Magnetism and Matter Magnetic field at a point due to magnetic dipole

Magnetism : The property of any object by virtue of which At

any point on the axial line
it can attract # 2h -
a piece of iron , nickel , cobalt etc .

l L N
S ⑭ I ⑳

M
m I
Natural Magnet A natural is of iron (Fe, O4) M
:
magnet an ore

distance between the centrefhe

Baxial M Erg
which attract small piece of iron , cobalt and nickel towards it . =
V =

>
When suspended freely comes to rest
along north-South the
magnet o the given point
-

direction the axial line .

on M =

Magnetic Moment
*** Artificial Magnet Magnet : which is prepared artificially is For short dipole
Baxial is
known as artificial horse-shoe , r Baxial No & along S-N.
*
. For , =

magnet eg a
magnet
bar
a
magnet magnetic needle etc. ,

↳ The Bar Magnet a natural dipole = which produces At

any point on the equatorial line
magnetic field DB N
Bequatorial =
Motstep312
around .
it .

B ,

Properties of Magnets :
Best for St dip
e
r
(i) They attract small pieces of iron ,
nickel & Cobalt ·

(ii) The places in attracting Beg MA

where its power is
a
magnet
=

S ⑭N r
maximum are known as poles while the place of minimum
⑭ 2l * is parallel to N-S
attracting power is known as the neutral
region. Beg .

(iii) A freely suspended (Bar) magnet align itself in North-South

direction of earth. Gauss'sLaw of

Magnetism consequence of Gauss's Law

(iv) like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other MFL forms
always

*
.
closed

(v)
Magnetic poles always exist in pairs· ie
.
an isolated -
> - Loops .

> S

magnetic pole does not exist .

Monopoles don't exists

MAGNETIC FIELD : The space around a magnet within

which its influence can be experienced is known as its

magnetic field. The line

joining the two poles of a
magnet is P =
%Bod =
MoMwet %B d - =
0
known as
magnetic axis
.

s N MacO
# Bar
MAGNETIC DIPOLE : A
magnetic dipole consists of two unlike Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid .

Sunil Jangra Physics

⑭*
poles of equal strength and separated by a small distancee.

MONR
Bax
e .

g a bar
magnet ,
a compass needle etc. = I

m M
S li N

men
M Me
Large distance solenoid behave as a Coil
Ip
.

k lg o · - ·

need
S
No
1
lg TTR Area
=
=

⑭
Magnetic dipole moment : St is defined as the product of strength
Bax
Mot
axial

Ba2HA
of either pole(m) and
magnetic length (2) of the
magnet
. on
points of a solenoid
at
It is denoted by
is
large distance ,
magnetic field
m(2e) It is analogous to
Magnetic field
a vector quantityand
he -
of a Bar axial points
it is directed from South
short
dipole Magnet at
to North pole of magnet .

p m)
↑
Magnetic Properties of Matter
S ⑭ N
Am2
⑳ ⑳
S1 unit
of
=

① *
↳ Matter - made of atoms -
> atoms made nuclei and electrons ·

magnetic
2l eo in
each atom has

·
↳ an moment
·If a of moment M and pole strength
magnet m is cut
due to orbital motion
into two equal parts along its length ,
then pole strength
⑪ each co has
spin angular momentum
of each part is m/2 and then magnetic moment of each
(quantum mechanics) (9 . 28x1024 -F)
part is M/2 :

Nucleus
Magnetic
⑭ It of and pole strength is ⑪ The have
a
magnet magnetic moment M m
may
a

cut into two halves perpendicular moment but it is about time

equal along to its length, several
smaller than
the pole strength of each part is m &
magnetic moment of each
an electron .
the
magnetic moment of
part is M/2 .
 ⑭Magnetic moment of the electrons of an atoms have a
tendency to cancel
diamagnetic substance
pairs.
Magnetic dipole field
ie
in .

Magnetic moments of two electrons of helium atom cancel Net moment is ZERO

in pairs. So Resultant magnetic moment is zero . In some cases

, * Applied
magnetic moment of atom is not .
zero substance i.e The resultant field in such materials
finite size contains is therefore
Any object of
↑
↳ smaller
large Number of atoms. than
applied field.
a field , ,

>
-

Magnetic moments of these atoms are ↳ ⑭ this phenomenon is called

diamagnetism
-
-

-
field due to induced

--
and such materials are called
* randomly oriented. i.e no net magnetic
dipole moment diamagnetic
-& ↓Id
-
A
&

!
↑ moment in
any volume of material material.
B 0 M 0
Magnetising field Intensity (H) The
degree which
magnetic
* = =
=
a

⑭When the material is

kept in an external magnetic field. field
magnetize material is
can a Called
Magnetising field
torques act on the atomic dipoles Intensity Magnet- Intensity B
↳

·Kiten
>
- Op ⑥

A
-
↳
torque try align B MH magnetic Induction
R
to them parallel
= =
-
*
I
&

I Id
- A

to the field
. Magnetic Susceptibility (Xm) : is a measure of how easily a substance is
----

& is
NOTE : The
alignment only partial magnetized in a Magnetic field. A material with more Xm can be ,

BFO MFO Thermal motion of m I change into magnet easily I has no units and no dimensions ;
=
-

⑭ the atoms
.

Fl
↳
NOTE
:
randomize the
magnetic moments
.

gree alignment
&

of Pes Magnetic Permeability :It is the ease with which the material allows
magnetic
( Bles tres
lines of force to pass through it or the degree to which magnetic field can
8
Temp penetrate given medium
a M
H
=
.

Alignment is Perfect
O

Saturated :
Magnetically
_

(i) Relative Permeability Mr M te : Up 1 + &m

magnetic moment
:

Magnetization =
=

Vector =
E Mo

V
volume
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic
31
Unit-ampere metre .

1). Substances are feebly 1) Substances are feebly 1) strongly attracted

↳ Also called as
intensity of magnetization or "Magnetisation" .
repelled by the magnet. attracted by the magnet by : the magnet .

PARAMAGNETISM FERROMAGNETISM AND DIAMAGNETISM s " 3 -

>

i
,

Paramagnetic
The
materials
↳ s -
tendency to increase the
-

2) Xm-Small Negative
·

, 2) X Small & Positive 2) Xin very large & +Ve

magnetic field due to

magnetization Temp independent .

XmCt(curielaw) XmC +
T
of material is called TC
Paramagnetism
-

and

magnetism
material which
Sunil Jangra
3)
Physics
slightly exhibit para-
3) Uris slightly greater 3) .
Mr is lesser . Mr is much greater
are called
↑
(i.e Mo)
, Paramagnetic than unity .
M than unity (ie >Mo) .
than unity .
(ie . U Mo .
material . B

Resultant Magnetic field) applied field 4). Atoms do not have any 4) have permanent dipole 4) have permanent dipole
magnetic
&

In Some materials , the permanent atomic moments

permanent dipole moment. moments which are moments which are
have
strong tendency to
align themselves even without
any randomly .
oriented organised in domains.
external . These materials
field 5) 5)
ferromagnetic
are called .
Bi , Cu , Ag , Hg ,
Pb , water, . Na, K , Mg , Al , Cr, Sn 3) Fe Co Ni
.
, ,
& their

materials. Permanent from Hydrogen He , Ne etc & liquid Oxygen alloys-

magnets made them ,
are .

6) Then can be solid

.
, 6) They
. can be solid , 6) They are solid
unmagnetised
/ liquid
.

In state
liquid or
gas. or
gas
>
-
domains inside the material . ↓
⑪
Hysteresis Curve : For
ferromagnetic materials , by removal of

external magnetic field (i e H 0) The magnetic -

= .
moment of some
Ior(B) &

domains remains alinged in the applied direction A

"A

S i
> 7 T
B B
of previous
magnetising field which results into

↑
a N
↓
N

~
a residual magnetism The . lack of retractability Do G
H
N
is called
a
< < hysteresis & the curve is known as

E
unmagnetized Domain
growing Domain-alignment Hysteresis loop .
F

↳ a small
magnetic field
gives rise to
large magnitization. Retentivity : is magnetic field remaining
a measure of in the ferromagnetic
specimen when the magnetising field is removed.
i .e The resultant field is much
larger than the applied field in
such a material. coercivity : is an measure of
magnetizing field required to destroy the

residual magnetism of the ferromagnetic specimen

.