Electrode Potentials

How can electrochemical cells be made ?

Electrochemical cells can be made from 2 different metals dipped in salt solutions of their own ions and connected
by a

wire .

Example of Electrochemical cell Copper and Zinc

using why do electrons flow ?

e-→ -
e-→ : Zina loses electrons than
easily copper
-
more
, 7
I flow
4 e-
Electrons , i. Zinc releases electrons into the external circuit
making electricity
9- f
' ' "
form Zn
.

r
Salt Bridge
-
by oxidising to
caa,

7 ( ) (

what is the salt bridge ?

2ns) Gis) A of filter

. e.
g. strip paper soaked in KN0,
cag,

needed ?
I - l .
Why is the salt bridge
•

It allows ions to flow between the half -

cells and

Dzn2t balance the

CA9) out
charges .

, , It
completes the circuit
, , i.
.

"
CUE, -1 Ze
Zncs, >
2h
"
+ Zé >
Cues,
( t)
I -
)
→
-

" Ze
zn ( aa
,
+ Zhcs)

→ The electrode the electrons flowto is the positive electrode .

Cu
"
( a
+ Ze
-

& Cues)
The electrode the electrons
flowfroM- is the
negative electrode .

Species Oxidised / Reduced

Electrode Potentials and
Determining which is

"E - ______÷------------x----É
"
" """"
" ""

"" "
" """ "
" ""
" " "" " "" " " " " ""
"
" " "
" "
"

that's harder to oxidise less negative electrode potential

.
A metal has a .

due to

conventional Representation of Cells ⑤ separation

different phase ( same

)
--------------←¥
comma
phase uses a

✓
"

" -

this, I 2h t Ze
" " 199)
zn CU CU
e.gl 2h ( aa caa,
is
)
is ) )
cu" 1- ze &
Cuts
-

T.FI#..E
tag

( More
negative electrode potential)
salt
bridge "

Shes> I 5h Zeca
t

e. 92 Sn
"
, " *+ + e- =p ;
Snes, <a
Fe " (
ag
la
,
"
"

different
" [ separate electrode
same phase
phase
?⃝
 Calculating EMF E-
°
% standard standard electrode
half cell
e¥{of potential potential of LHS -

¥
R.H.SI/--x-------/- cell

E€
half -

1
E° cell = E@x.ms -

L -
1-1.5
Reduced Oxidised -
a( Emp, half

\
cell with
me

Emf of cell
cell
[ electrode potential .

(standard half cell with

-

potential ) m osit
electrode potential
%
Standard Electrode Potentials

✗ a - e- - - e - c.
% ,

¥> of
Importance the conditions when
measuring the electrode potential ,
E .

Why must conditions be standard when

measuring electrode potential ?

"
Equilibrium position can be affected
by temperature , pressure
and concentration .

i.
Measuring in standard conditions means you get the same value for the electrode potential and
you can
compare values for

different cells

Standard Hydrogen
Electrodes
The

cells used to electrode

are measure
potentials by reference to the standard hydrogen electrode .

*
" ②
Standard electrode potential E- ,
refers to conditions of 298k , 100hPa and 1.00 not dm
-3
solution of ions .

bubbled
-

In the standard hydrogen electrode ,

hydrogen gas is

solution of Ht ions
through a aqueous .

What is the platinum electrode for ?

A for
platinum electrode is used platform
-

as a

oxidation / reduction reactions .

How are standard electrode potentials of half cells

- measured ?

It is the half
voltage measured when the cell is
'
-

standard
Ggg connected to a
hydrogen electrode .

written
The
electrochemical cell to the right is as ?
-

Pt H2 Ht Zn
"
Zn
(g) ( ag
, Cag,

E°
Deriving half cell

① °
[ cell
= E -

É L His
R.us -

⑦
-
: E° L HS
= E- = 0 ✓
hydrogen
-

Bossa
i. E-
•

cell
( Voltage
reading) = E° R HI
-
 7
Electrochemical Series f
4
""" " ÷

Standard electrode potentials can be listed as an electrochemical series

.

Half NO P R
always
-

equations written as reduction reactions

-

are .

↳ reduction
f f f
more
more
negative oxidation positive

Metals are oxidised ( lose electrons ) and

metals reduced ( electrons)

non are
gain
-

: → more reactive metals have

. more
negative
standard electrode potentials .

→
More reactive non -
metals have more

positive standard electrode potentials .

of
Feasibility Redox Reaction

If EMF feasible
is positive
.
:
reaction .

-
If EMF is not feasible
negative : .