Proces
>
M =
-
=

② ~

r sing
,
es
plane always erect , virtual & of same size as the object. ,
mirror is Denser -

s
Sunil Jangra(M2M)
Physics if light ray passes from
⑪ a rarer to denser
↳ When a plane mirror is rotated through angle keeping
an ofo the i.e ,
it will bend towards the normal

incident ray fixed , then the reflected ray rotates by angle 20 in the If a light ray passes from denser to rarer medium (i eu, Us) it will e
.

same sense. and 8-180-2i , angle of deviation between incident bend away from the Normal.

ray & emergent ray Absolute retractive index U =1 =

Speed of light in vacuum
. I
↓
↳ No of of ⑭ Principle of Reversibility speed of light in medium
.

images an object (due to inclined plane mirror)

n = 3 Position of Number of
·

air +
y u
LateralShift (air
O Object images A
-
He
water glass d =sin(i-rt
anywhere
FiI
ever n 1

Fra
-

t cosr
1
Odd symmetric n -
1 x =

M12
asymmetric n ↳
I
⑭ Real depth & Apparent depth emergent ray
Spherical Mirror : ASpherical mirror is a part of a spherical #beak is filled with er
Total internal reflection
surface. water
8 a point lying at its
reflecting Rarer

Mirror is of two types bottom is observed by someone

Spherical
akg
7

* water-air
I
=
located in air then the bottom E
y
. - * interface.

E
,
⑭ > ·
* >C
appears raised.
↳
point
-

E
* 1
#
④ >
↳
C P
F depth
Denser

* Apparent depth
O ( *
P
> # =
Real o
#
⑭
>
refractive Index
* -
*
condition : light should travel from denser to rarer
* I
>
⑭ If there is an ink spot at the
o
#
fa medium and is C .

- f - #

↳ Reflection takes place from inner Reflection takes place from outer surface
bottom of a glass slab ,
then
also sinc ↳) Critical angle depends on
=
1
d
t (IG) Ethics Nature of Medium
= -

Upenser
.

surface & outer surface is polished ·

Sinner surface is polished . ,

Wavelength
-

of Light .
 A diver in water at a depth d sees the world outside through a Retraction through a prism (Prism) : It is a homogeneous transparent ,

horizontal circle of radius. enclosed by two plane surfaces inclined at an angle . These surfaces are

A
r= dtanc-d
P B called the retracting surfaces and angle between them is known as the
i
Is -
-

p -

- - --
refracting angle or the angle of prism The .
angle between the incident ray
d
used for
-

== ~ -
CC . Optical fibres are transmitting and the emergent ray is known as the . (S)
angle of deviation
-

optical signal through long distance. i+C A

-

- I
= -
-

Angle of S = -

where M =
4 + V2
prism ↳ -

These are based on the phenomena of total internal reflection

. A In a position of minimum deviation
18
Retraction from a Spherical surface S Sm ife and 4 r U
i) (e
= = =
,
(n
#
The portion of a retracting medium ,
whose curved surface forms the part of a ⑰ Refractive index of the material of the prism

sphere ,
is known as spherical retracting surface· Sign conventions for spherical u =

sin[AtSm] & S =
(M 1 -

retracting surface are the same as those for spherical mirrors. When it Qi are small .

Convex Spherical surface Concave spherical surface sin()

Optical Instruments
Denser Rarer
# Simple microscope -
also known asmagnifying glass or magnifier .

' (-

R -

-
R - n'
L Magnifying Power (M)
⑭ When the object is situated in ⑭ When the object is situated ↳ When the image is formed at infinity
An
F
medium (1, ) in denser medium (12) B( M
=2
rarer . BI B
F
I
I O
4
H 1
Me e , +
-

↳ When the
M
=
+
eye
-

is formed at the least

R R image
distance of distinct vision (D) Mp It
>
-

These formulae are valid for both convex a concave spherical surfaces . &
LENS : A lens is a portion of a transparent retracting medium bound by two Compound MicroscolDe (fo < fe) M =
M X
. Me
eyepiece
spherical surfaces or one spherical surface and other plane surface. objective piece Case O image at 8
B >

Convex or converging lens ④ Concave or

diverging lens -

A
I ~

eye
M =
0

(I e)
A

↑
All -- H -
.
+ B) or T

-
of Tube te
T ↳=
Length Yot
=

· Vo -

jaa
Case &
image at D

Convexo fel
Biconvex Plano Concavo Biconcave Plano M
4) #)8L + Yo +
= =

lens convex lens lens concave lens Concave lens fe + D

convexlens # Ve -

Conventions B
#
Sign : The sign conventions for thin lenses are the same as *

those of spherical mirrors except that instead of the pole of the mirror , #Telescope -
Astronomical telescope (Retracting type)
optical centre of
Sunil Jangra Physics
we now use a lens .
object -ve m
=>
Image at infinity
s L -

maker's formula
E
# Lens M fotfe
eye piece L
= =
=

Object
at 8
Miens
= T
-

-eye
Yo fo-oA
Usurrounding
s

T at D
Bl
=>
Image .

I
⑭If MLens if le
- He
K

M 1+
Usurrounding Miens
> * =

B
surrounding
-Up-
L= to t
Biconvex lens Converging
-
lens - Biconvex lens =

diverging lens eD
*
Biconcave lens-diverging lens -Biconcave lens =
Converging lens #- Ve-x

Thin lens formula Linear magnification

size of image (1)
Reflecting type telescope -
was designed by Newton in order to over
is positive e
*
m
1 4-
=
= =
m
come the drawbacks of retracting type telescope .
In a reflecting type
size of Object (0) forerect image
telescope ,
a concave mirror of large aperture is used as objective in
↳ m is for inverted
negative image .

place of .9t
a convex lens possesses a
large light gathering a
power
Power of a lens : Ability of a lens to converge or diverge a beam of light a
high resolving . Due to this it enables
power ,
us to see even faint

falling on it. stars and observe their minute details.

4 SI unit of power of lens is
# Necotonian Telescope
P =- dioptre (D)

-
D
>

f (m) L for concave lens , Pis-Ve Plane

L for convex lens , P is +ve
4

IIIIIII
. ·

Mirror

combination of thin lenses in contact icoaxially

special Case
# 4
=
+ +
od
-

-
>

↓ Cassegrains *

P P + Pa dP
P, + P2 +
P3+----- # + t P Chromatic Aberrations-coloured and blurred
= = =
+
-
-

eye piece
Spherical aberration Lens >
-

do not form point

y 1
image
.